| Name | Type | Frequencies | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rabies | CAFL | 20,120,547,793 | Also known as hydrophobia. See Lyssavirus, and Lyssinum programs. Viral Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies - rabies virus (Rhabdovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies. The infection is caused by rabies virus. Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body through a bite or broken skin. The virus travels from the wound to the brain, where it causes swelling or inflammation. This inflammation leads to symptoms of the disease. Most rabies deaths occur in children. In the past, human rabies cases in the United States usually resulted from a dog bite. Recently, more cases of human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons. Dog bites are a common cause of rabies in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa. There have been no reports of rabies caused by dog bites in the United States for a number of years due to widespread animal vaccination. Other wild animals that can spread the rabies virus include: Foxes Skunks In rare cases, rabies has been transmitted without an actual bite. This type of infection is believed to be caused by infected saliva that has gotten into the air, usually in bat caves. The time between infection and when you get sick ranges from 10 days to 7 years. This time period is called the incubation period. The average incubation period is 3 to 12 weeks. Fear of water (hydrophobia) is the most common symptom. Other symptoms may include: Drooling Convulsions Bite site is very sensitive Mood changes Nausea and vomiting Loss of feeling in an area of the body Loss of muscle function Low-grade fever (102 F; 38.8 C or lower) with headache Muscle spasms Numbness and tingling Pain at the site of the bite Restlessness Swallowing difficulty (drinking causes spasms of the voice box) Hallucinations. If an animal bites you, try to gather as much information about the animal as possible. Call your local animal control authorities to safely capture the animal. If rabies is suspected, the animal will be watched for signs of rabies. A special test called immunofluorescence is used to look at the brain tissue after an animal is dead. This test can reveal whether the animal had rabies. The health care provider will examine you and look at the bite. The wound will be cleaned and treated. The same test used on animals can be done to check for rabies in humans. The test uses a piece of skin from the neck. The provider may also look for the rabies virus in your saliva or spinal fluid, although these tests are not as sensitive and may need to be repeated. A spinal tap may be done to look for signs of the infection in your spinal fluid. Other tests done may include: MRI of brain CT head. The aim of the treatment is to relieve the symptoms. Clean the wound well with soap and water, and seek professional medical help. You will need a provider to clean the wound and remove any foreign objects. Most of the time, stitches should not be used for animal bite wounds. If there is any risk of rabies, you will be given a series of a preventive vaccine. The vaccine is generally given in 5 doses over 28 days. Antibiotics have no effect on the rabies virus. Most people also receive a treatment called human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG). This treatment is given the day the bite occurred. Call your provider right away after an animal bite or after being exposed to animals such as bats, foxes, and skunks. They may carry rabies. Call even when no bite took place. Immunization and treatment for possible rabies are recommended for at least up to 14 days after exposure or a bite. There is no known treatment for people with symptoms of a rabies infection, but there have been a few reports of people surviving with experimental treatments. It is possible to prevent rabies if you get the vaccine soon after the bite. To date, no one in the United States has developed rabies when they were given the vaccine promptly and appropriately. Once the symptoms appear, the person rarely survives the disease, even with treatment. Death from respiratory failure usually occurs within 7 days after symptoms start. Rabies is a life-threatening infection. Left untreated, rabies can lead to coma and death. In rare cases, some people may have an allergic reaction to the rabies vaccine. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if an animal bites you. To help prevent rabies: Avoid contact with animals you don't know. Get vaccinated if you work in a high-risk occupation or travel to countries with a high rate of rabies. Make sure your pets receive the proper immunizations. Ask your veterinarian. Make sure that your pet does not come in contact with any wild animals. Follow quarantine regulations on importing dogs and other mammals in disease-free countries. Hydrophobia; Animal bite - rabies; Dog bite - rabies; Bat bite - rabies; Raccoon bites - rabies. Rabies Rabies Central nervous system Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Rabies Rabies. Govindarajan P, Weber EJ. Rabies. Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies virus. Lyssavirus. Human, mammals. Zoonosis, animal bite. Associated with Fatal encephalitis Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies virus. Lyssavirus. Human, mammals. Zoonosis, animal bite. Associated with Fatal encephalitis Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies. Source of disease: Rabies virus |
| Rabies | ETDF | 70,180,1650,7930,102530,165500,415000,693500,875310,915930 | Also known as hydrophobia. See Lyssavirus, and Lyssinum programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies - rabies virus (Rhabdovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies. The infection is caused by rabies virus. Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body through a bite or broken skin. The virus travels from the wound to the brain, where it causes swelling or inflammation. This inflammation leads to symptoms of the disease. Most rabies deaths occur in children. In the past, human rabies cases in the United States usually resulted from a dog bite. Recently, more cases of human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons. Dog bites are a common cause of rabies in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa. There have been no reports of rabies caused by dog bites in the United States for a number of years due to widespread animal vaccination. Other wild animals that can spread the rabies virus include: Foxes Skunks In rare cases, rabies has been transmitted without an actual bite. This type of infection is believed to be caused by infected saliva that has gotten into the air, usually in bat caves. The time between infection and when you get sick ranges from 10 days to 7 years. This time period is called the incubation period. The average incubation period is 3 to 12 weeks. Fear of water (hydrophobia) is the most common symptom. Other symptoms may include: Drooling Convulsions Bite site is very sensitive Mood changes Nausea and vomiting Loss of feeling in an area of the body Loss of muscle function Low-grade fever (102 F; 38.8 C or lower) with headache Muscle spasms Numbness and tingling Pain at the site of the bite Restlessness Swallowing difficulty (drinking causes spasms of the voice box) Hallucinations. If an animal bites you, try to gather as much information about the animal as possible. Call your local animal control authorities to safely capture the animal. If rabies is suspected, the animal will be watched for signs of rabies. A special test called immunofluorescence is used to look at the brain tissue after an animal is dead. This test can reveal whether the animal had rabies. The health care provider will examine you and look at the bite. The wound will be cleaned and treated. The same test used on animals can be done to check for rabies in humans. The test uses a piece of skin from the neck. The provider may also look for the rabies virus in your saliva or spinal fluid, although these tests are not as sensitive and may need to be repeated. A spinal tap may be done to look for signs of the infection in your spinal fluid. Other tests done may include: MRI of brain CT head. The aim of the treatment is to relieve the symptoms. Clean the wound well with soap and water, and seek professional medical help. You will need a provider to clean the wound and remove any foreign objects. Most of the time, stitches should not be used for animal bite wounds. If there is any risk of rabies, you will be given a series of a preventive vaccine. The vaccine is generally given in 5 doses over 28 days. Antibiotics have no effect on the rabies virus. Most people also receive a treatment called human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG). This treatment is given the day the bite occurred. Call your provider right away after an animal bite or after being exposed to animals such as bats, foxes, and skunks. They may carry rabies. Call even when no bite took place. Immunization and treatment for possible rabies are recommended for at least up to 14 days after exposure or a bite. There is no known treatment for people with symptoms of a rabies infection, but there have been a few reports of people surviving with experimental treatments. It is possible to prevent rabies if you get the vaccine soon after the bite. To date, no one in the United States has developed rabies when they were given the vaccine promptly and appropriately. Once the symptoms appear, the person rarely survives the disease, even with treatment. Death from respiratory failure usually occurs within 7 days after symptoms start. Rabies is a life-threatening infection. Left untreated, rabies can lead to coma and death. In rare cases, some people may have an allergic reaction to the rabies vaccine. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if an animal bites you. To help prevent rabies: Avoid contact with animals you don't know. Get vaccinated if you work in a high-risk occupation or travel to countries with a high rate of rabies. Make sure your pets receive the proper immunizations. Ask your veterinarian. Make sure that your pet does not come in contact with any wild animals. Follow quarantine regulations on importing dogs and other mammals in disease-free countries. Hydrophobia; Animal bite - rabies; Dog bite - rabies; Bat bite - rabies; Raccoon bites - rabies. Rabies Rabies Central nervous system Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Rabies Rabies. Govindarajan P, Weber EJ. Rabies. Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies virus. Lyssavirus. Human, mammals. Zoonosis, animal bite. Associated with Fatal encephalitis Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies virus. Lyssavirus. Human, mammals. Zoonosis, animal bite. Associated with Fatal encephalitis Encyclopedia Entry for Rabies : Rabies. Source of disease: Rabies virus |
| Radiation Burns 2 | XTRA | 190,200,465,660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | A radiation burn is damage to the skin or other biological tissue as an effect of radiation. The radiation types of greatest concern are thermal radiation, radio frequency energy, ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation. |
| Radiation Detox | ETDF | 250,500,2750,65350,105310,328210,357000,405150,424650,575200 | Detox from radiation treatment. |
| Ragweed | CAFL | 473 | Flowering plant whose pollen causes allergic reactions. Allergies |
| Ranula | ETDF | 180,550,1000,7500,30000,42500,72500,95750,90000,519340 | Swelling of connective tissue on floor of mouth composed of mucin (mucocele) from ruptured salivary gland. |
| Rat Bite Fever | ETDF | 170,550,950,35120,85310,137500,562500,697500,722530,920000 | Rare serious condition caused by contact with rodent bites, urine, or secretions. Also try Streptothrix programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rat Bite Fever : Rat bite fever - Streptobacillus moniliformis (G-; rod) |
| Raynaud's Disease | CAFL | 727,20 | Markedly reduced blood flow due to cold or emotional stress, causing discoloration of fingers, toes, and sometimes other areas. Fingers |
| Raynaud's Disease | ETDF | 70,500,970,9000,11090,131500,237500,415700,725000,825950 | Markedly reduced blood flow due to cold or emotional stress, causing discoloration of fingers, toes, and sometimes other areas. |
| Reconstructive Surgical Procedures | ETDF | 60,230,730,870,105720,237250,432500,526070,669710,819340 | Includes cosmetic surgeries. |
| Rectal Diseases | ETDF | 190,520,570,800,2250,17500,30000,573200,665310,822300 | Rectal problems include heamorrhoids, fissures, abscesses and incontinence. Cancer can affect the rectum. Pain or bleeding are signs that need medical attention. |
| Rectal Prolapse | ETDF | 130,230,750,850,51310,327250,495000,681500,791950,953000 | Movement of rectal walls such that they protrude from anus, or result in internal intussusception. Encyclopedia Entry for Rectal Prolapse : Rectal prolapse repair. Rectal prolapse may be partial, involving only the inner lining of the bowel ( mucosa ). Or, it may be complete, involving the entire wall of the rectum. For most adults, surgery is used to repair the rectum because there is no other effective treatment. Children with rectal prolapse do not always need surgery, unless their prolapse does not improve over time. In infants, prolapse often disappears without treatment. Most surgical procedures for rectal prolapse are done under general anesthesia. For older or sicker people, epidural or spinal anesthesia may be used. There are three basic types of surgery to repair rectal prolapse. Your surgeon will decide which one is best for you. For healthy adults, an abdominal procedure has the best chance of success. While you are under general anesthesia, the doctor makes a surgical cut in the abdomen and removes a portion of the colon. The rectum may be attached (sutured) to the surrounding tissue so it will not slide and fall out through the anus. Sometimes, a soft piece of mesh is wrapped around the rectum to help it stay in place. These procedures can also be done with laparoscopic surgery (also known as keyhole or telescopic surgery). For older adults or those with other medical problems, an approach through the anus (perineal approach) might be less risky. It might also cause less pain and lead to a shorter recovery. But with this approach, the prolapse is more likely to come back (recur). One of the surgical repairs through the anus involves removing the prolapsed rectum and colon and then suturing the rectum to the surrounding tissues. This procedure can be done under general, epidural, or spinal anesthesia. Very frail or sick people may need a smaller procedure that reinforces the sphincter muscles. This technique encircles the muscles with a band of soft mesh or a silicone tube. This approach provides only short-term improvement and is rarely used. Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general include: Reactions to medicines, breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots Risks of this surgery include: Infection. If a piece of rectum or colon is removed, the bowel needs to be reconnected. In rare cases, this connection can leak, causing infection. More procedures may be needed to treat the infection. Constipation is very common, although most people have constipation before the surgery. In some people, incontinence (loss of bowel control) can get worse. Return of prolapse after abdominal or perineal surgery. During the 2 weeks before your surgery: You may be asked to stop taking medicines that make it harder for your blood to clot. These include aspirin, ibuprofen, naprosyn, and warfarin. Ask your doctor which medicines you should still take on the day of your surgery. If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your doctor for help. Be sure to tell your surgeon if you get sick before your surgery. This includes a cold, flu, herpes flare-up, urinary problems, or any other illness. Eat high-fiber foods and drink 6 to 8 glasses of water every day. The day before your surgery: Eat a light breakfast and lunch. You may be told to drink only clear liquids such as broth, clear juice, and water afternoon. Follow instructions about when to stop eating or drinking. You may be told to use enemas or laxatives to clear out your intestines. If so, follow those instructions exactly. On the day of your surgery: Take any medicines that your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water. Be sure to arrive at the hospital on time. How long you stay in the hospital depends on the procedure. For open abdominal procedures it may be 5 to 8 days. You will go home sooner if you had laparoscopic surgery. The stay for perineal surgery may be 2 to 3 days. You should make a complete recovery in 4 to 6 weeks. The surgery usually works well at repairing the prolapse. Constipation and incontinence can be problems for some people. Rectal prolapse surgery; Anal prolapse surgery. Rectal prolapse repair - series Rectal prolapse repair - series. Mahmoud NN, Bleier JIS, Aarons CB, Paulson EC, Shanmugan S, Fry RD. Colon and rectum. Encyclopedia Entry for Rectal Prolapse : Rectal prolapse. The exact cause of rectal prolapse is unclear. Possible causes may include any of the following: An enlarged opening due to relaxed muscles in the pelvic floor, which is formed of muscles around the rectum Loose muscles of the anal sphincter An abnormally long colon Downward movement of the abdominal cavity between the rectum and uterus Prolapse of the small intestine Constipation Diarrhea Chronic coughing and sneezing A prolapse can be partial or complete: With a partial prolapse, the inner lining of the rectum bulges partly from the anus. With a complete prolapse, the entire rectum bulges through the anus. Rectal prolapse occurs most often in children under age 6. Health problems that may lead to prolapse include: Cystic fibrosis Intestinal worm infections Long-term diarrhea Other health problems present at birth In adults, it is usually found with constipation, or with a muscle or nerve problem in the pelvic or genital area. The main symptom is a reddish-colored mass that sticks out from the opening of the anus, especially after a bowel movement. This reddish mass is actually the inner lining of the rectum. It may bleed slightly and can be uncomfortable and painful. The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which will include a rectal exam. To check for prolapse, the provider may ask the person to bear down while sitting on a toilet. Tests that may be done include: Colonoscopy to confirm the diagnosis Blood test to check for anemia if there is bleeding from the rectum. Call your provider if a rectal prolapse occurs. In some cases, the prolapse can be treated at home. Follow your provider's instructions on how to do this. The rectum must be pushed back inside manually. A soft, warm, wet cloth is used to apply gentle pressure to the mass to push it back through the anal opening. The person should lie on one side in a knee-chest position before applying pressure. This position allows gravity to help put the rectum back into position. Immediate surgery is rarely needed. In children, treating the cause often solves the problem. For example, if the cause is straining because of dry stools, laxatives may help. If the prolapse continues, surgery may be needed. In adults, the only cure for rectal prolapse is a procedure that repairs the weakened anal sphincter and pelvic muscles. In children, treating the cause cures rectal prolapse. In adults, surgery usually cures the prolapse. When rectal prolapse is not treated, constipation and loss of bowel control may develop. Call your provider right away if there is a rectal prolapse. In children, treating the cause usually prevents rectal prolapse from happening again. Procidentia; Rectal intussusception. Rectal prolapse Rectal prolapse Rectal prolapse repair - series Rectal prolapse repair - series. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF. Surgical conditions of the anus and rectum. |
| Refetoff Syndrome | ETDF | 190,15000,33000,97500,157800,332410,426900,571000,836000,932000 | Rare condition where thyroid hormone levels are elevated but the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is not suppressed. |
| Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | ETDF | 90,520,650,930,5710,87500,255310,525290,675310,878500 | Chronic systemic disease with severe pain, swelling, and skin changes. Also called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, and Causalgia. |
| Refractive Errors | ETDF | 30,240,700,15830,29750,187500,345950,592500,820110,923530 | Light focussing error by eye, leading to reduced vision acuity. Also see appropriate Eye, Eyes, and Vision programs. |
| Refractory Anemia | CAFL | 435 | Deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin which fails to respond to medical treatment. Other uses: Feli, Curva Spic. |
| Refsum Disease | KHZ | 10,410,620,970,7500,20000,87500,342060,635310,834450 | Genetic neurological condition caused by excessive phytanic acid in cells and tissues. |
| Regeneration and Healing | CAFL | 47,2720 | proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost tissues whereas repair is a fibroproliferative response in a combination of regeneratation and scar formation. |
| Regeneration and Healing | XTRA | 20.5 | proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost tissues whereas repair is a fibroproliferative response in a combination of regeneratation and scar formation. |
| Regeneration and Healing 1 | CAFL | 2720,2,20.5,3.9,4,50.5,6.3,148,7 | proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost tissues whereas repair is a fibroproliferative response in a combination of regeneratation and scar formation. |
| Reinke's Edema | ETDF | 80,160,15500,85000,92000,357300,541000,657110,833200,987230 | Swelling of vocal cords due to fluid between vocal ligament and mucosa, causing voice timbre changes and hoarseness. |
| Relapsing Fever | ETDF | 80,570,900,5710,45200,152590,262500,695020,715730,819340 | Borrelia infection caused by bites of body lice or ticks. Encyclopedia Entry for Relapsing Fever : Relapsing fever- Borrelia recurrentis Encyclopedia Entry for Relapsing Fever : Relapsing fever-like disease- Borrelia miyamotoi Encyclopedia Entry for Relapsing Fever : Relapsing fever. Relapsing fever is an infection caused by several species of bacteria in the borrelia family. There are two major forms of relapsing fever: Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is transmitted by the ornithodoros tick. It occurs in Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Asia, and certain areas in the western United States and Canada. The bacteria species associated with TBRF are Borrelia duttoni , Borrelia hermsii , and Borrelia parkerii. Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is transmitted by body lice. It is most common in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. The bacteria species associated with LBRF is Borrelia recurrentis. Sudden fever occurs within 2 weeks of infection. In TRBF, multiple episodes of fever occur, and each may last up to 3 days. People may not have a fever for up to 2 weeks, and then it returns. In LBRF, the fever commonly lasts 3 to 6 days. It is often followed by a single, milder episode of fever. In both forms, the fever episode may end in 'crisis.' This consists of shaking chills, followed by intense sweating, falling body temperature, and low blood pressure. This stage may result in death. In the United States, TBRF often occurs west of the Mississippi River, particularly in the mountains of the West and the high deserts and plains of the Southwest. In the mountains of California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, infections are usually caused by Borrelia hermsii and are often picked up in cabins in forests. The risk may now extend into the southeastern United States. LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world. It is currently seen in Ethiopia and Sudan. Famine, war, and the movement of refugee groups often results in LBRF epidemics. Symptoms of relapsing fever include: Bleeding Coma Headache Joint aches, muscle aches Nausea and vomiting Sagging on one side of the face (facial droop) Stiff neck Sudden high fever, shaking chills, seizure Vomiting Weakness, unsteady while walking. Relapsing fever should be suspected if someone coming from a high-risk area has repeated episodes of fever. This is largely true if the fever is followed by a 'crisis' stage, and if the person may have been exposed to lice or soft-bodied ticks. Tests that may be done include: Blood smear to determine the cause of the infection Blood antibody tests (sometimes used, but their usefulness is limited). Antibiotics including penicillin and tetracycline are used to treat this condition. People with this condition who have developed a coma, heart inflammation, liver problems, or pneumonia are more likely to die. With early treatment, the death rate is reduced. These complications may occur: Drooping of the face Coma Liver problems Inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord Inflammation of the heart muscle, which may lead to irregular heart rate Pneumonia Seizures Stupor Shock related to taking antibiotics (Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, in which the rapid death of very large numbers of borrelia bacteria causes shock) Weakness Widespread bleeding. Contact your health care provider right away if you develop a fever after returning from a trip. Possible infections need to be investigated in a timely manner. Wearing clothing that fully covers the arms and legs when you are outdoors can help prevent TBRF infection. Insect repellent such as DEET on the skin and clothing also work. Tick and lice control in high-risk areas is another important public health measure. Tick-borne relapsing fever; Louse-borne relapsing fever. Horton JM. Relapsing fever caused by borrelia species. Encyclopedia Entry for Relapsing Fever : Relapsing fever. Source of disease: Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia recurrentis, and other Borrelia species |
| Relaxation Enhance | XTRA | 8 | Relaxation stands quite generally for a release of tension, a return to equilibrium. Look up relaxation or relaxed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
| Relaxation State Of | XTRA | 10.6 | Relaxation in psychology, is the emotional state of a living being, of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal that could come from sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear. According to the Oxford dictionary relaxation is when the body and mind are free from tension and anxiety. |
| Relaxation to Produce | CAFL | 6000,10,7.83 | Relaxation techniques Relaxing the mind Take slow, deep breaths. Or try other breathing exercises for relaxation. Soak in a warm bath. Listen to soothing music. Practice mindful meditation. The goal of mindful meditation is to focus your attention on things that are happening right now in the present moment. Write. Use guided imagery. |
| Renal Artery Obstruction | ETDF | 70,550,850,7580,132600,347500,472500,597500,775950,925310 | Also called renal artery stenosis. Also see Circulation, and Circulatory programs. Kidney |
| Renal Calculi | CAFL | 3.5,444,727,787,880,1552,3000,30000,6000,10000 | See Kidney Stones, Kidney Calculi, Gravel in Urine, and Gravel Deposits programs. Drink at least 2.5 litres of water a day, and supplement with vitamins, minerals, and herbs. |
| Renal Dialysis | ETDF | 60,500,870,12850,27500,141590,301230,453020,783400,825030 | Also see End Stage Renal Disease and appropriate kidney programs. Kidney |
| Renal Osteodystrophy | ETDF | 40,550,780,970,5870,57050,152030,592500,602590,953720 | Changes in bone formation due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney |
| Reproductive | CAFL | 335,536,622,712 | The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. |
| Reproductive | VEGA | 622 | The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. |
| Reproductive System | XTRA | 9 | Other uses: gonads, relationships, pain control. |
| Reptile Diseases | ETDF | 160,570,650,870,2500,15750,232500,492500,826070,925950 | Here are some of the most commondiseasesamong reptiles and amphibians. Herpesvirus. Poxvirus. Adenovirus. Ranavirus. Reovirus. Flavivirus. With Reptiles and Amphibians, Hygiene Is a Must. |
| Respiratory Chain Deficiencies Mitochondrial | ETDF | 160,350,930,2500,215610,355680,419340,651100,723030,868430 | Deficiencies in electron transport chain in mitochondria that converts oxygen to enable ATP generation. Also see Electron Transport Chain Def. |
| Respiratory Diseases | XTRA | 5,823,214 | Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Also called lung disorder and pulmonary disease. |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome Newborn | ETDF | 70,550,650,870,7500,16020,42010,190000,675290,826900 | Syndrome in premature newborns due to structural immaturity in lungs, or to neonatal infection. Can also be genetic. |
| Respiratory Failure Acute | XTRA | 1,257,814 | Abnormal levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in blood. Also see Anoxia, Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Circulation, and Circulatory programs. |
| Respiratory Hypersensitivity | ETDF | 60,550,700,9870,74500,130000,240000,490000,675290,879500 | Allergic reaction provoked by inhalation of an allergen. |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus | CAFL | 336,712,278 | Common virus causing respiratory tract infections. Also see Lung, Bronchial, Pneumovirus, and other appropriate programs. Respiratory Encyclopedia Entry for Respiratory Syncytial Virus : Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is the most common germ that causes lung and airway infections in infants and young children. Most infants have had this infection by age 2. Outbreaks of RSV infections most often begin in the fall and run into the spring. The infection can occur in people of all ages. The virus spreads through tiny droplets that go into the air when a sick person blows their nose, coughs, or sneezes. You can catch RSV if: A person with RSV sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose near you. You touch, kiss, or shake hands with someone who is infected by the virus. You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated by the virus, such as a toy or doorknob. RSV often spreads quickly in crowded households and day care centers. The virus can live for a half an hour or more on hands. The virus can also live for up to 5 hours on countertops and for several hours on used tissues. The following increase the risk for RSV: Attending day care Being near tobacco smoke Having school-aged brothers or sisters Living in crowded conditions. Symptoms can vary and differ with age: They usually appear 4 to 6 days after coming in contact with the virus. Older children most often have only mild, cold-like symptoms, such as croupy cough (often described as a 'seal bark' cough ), stuffy nose , or low-grade fever. Infants under age 1 may have more severe symptoms and often have the most trouble breathing: Bluish skin color due to a lack of oxygen ( cyanosis ) in more severe cases Breathing difficulty or labored breathing Nasal flaring Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Shortness of breath Wheezing. Many hospitals and clinics can rapidly test for RSV using a sample of fluid taken from the nose with a cotton swab. Antibiotics do not treat RSV. Mild infections go away without treatment. Infants and children with a severe RSV infection may be admitted to the hospital. Treatment will include: Oxygen Moist (humidified) air Suctioning of nasal secretions Fluids through a vein (by IV) A breathing machine (ventilator) may be needed. More severe RSV disease may occur in the following infants: Premature infants Infants with chronic lung disease Infants whose immune system does not work well Infants with certain forms of heart disease Rarely, RSV infection can cause death in infants. However, this is unlikely if the child is seen by a health care provider in the early stages of the disease. Children who have had RSV bronchiolitis may be more likely to develop asthma. In young children, RSV can cause: Bronchiolitis Lung failure Pneumonia. Call your provider if breathing difficulties or other symptoms of this disorder appear. Any breathing problems in an infant are an emergency. Seek medical help right away. To help prevent RSV infection, wash your hands often, especially before touching your baby. Make certain that other people, especially caregivers, take steps to avoid giving RSV to your baby. The following simple steps can help protect your baby from getting sick: Insist that others wash their hands with warm water and soap before touching your baby. Have others avoid contact with the baby if they have a cold or fever. If necessary, have them wear a mask. Be aware that kissing the baby can spread RSV infection. Try to keep young children away from your baby. RSV is very common among young children and easily spreads from child to child. Do not smoke inside your house, car, or anywhere near your baby. Exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk for RSV illness. Parents of high-risk young infants should avoid crowds during outbreaks of RSV. Moderate-to-large outbreaks are often reported by local news sources to provide parents with an opportunity to avoid exposure. The drug Synagis (palivizumab) is approved for the prevention of RSV disease in children younger than 24 months who are at high risk for serious RSV disease. Ask your provider if your child should receive this medicine. RSV; Palivizumab; Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin; Bronchiolitis - RSV. Bronchiolitis - discharge. Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis. Crowe JE. Respiratory syncytial virus. Encyclopedia Entry for Respiratory Syncytial Virus : Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Source of disease: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus | HC | 378950-383150 | Common virus causing respiratory tract infections. Also see Lung, Bronchial, Pneumovirus, and other appropriate programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Respiratory Syncytial Virus : Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is the most common germ that causes lung and airway infections in infants and young children. Most infants have had this infection by age 2. Outbreaks of RSV infections most often begin in the fall and run into the spring. The infection can occur in people of all ages. The virus spreads through tiny droplets that go into the air when a sick person blows their nose, coughs, or sneezes. You can catch RSV if: A person with RSV sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose near you. You touch, kiss, or shake hands with someone who is infected by the virus. You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated by the virus, such as a toy or doorknob. RSV often spreads quickly in crowded households and day care centers. The virus can live for a half an hour or more on hands. The virus can also live for up to 5 hours on countertops and for several hours on used tissues. The following increase the risk for RSV: Attending day care Being near tobacco smoke Having school-aged brothers or sisters Living in crowded conditions. Symptoms can vary and differ with age: They usually appear 4 to 6 days after coming in contact with the virus. Older children most often have only mild, cold-like symptoms, such as croupy cough (often described as a 'seal bark' cough ), stuffy nose , or low-grade fever. Infants under age 1 may have more severe symptoms and often have the most trouble breathing: Bluish skin color due to a lack of oxygen ( cyanosis ) in more severe cases Breathing difficulty or labored breathing Nasal flaring Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Shortness of breath Wheezing. Many hospitals and clinics can rapidly test for RSV using a sample of fluid taken from the nose with a cotton swab. Antibiotics do not treat RSV. Mild infections go away without treatment. Infants and children with a severe RSV infection may be admitted to the hospital. Treatment will include: Oxygen Moist (humidified) air Suctioning of nasal secretions Fluids through a vein (by IV) A breathing machine (ventilator) may be needed. More severe RSV disease may occur in the following infants: Premature infants Infants with chronic lung disease Infants whose immune system does not work well Infants with certain forms of heart disease Rarely, RSV infection can cause death in infants. However, this is unlikely if the child is seen by a health care provider in the early stages of the disease. Children who have had RSV bronchiolitis may be more likely to develop asthma. In young children, RSV can cause: Bronchiolitis Lung failure Pneumonia. Call your provider if breathing difficulties or other symptoms of this disorder appear. Any breathing problems in an infant are an emergency. Seek medical help right away. To help prevent RSV infection, wash your hands often, especially before touching your baby. Make certain that other people, especially caregivers, take steps to avoid giving RSV to your baby. The following simple steps can help protect your baby from getting sick: Insist that others wash their hands with warm water and soap before touching your baby. Have others avoid contact with the baby if they have a cold or fever. If necessary, have them wear a mask. Be aware that kissing the baby can spread RSV infection. Try to keep young children away from your baby. RSV is very common among young children and easily spreads from child to child. Do not smoke inside your house, car, or anywhere near your baby. Exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk for RSV illness. Parents of high-risk young infants should avoid crowds during outbreaks of RSV. Moderate-to-large outbreaks are often reported by local news sources to provide parents with an opportunity to avoid exposure. The drug Synagis (palivizumab) is approved for the prevention of RSV disease in children younger than 24 months who are at high risk for serious RSV disease. Ask your provider if your child should receive this medicine. RSV; Palivizumab; Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin; Bronchiolitis - RSV. Bronchiolitis - discharge. Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis. Crowe JE. Respiratory syncytial virus. Encyclopedia Entry for Respiratory Syncytial Virus : Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Source of disease: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections | ETDF | 40,550,570,870,7500,50190,140000,390000,624370,819340 | Common virus causing respiratory tract infections. Also see Lung, Bronchial, Pneumovirus, and other appropriate programs. |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections | KHZ | 10,550,570,870,7500,50190,140000,390000,624370,819340 | Common virus causing respiratory tract infections. Also see Lung, Bronchial, Pneumovirus, and other appropriate programs. |
| Respiratory Tract Disease | ETDF | 100,550,730,870,67200,172850,230000,533200,675950,875290 | Respiratory disease, or respiratory tract disease, is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of respiration. |
| Restless Legs Syndrome | ETDF | 160,570,7780,23970,125950,327500,422500,590000,715700,836420 | Neurological disorder with an irresistible urge to move the body to stop uncomfortable sensations, most commonly the legs. Encyclopedia Entry for Restless Legs Syndrome : Restless legs syndrome. No one knows exactly what causes RLS. It may be due to a problem with the way brain cells use dopamine. Dopamine is a brain chemical that helps with muscle movement. RLS may be linked to some other conditions. It may occur more often in people with: Chronic kidney disease Diabetes Iron, magnesium, or folic acid deficiency Parkinson disease Peripheral neuropathy Pregnancy Multiple sclerosis RLS may also occur in people who: Use certain medicines such as calcium channel blockers, lithium, or neuroleptics Are stopping sedative use Use caffeine RLS occurs most often in middle-aged and older adults. RLS is commonly passed down in families. This may be a factor when symptoms start at a younger age. RLS leads to unpleasant feelings in your lower legs. These feelings cause an unstoppable urge to move your legs. You may feel: Creeping and crawling Bubbling, pulling, or tugging Burning or searing Aching, throbbing, or pain Itching or gnawing These sensations: Are worse at night when you lie down Sometimes occur during the day Start or get worse when you lie down or sit for long periods of time May last for 1 hour or longer Sometimes also occur in the upper legs, feet, or arms Are relieved when you move or stretch as long as you keep moving Symptoms can make it difficult to sit during air or car travel, or through classes or meetings. Stress or emotional upset can make symptoms worse. Most people with RLS have rhythmic leg movements when they sleep. This condition is called periodic limb movement disorder. All of these symptoms make it hard to sleep. Lack of sleep can lead to: Daytime sleepiness Anxiety or depression Confusion Difficulty thinking clearly. There is no specific test for RLS. Your health care provider will take your medical history and do a physical exam. You may have blood tests and other exams to rule out conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Usually, your provider will determine whether you have RLS based on your symptoms. RLS can't be cured. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms. Certain lifestyle changes may help you cope with the condition and ease symptoms. Get enough sleep. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Make sure your bed and bedroom are comfortable. Try using hot or cold packs on your legs. Help your muscles relax with gentle stretches, massage, and warm baths. Take time out of your day to just relax. Try yoga, meditation, or other ways to ease tension. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. They may make symptoms worse. Your provider may prescribe medicines to treat RLS. Some medicines help control symptoms: Pramipexole (Mirapex) Ropinirole (Requip) Low doses of narcotics Other medicines can help you sleep: Sinemet (combination carbidopa-levodopa), an anti-Parkinson medicine Gabapentin and pregabalin Clonazepam or other tranquilizers Medicines to help you sleep may cause daytime sleepiness. Treating conditions with similar symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy or iron deficiency can also help relieve symptoms. RLS is not dangerous. However, it can be uncomfortable, making it hard to sleep and affecting your quality of life. You may not be able to sleep well (insomnia). Call for an appointment with your provider if: You have symptoms of RLS Your sleep is disrupted Symptoms get worse. There is no way to prevent RLS. Willis-Ekbom disease; Nocturnal myoclonus; RLS; Akathisia. Nervous system Nervous system. Allen RP, Montplaisir J, Walters WS, Ferini-Strambi L, Hogl B. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep. |
| Retardation Mental | ETDF | 140,230,410,2370,4050,19500,175000,376300,407600,513060 | Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. |
| Retinal Detachment | ETDF | 80,460,1000,7500,217500,327500,452500,665750,796500,834250 | Eye disorder due to fluid leaking behind the retina through physical damage, by traction, or by fluid exuding from the retina. Encyclopedia Entry for Retinal Detachment : Retinal detachment repair. Most retinal detachment repair operations are urgent. A detached retina does not get a supply of oxygen. This causes the cells in the area to die, which can lead to blindness. If holes or tears in the retina are found before the retina detaches, the eye doctor can close the holes using a laser. This procedure is most often done in the health care provider's office. If the retina has just started to detach, a procedure called pneumatic retinopexy may be done to repair it. Pneumatic retinopexy (gas bubble placement) is most often an office procedure. The eye doctor injects a bubble of gas into the eye. You are then positioned so the gas bubble floats up against the hole in the retina and pushes it back into place. The doctor will use a laser to permanently seal the hole. Severe detachments need more advanced surgery. The following procedures are done in a hospital or outpatient surgery center: The scleral buckle method indents the wall of the eye inward so that it meets the hole in the retina. Scleral buckling can be done using numbing medicine while you are awake (local anesthesia) or when you are asleep and pain free ( general anesthesia ). The vitrectomy procedure uses very small devices inside the eye to release tension on the retina. This allows the retina to move back into its proper position. Most vitrectomies are done with numbing medicine while you are awake. In complex cases, both procedures may be done at the same time. Retinal detachments DO NOT get better without treatment. Repair is needed to prevent permanent vision loss. How quickly the surgery needs to be done depends on the location and extent of the detachment. If possible, the surgery should be done the same day if the detachment has not affected the central vision area (the macula). This can help prevent further detachment of the retina. It also will increase the chance of preserving good vision. If the macula detaches, it is too late to restore normal vision. Surgery can still be done to prevent total blindness. In these cases, eye doctors can wait a week to 10 days to schedule surgery. Risks for retinal detachment surgery include: Bleeding Detachment that is not completely fixed (may require more surgeries) Increase in eye pressure (elevated intraocular pressure) Infection General anesthesia may be needed. The risks for any anesthesia are: Reactions to medicines Problems breathing You may not recover full vision. The chances of successful reattachment of the retina depend on the number of holes, their size, and whether there is scar tissue in the area. In most cases, the procedures DO NOT require an overnight hospital stay. You may need to limit your physical activity for some time. If the retina is repaired using the gas bubble procedure, you need to keep your head face down or turned to one side for several days or weeks. It is important to maintain this position so the gas bubble pushes the retina into place. People with a gas bubble in the eye may not fly or go to high altitudes until the gas bubble dissolves. This most often happens within a few weeks. Most of the time, the retina can be reattached with one operation. However, some people will need several surgeries. More than 9 out of 10 detachments can be repaired. Failure to repair the retina always results in loss of vision to some degree. After surgery, the quality of vision depends on where the detachment occurred, and the cause: If the central area of vision (macula) was not involved, vision will usually be very good. If the macula was involved for less than 1 week, vision will usually be improved, but not to 20/20 (normal). If the macula was detached for a long time, some vision will return, but it will be very impaired. Often, it will be less than 20/200, the limit for legal blindness. Scleral buckling; Vitrectomy; Pneumatic retinopexy; Laser retinopexy; Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. Detached retina Detached retina Retinal detachment repair - series Retinal detachment repair - series. Connolly BP, Regillo CD. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Encyclopedia Entry for Retinal Detachment : Retinal detachment. The retina is the clear tissue that lines the inside of the back of the eye. Light rays that enter the eye are focused by the cornea and lens into images that are formed on the retina. The most common type of retinal detachment is often due to a tear or hole in the retina. Eye fluid may leak through this opening. This causes the retina to separate from the underlying tissues, much like a bubble under wallpaper. This is most often caused by a condition called posterior vitreous detachment. It can also be caused by trauma and very bad nearsightedness. A family history of retinal detachment also increases your risk. Another type of retinal detachment is called tractional detachment. This type occurs in people who have uncontrolled diabetes, had retinal surgery before, or have long-term (chronic) inflammation. When the retina becomes detached, bleeding from nearby blood vessels can cloud the inside of the eye so that you may not see clearly or at all. Central vision becomes severely affected if the macula becomes detached. The macula is the part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. Symptoms of detached retina can include: Bright flashes of light, especially in peripheral vision. Blurred vision. Floaters in the eye that appear suddenly or a sudden increase in the amount of floaters. Shadow or blindness in a part of the visual field of one eye that occurs as decreased vision around the outer edges of your vision or as a curtain or shadow falling over your visual field. There is usually no pain in or around the eye. The ophthalmologist (eye doctor) will examine your eyes. Tests will be done to check the retina and pupil: Using special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina (fluorescein angiography) Checking pressure inside the eye ( tonometry ) Examining the back part of the eye, including the retina ( ophthalmoscopy ) Checking eyeglass prescription ( refraction test ) Checking color vision Checking the smallest letters that can be read ( visual acuity ) Checking structures at the front of the eye ( slit-lamp examination ) Ultrasound of the eye. Most people with a retinal detachment need surgery. Surgery may be done right away or within a short time after diagnosis. Some types of surgery can be done in your doctor's office. Lasers may be used to seal tears or holes in the retina before a retinal detachment occurs. If you have a small detachment, the doctor may place a gas bubble in the eye. This is called pneumatic retinopexy. It helps the retina float back into place. The hole is sealed with a laser. Severe detachments require surgery in a hospital. These procedures include: Scleral buckle to gently push the eye wall up against the retina Vitrectomy to remove gel or scar tissue pulling on the retina, used for the largest tears and detachments Tractional retinal detachments may be watched for a while before surgery. If surgery is needed, a vitrectomy is usually done. How well you do after a retinal detachment depends on the location and extent of the detachment and early treatment. If the macula was not damaged, the outlook with treatment can be excellent. Successful repair of the retina does not always fully restore vision. Some detachments cannot be repaired. A retinal detachment causes loss of vision. Surgery to repair it may help restore some or all of your vision. A retinal detachment is an urgent problem that requires medical attention within 24 hours of the first symptoms of new flashes of light and floaters. Use protective eye wear to prevent eye trauma. Control your blood sugar carefully if you have diabetes. See your eye care specialist once a year. You may need more frequent visits if you have risk factors for retinal detachment. Be alert to symptoms of new flashes of light and floaters. Detached retina. Eye Eye Slit-lamp exam Slit-lamp exam. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Posterior vitreous detachment, retinal breaks, and lattice fegeneration PPP -- 2014. www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/posterior-vitreous-detachment-retinal-breaks-latti-6. Updated October 2014. Accessed October 9, 2017. Bowling B. Retinal detachment. |
| Retinal Diseases | ETDF | 70,500,1000,7500,17500,127500,335290,565750,725950,919340 | Also see Eye, Eyes, and Vision programs. |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa | ETDF | 70,500,1000,7500,17500,127500,335290,525150,705220,813670 | Inherited degenerative eye disease with severe vision impairment due to degeneration of rod photoreceptor cells in retina. Encyclopedia Entry for Retinitis Pigmentosa : Retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa can run in families. The disorder can be caused by several genetic defects. The cells controlling night vision (rods) are most likely to be affected. However, in some cases, retinal cone cells are damaged the most. The main sign of the disease is the presence of dark deposits in the retina. The main risk factor is a family history of retinitis pigmentosa. It is a rare condition affecting about 1 in 4,000 people in the United States. Symptoms often first appear in childhood. However, severe vision problems do not often develop before early adulthood. Decreased vision at night or in low light. Early signs may include having a harder time moving around in the dark. Loss of side (peripheral) vision, causing 'tunnel vision.' Loss of central vision (in advanced cases). This will affect the ability to read. Tests to evaluate the retina: Color vision Exam of the retina by ophthalmoscopy after the pupils have been dilated Fluorescein angiography Intraocular pressure Measurement of the electrical activity in the retina ( electroretinogram ) Pupil reflex response Refraction test Retinal photography Side vision test (visual field test) Slit lamp examination Visual acuity. There is no effective treatment for this condition. Wearing sunglasses to protect the retina from ultraviolet light may help preserve vision. Some studies suggest that treatment with antioxidants (such as high doses of vitamin A palmitate) may slow the disease. However, taking high doses of vitamin A can cause serious liver problems. The benefit of treatment has to be weighed against risks to the liver. Clinical trials are in progress to assess new treatments for retinitis pigmentosa, including the use of DHA, which is an omega-3 fatty acid. Other treatments, such as microchip implants into the retina that act like a microscopic video camera, are in the early stages of development. These treatments may be useful for treating blindness associated with RP and other serious eye conditions. A vision specialist can help you adapt to vision loss. Make regular visits to an eye care specialist, who can detect cataracts or retinal swelling. Both of these problems can be treated. The disorder will continue to progress slowly. Complete blindness is uncommon. Peripheral and central loss of vision will occur over time. People with retinitis pigmentosa often develop cataracts at an early age. They may also develop swelling of the retina (macular edema). Cataracts can be removed if they contribute to vision loss. Contact your health care provider if you have problems with night vision or you develop other symptoms of this disorder. Genetic counseling and testing may help determine whether your children are at risk for this disease. RP; Vision loss - RP; Night vision loss - RP; Rod Cone dystrophy; Peripheral vision loss - RP; Night blindness. Eye Eye Slit-lamp exam Slit-lamp exam. Cukras CA, Zein WM, Caruso RC, Sieving PA. Progressive and 'stationary' inherited retinal degenerations. |
| Retinoblastoma | ETDF | 550,680,870,7500,13610,40000,90000,375950,575310,827000 | Rare form of cancer rapidly developing from immature cells of retina, most commonly in young children. Also see appropriate Cancer programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Retinoblastoma : Retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in a gene that controls how cells divide. As a result, cells grow out of control and become cancerous. In about half the cases, this mutation develops in a child whose family has never had eye cancer. In other cases, the mutation occurs in several family members. If the mutation runs in the family, there is a 50% chance that an affected person's children will also have the mutation. These children will therefore have a high risk of developing retinoblastoma themselves. The cancer most often affects children younger than 7 years old. It is most commonly diagnosed in children 1 to 2 years old. One or both eyes may be affected. The pupil of the eye may appear white or have white spots. A white glow in the eye is often seen in photographs taken with a flash. Instead of the typical 'red eye' from the flash, the pupil may appear white or distorted. Other symptoms can include: Crossed eyes Double vision Eyes that do not align Eye pain and redness Poor vision Differing iris colors in each eye If the cancer has spread, bone pain and other symptoms may occur. The health care provider will perform a complete physical exam, including an eye exam. The following tests may be done: CT scan or MRI of the head Eye exam with dilation of the pupil Ultrasound of the eye ( head and eye echoencephalogram ). Treatment options depend on the size and location of the tumor: Small tumors may be treated by laser surgery or cryotherapy (freezing). Radiation is used for both a tumor that is within the eye and for larger tumors. Chemotherapy may be needed if the tumor has spread beyond the eye. The eye may need to be removed (a procedure called enucleation) if the tumor does not respond to other treatments. In some cases, it may be the first treatment. If the cancer has not spread beyond the eye, almost all people can be cured. A cure, however, may require aggressive treatment and even removal of the eye in order to be successful. If the cancer has spread beyond the eye, the likelihood of a cure is lower and depends on how the tumor has spread. Blindness can occur in the affected eye. The tumor can spread to the eye socket through the optic nerve. It may also spread to the brain, lungs, and bones. Call your provider if signs or symptoms of retinoblastoma are present, especially if your child's eyes look abnormal or appear abnormal in photographs. Genetic counseling can help families understand the risk for retinoblastoma. It is especially important when more than one family member has had the disease, or if retinoblastoma occurs in both eyes. Tumor - retina; Cancer - retina; Eye cancer - retinoblastoma. Eye Eye. Cheng KP. Ophthalmology. |
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | ETDF | 160,570,780,950,8500,95690,217520,491000,524370,892410 | Eye disease of premature babies, generally due to intensive oxygen therapy. Encyclopedia Entry for Retinopathy of Prematurity : Retinopathy of prematurity. The blood vessels of the retina (in the back of the eye) begin to develop about 3 months into pregnancy. In most cases, they are fully developed at the time of normal birth. The eyes may not develop properly if a baby is born very early. The vessels may stop growing or grow abnormally from the retina into the back of the eye. Because the vessels are fragile, they can leak and cause bleeding in the eye. Scar tissue may develop and pull the retina loose from the inner surface of the eye (retinal detachment). In severe cases, this can result in vision loss. In the past, the use of too much oxygen in treating premature babies caused vessels to grow abnormally. Better methods are now available for monitoring oxygen. As a result, the problem has become less common, especially in developed countries. However, there is still uncertainty about the right level of oxygen for premature babies at different ages. Researchers are studying other factors besides oxygen which appear to influence the risk of ROP. Today, the risk of developing ROP depends on the degree of prematurity. Smaller babies with more medical problems are at higher risk. Almost all babies who are born before 30 weeks or weigh less than 3 pounds (1500 grams or 1.5 kilograms) at birth are screened for the condition. Some high-risk babies who weigh 3 to 4.5 pounds (1.5 to 2 kilograms) or who are born after 30 weeks should also be screened. In addition to prematurity, other risk factors may include: Brief stop in breathing (apnea) Heart disease High carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood Infection Low blood acidity (pH) Low blood oxygen Respiratory distress Slow heart rate (bradycardia) Transfusions The rate of ROP in most premature infants has gone down greatly in developed countries over the past few decades due to better care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). However, more babies born very early are now able to survive, and these very premature infants are at the highest risk for ROP. The blood vessel changes cannot be seen with the naked eye. An eye exam by an ophthalmologist is needed to reveal such problems. There are five stages of ROP: Stage I: There is mildly abnormal blood vessel growth. Stage II: Blood vessel growth is moderately abnormal. Stage III: Blood vessel growth is severely abnormal. Stage IV: Blood vessel growth is severely abnormal and there is a partially detached retina. Stage V: There is a total retinal detachment. An infant with ROP may also be classified as having 'plus disease' if the abnormal blood vessels match pictures used to diagnose the condition. Symptoms of severe ROP include: Abnormal eye movements Crossed eyes Severe nearsightedness White-looking pupils (leukocoria). Babies who are born before 30 weeks, weigh less than 1,500 grams (about 3 pounds or 1.5 kilograms) at birth, or are high risk for other reasons should have retinal exams. In most cases, the first exam should be within 4 to 9 weeks after birth, depending on the baby's gestational age. Babies born at 27 weeks or later most often have their exam at 4 weeks of age. Those born earlier most often have exams later. Follow-up exams are based on the results of the first exam. Babies do not need another exam if the blood vessels in both retinas have completed normal development. Parents should know what follow-up eye exams are needed before the baby leaves the nursery. Early treatment has been shown to improve a baby's chances for normal vision. Treatment should start within 72 hours of the eye exam. Some babies with 'plus disease' need immediate treatment. Laser therapy (photocoagulation) may be used to prevent complications of advanced ROP. The laser stops the abnormal blood vessels from growing. The treatment can be done in the nursery using portable equipment. To work well, it must be done before the retina develops scarring or detaches from the rest of the eye. Other treatments, such as injecting an antibody that blocks VEG-F (a blood vessel growth factor) into the eye, are still being studied. Surgery is needed if the retina detaches. Surgery does not always result in good vision. Most infants with severe vision loss related to ROP have other problems related to early birth. They will need many different treatments. About 1 out of 10 infants with early changes will develop more severe retinal disease. Severe ROP may lead to major vision problems or blindness. The key factor in the outcome is early detection and treatment. Complications may include severe nearsightedness or blindness. The best way to prevent this condition is to take steps to avoid premature birth. Preventing other problems of prematurity may also help prevent ROP. Retrolental fibroplasia; ROP. Fierson WM; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Ophthalmology; American Academy of Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1):189-195. PMID: 23277315 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277315. Kashani AH, Drenser KA, Capone A. Retinopathy of prematurity. |
| Retinoschisis | ETDF | 40,120,950,13390,13930,50000,165800,493200,722700,905310 | Eye disease with abnormal splitting of retina's neurosensory layers, usually in the outer layer. |
| Retroperitoneal Fibrosis | ETDF | 70,460,650,112950,295870,347500,427500,695280,750000,875950 | Proliferation of fibrous tissue in retroperitoneum, containing kidneys, aorta, renal tract, and other structures. May cause lower back pain, kidney failure, hypertension, and deep vein thrombosis. Kidney Encyclopedia Entry for Retroperitoneal Fibrosis : Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Retroperitoneal fibrosis occurs when extra fibrous tissue forms in the area behind the stomach and intestines. The tissue forms a mass (or masses) or tough fibrotic tissue. It can block the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. The cause of this problem is mostly unknown. It is most common in people aged 40 to 60. Men are twice as likely to develop the condition as women. Early symptoms: Dull pain in the abdomen that increases with time Pain and change of color in the legs (due to decreased blood flow) Swelling of one leg Later symptoms: Decreased urine output No urine output (anuria) Nausea, vomiting, changes in mental status caused by kidney failure and build-up of toxic chemicals in the blood Severe abdominal pain with hemorrhaging (due to death of intestinal tissue). Abdominal CT scan is the best way to find a retroperitoneal mass. Other tests that can help diagnose this condition include: BUN and creatinine blood tests Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), not as commonly used Kidney ultrasound MRI of the abdomen CAT scan of the abdomen and retroperitoneum A biopsy of the mass may also be done to rule out cancer. Corticosteroids are tried first. Some health care providers also prescribe a drug called tamoxifen. If corticosteroid treatment does not work, a biopsy should be done to confirm the diagnosis. Other medicines to suppress the immune system can be prescribed. When medicine does not work, surgery and stents (draining tubes) are needed. The outlook will depend on the extent of the problem and the amount of damage to the kidneys. The kidney damage may be temporary or permanent. The disorder may lead to: Ongoing blockage of the tubes leading from the kidney on one or both sides Chronic kidney failure. Call your health care provider if you have lower abdomen or flank pain and less output of urine. Try to avoid long-term use of medicines that contain methysergide. This drug has been shown to cause retroperitoneal fibrosis. Methysergide is sometimes used to treat migraine headaches. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis; Ormond's disease. Male urinary system Male urinary system. Nakada SY, Best SL. Management of upper urinary tract obstruction. |
| Retropharyngeal Abscess | ETDF | 120,250,620,2500,3000,315750,425280,697500,869710,925280 | Abscess in throat tissues behind posterior pharyngeal wall. Also see Abscesses programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Retropharyngeal Abscess : Retropharyngeal abscess. Retropharyngeal abscess most often affects children under age 5, but it can occur at any age. Infected material (pus) builds up in the space around the tissues at the back of the throat. This can occur during or very soon after a throat infection. Symptoms include: Breathing difficulty Difficulty swallowing Drooling High fever High-pitched sound when inhaling ( stridor ) Muscles between the ribs pull in when breathing ( intercostal retractions ) Severe throat pain Difficulty turning the head. The health care provider will perform a physical exam and look inside the throat. The provider may gently rub the back of the throat with a cotton swab. This is to take a sample of tissue to check it more closely. It is called a throat culture. Other tests may include: Complete blood count (CBC) CT scan of the neck X-ray of the neck Fiber optic endoscopy. Surgery is needed to drain the infected area. Corticosteroids are sometimes given to reduce airway swelling. High-dose antibiotics are given through a vein ( intravenous ) to treat the infection. The airway will be protected so that it does not become completely blocked by the swelling. It is important to get medical help right away. This condition can lead to blockage of the airway. This is life threatening. With prompt treatment, a full recovery is expected. Complications may include: Airway obstruction Aspiration Mediastinitis Osteomyelitis. Call your provider if you or your child develops a high fever with severe throat pain. Get medical help right away if you have: Breathing trouble High-pitched breathing sounds (stridor) Retraction of the muscles between the ribs when breathing Difficulty turning the head. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of a sore throat or upper respiratory infection can prevent this problem. Throat anatomy Throat anatomy Oropharynx Oropharynx. Melio FR, Berge LR. Upper respiratory tract infections. |
| Retrovirus Variants | CAFL | 2489,465,727,787,880,448,800,10000 | Family of viruses replicating in host cells through reverse transcription. Can cause cancers/leukemia, hepatitis, and HIV. See Cancer Cells, Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus, Human T Lymphotropic Virus, HIV, and Hepatitis B programs. |
| Rett Syndrome | ETDF | 130,230,620,9970,167500,325500,422500,650000,875950,919340 | Rare genetic postnatal neurological disorder of grey matter of brain almost exclusively affecting females, with small hands and feet and slow rate of head growth. Encyclopedia Entry for Rett Syndrome : Rett syndrome. RTT occurs almost always in girls. It may be diagnosed as autism or cerebral palsy. Most RTT cases are due to a problem in the gene called MECP2. This gene is on the X chromosome. Females have 2 X chromosomes. Even when one chromosome has this defect, the other X chromosome is normal enough for the child to survive. Males born with this defective gene do not have a second X chromosome to make up for the problem. Therefore, the defect usually results in miscarriage , stillbirth , or very early death. An infant with RTT usually has normal development for the first 6 to 18 months. Symptoms range from mild to severe. Symptoms may include: Breathing problems, which may get worse with stress. Breathing is usually normal during sleep and abnormal while awake. Change in development. Excessive saliva and drooling. Floppy arms and legs, which is frequently the first sign. Intellectual disabilities and learning difficulties. Scoliosis. Shaky, unsteady, stiff gait or toe walking. Seizures. Slowing head growth beginning at 5 to 6 months of age. Loss of normal sleep patterns. Loss of purposeful hand movements: For example, the grasp used to pick up small objects is replaced by repetitive hand motions like hand wringing or constant placement of hands in mouth. Loss of social engagement. Ongoing, severe constipation and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD ). Poor circulation that can lead to cold and bluish arms and legs. Severe language development problems. NOTE: Problems with breathing patterns may be the most upsetting and difficult symptom for parents to watch. Why they happen and what to do about them is not well understood. Most experts recommend that parents remain calm through an episode of irregular breathing like breath holding. It may help to remind yourself that normal breathing always returns and that your child will become used to the abnormal breathing pattern. Genetic testing may be done to look for the gene defect. But, since the defect is not identified in everyone with the disease, the diagnosis of RTT is based on symptoms. There are several different types of RTT: Atypical Classical (meets the diagnostic criteria) Provisional (some symptoms appear between ages 1 and 3) RTT is classified as atypical if: It begins early (soon after birth) or late (beyond 18 months of age, sometimes as late as 3 or 4 years old) Speech and hand skill problems are mild If it appears in a boy (very rare). Treatment may include: Help with feeding and diapering Methods to treat constipation and GERD Physical therapy to help prevent hand problems Weight bearing exercises with scoliosis Supplemental feedings can help with slowed growth. A feeding tube may be needed if the child breathes in (aspirates) food. A diet high in calories and fat combined with feeding tubes can help increase weight and height. Weight gain may improve alertness and social interaction. Medicines may be used to treat seizures. Supplements may be tried for constipation, alertness, or rigid muscles. Stem cell therapy, alone or in combination with gene therapy, is another hopeful treatment. International Rett Syndrome Foundation -- www.rettsyndrome.org National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rett-syndrome. The disease slowly gets worse until the teen years. Then, symptoms may improve. For example, seizures or breathing problems tend to lessen in the late teens. Developmental delays vary. Usually, a child with RTT sits up properly, but may not crawl. For those who do crawl, many do so by scooting on their tummy without using their hands. Similarly, some children walk independently within the normal age range, while others: Are delayed Do not learn to walk independently at all Do not learn to walk until late childhood or early adolescence For those children who do learn to walk at the normal time, some keep that ability for their lifetime, while other children lose the skill. Life expectancies are not well studied, although survival at least until the mid-20s is likely. The average life expectancy for girls may be mid-40s. Death is often related to seizure, aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and accidents. Call your health care provider if you: Have any concerns about your child's development Notice a lack of normal development with motor or language skills in your child Think your child has a health problem that needs treatment. RTT; Scoliosis - Rett syndrome; Intellectual disability - Rett syndrome. Kwon JM. Neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. |
| Reye Syndrome | ETDF | 40,120,950,13020,172500,259000,365080,591000,710500,835280 | Very rare rapidly progressive encephalopathy usually beginning shortly after recovery from acute viral illness, especially influenza and varicella, with rash, vomiting, and liver damage. Encyclopedia Entry for Reye Syndrome : Reye syndrome - resources. Resources - Reye syndrome. Encyclopedia Entry for Reye Syndrome : Reye syndrome. There is no known cause of Reye syndrome. It is most often seen in children ages 4 to 12. Most cases that occur with chickenpox are in children ages 5 to 9. Cases that occur with the flu are most often in children ages 10 to 14. Children with Reye syndrome get sick very suddenly. The syndrome often begins with vomiting. It may last for many hours. The vomiting is quickly followed by irritable and aggressive behavior. As the condition gets worse, the child may be unable to stay awake and alert. Other symptoms of Reye syndrome: Confusion Lethargy Loss of consciousness or coma Mental changes Nausea and vomiting Seizures Unusual placement of arms and legs ( decerebrate posture ). The arms are extended straight and turned toward the body, the legs are held straight, and the toes are pointed downward Other symptoms that can occur with this disorder include: Double vision Hearing loss Muscle function loss or paralysis of the arms or legs Speech difficulties Weakness in the arms or legs. The following tests may be used to diagnose Reye syndrome: Blood chemistry tests Head CT or head MRI scan Liver biopsy Liver function tests Serum ammonia test Spinal tap. There is no specific treatment for this condition. The health care provider will monitor the pressure in the brain, blood gases , and blood acid-base balance (pH). Treatments may include: Breathing support (a breathing machine may be needed during a deep coma) Fluids by IV to provide electrolytes and glucose Steroids to reduce swelling in the brain. How well a person does depends on the severity of any coma, as well as other factors. The outcome for those who survive an acute episode may be good. Complications may include: Coma Permanent brain damage Seizures When untreated, seizures and coma may be life threatening. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) immediately if your child has: Confusion Lethargy Other mental changes. Never give a child aspirin unless told to do so by your provider. When a child must take aspirin, take care to reduce the child's risk of catching a viral illness, such as the flu and chickenpox. Avoid aspirin for several weeks after the child has received a varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. Note: Other over-the-counter medicines, such as Pepto-Bismol and substances with oil of wintergreen also contain aspirin compounds called salicylates. DO NOT give these to a child who has a cold or fever. Digestive system organs Digestive system organs. Ferri FF. Reye's syndrome. |
| Rhabdoid Tumor | ETDF | 70,460,650,950,51250,147500,277500,395750,633910,845280 | Very aggressive form of tumor originally described as a variant of Wilms Tumor, mainly a kidney tumor occurring mostly in children. Also see Cancer Wilms' Tumor, and Wilms Tumor. |
| Rhabdomyolysis | ETDF | 70,180,730,34210,205690,317250,412500,692500,776950,838250 | Condition where damaged skeletal striated muscle breaks down rapidly, which can lead to kidney failure. Caused by trauma, strenuous exercise, and statin or fibrate drugs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rhabdomyolysis : Rhabdomyolysis. When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into substances that can damage kidney cells. Rhabdomyolysis may be caused by injury or any other condition that damages skeletal muscle. Problems that may lead to this disease include: Trauma or crush injuries Use of drugs such as cocaine , amphetamines, statins, heroin , or PCP Genetic muscle diseases Extremes of body temperature Ischemia or death of muscle tissue Low phosphate levels Seizures or muscle tremors Severe exertion, such as marathon running or calisthenics Lengthy surgical procedures Severe dehydration. Symptoms may include: Dark, red, or cola-colored urine Decreased urine output General weakness Muscle stiffness or aching ( myalgia ) Muscle tenderness Weakness of the affected muscles Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Fatigue Joint pain Seizures Weight gain (unintentional). A physical exam will show tender or damaged skeletal muscles. The following tests may be done: Creatine kinase (CK) level Serum calcium Serum myoglobin Serum potassium Urinalysis Urine myoglobin test This disease may also affect the results of the following tests: CK isoenzymes Serum creatinine Urine creatinine. You will need to get fluids containing bicarbonate to help prevent kidney damage. You may need to get fluids through a vein (IV). Some people may need kidney dialysis. Your health care provider may prescribe medicines including diuretics and bicarbonate (if there is enough urine output). Hyperkalemia and low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) should be treated right away. Kidney failure should also be treated. The outcome depends on the amount of kidney damage. Acute kidney failure occurs in many people. Getting treated soon after rhabdomyolysis will reduce the risk of permanent kidney damage. People with milder cases may return to their normal activities within a few weeks to a month. However, some people continue to have problems with fatigue and muscle pain. Complications may include: Acute tubular necrosis Acute renal failure Harmful chemical imbalances in the blood Shock (low blood pressure). Call your provider if you have symptoms of rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis can be avoided by: Drinking plenty of fluids after strenuous exercise. Removing extra clothes and immersing the body in cold water in case of heat stroke. Male urinary system Male urinary system. O'Connor FG, Deuster PA. Rhabdomyolysis. |
| Rhesus gravidarum | BIO | 684 | Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her baby's blood cells. It's also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). Rhesus disease doesn't harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop jaundice. |
| Rhesus Gravidatum | CAFL | 312,322,536,684 | Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her baby's blood cells. It's also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). Rhesus disease doesn't harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop jaundice. |
| Rheum | CAFL | 952,436,595,775 | Watery discharge from nose or eyes. Also see Sinus and Sinusitis programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatic fever - Streptococcus pyogenes (nonsuppurative complication of Strep throat) Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is still common in countries that have a lot of poverty and poor health systems. It does not often occur in the United States and other developed countries. When rheumatic fever does occur in the United States, it is most often in small outbreaks. The latest outbreak in the United States was in the 1980s. Rheumatic fever occurs after infections with a germ or bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus. This germ appears to trick the immune system into attacking healthy tissues in the body. These tissues become swollen or inflamed. This abnormal reaction seems to almost always occur with strep throat or scarlet fever. Strep infections that involve other parts of the body do not seem to trigger rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever mainly affects children ages 5 to 15 who have had strep throat or scarlet fever. If it occurs, it develops about 14 to 28 days after these illnesses. Symptoms can affect many systems in the body. General symptoms may include: Fever Nosebleeds Pain in the abdomen Heart problems, which may have no symptoms, or may lead to shortness of breath and chest pain Symptoms in the joints can: Cause pain, swelling, redness, and warmth Mainly occur in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists Change or move from one joint to another Skin changes may also occur, such as: Ring-shaped or snake-like skin rash on the trunk and upper part of the arms or legs Skin lumps or nodules A condition that affects the brain and nervous system, called sydenham chorea can also occur. Symptoms of this condition are: Loss of control of emotions, with bouts of unusual crying or laughing Quick, jerky movements that mainly affect the face, feet, and hands. Your health care provider will examine you and will carefully check your heart sounds, skin, and joints. Tests may include: Blood test for repeated strep infection (such as an ASO test) Complete blood count (CBC) Electrocardiogram (EKG) Sedimentation rate (ESR -- a test that measures inflammation in the body) Several factors called major and minor criteria have been developed to help diagnose rheumatic fever in a standard way. The major criteria for diagnosis include: Arthritis in several large joints Heart inflammation Nodules under the skin Rapid, jerky movements (chorea, sydenham chorea ) Skin rash The minor criteria include: Fever High ESR Joint pain Abnormal EKG You'll likely be diagnosed with rheumatic fever if you: Meet 2 major criteria, or 1 major and 2 minor criteria Have signs of a past strep infection. If you or your child is diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever you will be treated with antibiotics. The goal of this treatment is to remove all of the strep bacteria from the body. After the first treatment is complete, more antibiotics are prescribed. The goal of these medicines is to prevent rheumatic fever from recurring. All children will continue the antibiotics until age 21. Teenagers and young adults will need to take antibiotics for at least 5 years. If you or your child had heart problems when the rheumatic fever occurred, antibiotics may be needed for even longer, perhaps for life. To help manage swelling of inflamed tissues during acute rheumatic fever, medicines such as aspirin or corticosteroids may be needed. For problems with abnormal movements or abnormal behaviors, medicines often used to treat seizures may be prescribed. Rheumatic fever can cause severe heart problems and heart damage. Long-term heart problems can occur, such as: Damage to heart valves. This damage may cause leakage in the heart valve or narrowing that slows blood flow through the valve Damage to the heart muscle. Heart failure. Infection of the inner lining of your heart ( endocarditis ). Swelling of the membrane around the heart ( pericarditis ). Heart rhythm that is fast and unsteady. Sydenham chorea. Call your provider if you or your child develops symptoms of rheumatic fever. Because several other conditions have similar symptoms, you or your child will need careful medical evaluation. If symptoms of strep throat develop, tell your provider. You or your child will need to be checked and treated if strep throat is present. This will decrease the risk of developing rheumatic fever. The most important way to prevent rheumatic fever is by getting quick treatment for strep throat and scarlet fever. Streptococcus - rheumatic fever; Strep throat - rheumatic fever; Streptococcus pyogenes - rheumatic fever; Group A streptococcus - rheumatic fever. Low DE. Nonpneumoccal streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatoid arthritis. The cause of RA is not known. It is an autoimmune disease. This means the immune system of the body mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA. It is less common than osteoarthritis (OA). OA which is a condition that occurs in many people due to wear and tear on the joints as they age. Most of the time, RA affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Fingers, wrists, knees, feet, elbows, ankles, hips and shoulders are the most commonly affected. The disease often begins slowly. Early symptoms may include: Minor joint pain Stiffness Fatigue Joint symptoms may include: Morning stiffness, which lasts more than 1 hour, is common. Joints may feel warm, tender, and stiff when not used for an hour. Joint pain is often felt in the same joint on both sides of the body. Joints are often swollen. Over time, joints may lose their range of motion and may become deformed. Rheumatoid arthritis Other symptoms include: Chest pain when taking a breath (pleurisy) Dry eyes and mouth ( Sj gren syndrome ) Eye burning, itching, and discharge Nodules under the skin (most often a sign of more severe disease) Numbness, tingling, or burning in the hands and feet Sleep difficulties. There is no test that can determine for sure whether you have RA. Most people with RA will have some abnormal test results. However, some people will have normal results for all tests. Two lab tests that are positive in most people and often help in the diagnosis are: Rheumatoid factor Anti-CCP antibody These tests are positive in most patients with RA. The anti-CCP antibody test is more specific for RA. Other tests that may be done include: Complete blood count C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Joint x-rays Joint ultrasound or MRI Joint fluid analysis. RA most often requires long-term treatment by an expert in arthritis called a rheumatologist Treatment includes: Medicines Physical therapy Exercise Education Surgery, if required Early treatment for RA with medicines called Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) should be used in all patients. This will slow joint destruction and prevent deformities. The activity of the RA should be checked at regular visits to make sure the disease is under control. The goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the RA. MEDICINES Anti-inflammatory medicines: These include aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib. These medicines work very well to reduce joint swelling and inflammation, but they can have long-term side effects. Therefore, they should be taken only for a short time and in low doses when possible. Since they do not prevent joint damage if used alone, DMARDS should be used as well. Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): These are often the medicines that are tried first in people with RA. They are prescribed along with rest, strengthening exercise, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Methotrexate is the most commonly used DMARD for rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide and hydroxychloroquine may also be used. Sulfasalazine is a drug that is often combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (triple therapy). It may be weeks or months before you see any benefit from these drugs. These drugs may have serious side effects, so you will need frequent blood tests when taking them. Antimalarial medicines: This group of medicines includes hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). They are most often used along with methotrexate. It may be weeks or months before you see any benefit from these drugs. Corticosteroids: These medicines work very well to reduce joint swelling and inflammation, but they can have long-term side effects. Therefore, they should be taken only for a short time and in low doses when possible. Biologic DMARD agents: These medicines are designed to affect parts of the immune system that play a role in the disease process of RA. They may be given when other medicines, usually methotrexate, have not worked. Usually biologic drugs are added to methotrexate. However, because they are very expensive, insurance approval is generally required. Most of them are given either under the skin or into a vein There are now many different types of biologic agents. Biologic agents can be very helpful in treating RA. However, people taking these medicines must be watched closely because of uncommon but serious adverse reactions: Infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi Skin cancer but not melanoma Skin reactions Allergic reactions Worsened heart failure Damage to nerves Low white blood count SURGERY Surgery may be needed to correct severely damaged joints. Surgery may include: Removal of the joint lining ( synovectomy ) Total joint replacement in extreme cases may include total knee replacement (TKR) and hip replacement. PHYSICAL THERAPY Range-of-motion exercises and exercise programs prescribed by a physical therapist can delay the loss of joint function and help keep muscles strong. Sometimes, therapists will use special machines to apply deep heat or electrical stimulation to reduce pain and improve joint movement. Other therapies that may help ease joint pain include: Joint protection techniques Heat and cold treatments Splints or orthotic devices to support and align joints Frequent rest periods between activities, as well as 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night NUTRITION Some people with RA may have intolerance or allergies to certain foods. A balanced nutritious diet is recommended. It may be helpful to eat foods rich in fish oils (omega-3 fatty acids). Smoking cigarettes should be stopped. Excessive alcohol should also be avoided. Some people may benefit from taking part in an arthritis support group. How well a person does depends on the severity of symptoms and the response to treatment. It is important to start the treatment as soon as possible. Regular follow up visits are needed to adjust the treatment. Permanent joint damage may occur without proper treatment. Early treatment with a three-medicine DMARD combination known as 'triple therapy,' or with the biologic DMARD medicines, can prevent joint pain and damage. If not well treated, RA can affect nearly every part of the body. Complications may include: Damage to the lung tissue. Increased risk of hardening of the arteries. Spinal injury when the neck bones become damaged. Inflammation of the blood vessels (rheumatoid vasculitis), which can lead to skin, nerve, heart, and brain problems. Swelling and inflammation of the outer lining of the heart ( pericarditis ) and of the heart muscle ( myocarditis ), which can lead to congestive heart failure. However, these complications can be avoided with proper treatment. The treatments for RA can also cause serious side effects. Talk to your provider about the possible side effects of treatment and what to do if they occur. Call your provider if you think you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. There is no known prevention. Smoking appears to worsen RA. So it is important to avoid tobacco. Proper early treatment can help prevent further joint damage. RA; Arthritis - rheumatoid. ACL reconstruction - discharge Ankle replacement - discharge Elbow replacement - discharge. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis. Aronson JK. Methotrexate. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatoid factor (RF). Most of the time, blood is drawn from a vein located on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin. The blood collects in a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage is put over the spot to stop any bleeding. Most of the time, you do not need to take special steps before this test. You may feel slight pain or a sting when the needle is inserted. You may also feel some throbbing at the site after the blood is drawn. This test is most often used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis or Sj gren syndrome. Results are usually reported in one of two ways: Value, normal less than 15 IU/mL Titer, normal less than 1:80 (1 to 80) If the result is above the normal level, it is positive. A low number (negative result) most often means you do not have rheumatoid arthritis or Sj gren syndrome. However, some people who do have these conditions still have a negative or low RF. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results. An abnormal result means the test is positive, which means a higher level of rheumatoid factor has been detected in your blood. Most people with rheumatoid arthritis or Sj gren syndrome have positive RF tests. The higher the level, the more likely one of these conditions is present. There are also other tests for these disorders that help make the diagnosis. Not everyone with a higher level of RF has rheumatoid arthritis or Sj gren syndrome. Your provider may do another blood test (anti-CCP antibody), to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. People with the following diseases may also have higher levels of RF: Hepatitis C Systemic lupus erythematosus Dermatomyositis and polymyositis Sarcoidosis Mixed cryoglobulinemia Mixed connective tissue disease Higher-than-normal levels of RF may be seen in people with other medical problems. However, these higher RF levels cannot be used to diagnose these other conditions: AIDS , hepatitis , influenza , infectious mononucleosis , and other viral infections Certain kidney diseases Endocarditis , tuberculosis, and other bacterial infections Parasite infections Leukemia , multiple myeloma , and other cancers Chronic lung disease Chronic liver disease In some cases, people who are healthy and have no other medical problem will have a higher-than-normal RF level. Blood test Blood test. Andrade F, Darrah E, Rosen A. Autoantibiodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatoid lung disease. Lung problems are common in rheumatoid arthritis. They often cause no symptoms. The cause of lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Sometimes, the medicines used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, especially methotrexate, may result in lung disease. Symptoms may include any of the following: Chest pain Cough Fever Shortness of breath Joint pain, stiffness, swelling Skin nodules. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your symptoms. The provider may hear crackles (rales) when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. Or, there may be decreased breath sounds, wheezing, a rubbing sound, or normal breath sounds. When listening to the heart, there may be abnormal heart sounds. The following tests may show signs of rheumatoid lung disease: Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest Echocardiogram (may show pulmonary hypertension) Lung biopsy (bronchoscopic, video-assisted, or open ) Lung function tests Needle inserted into the fluid around the lung ( thoracentesis ) Blood tests for rheumatoid arthritis. Many people with this condition have no symptoms. Treatment is aimed at the health problems causing the lung problem and the complications caused by the disorder. Corticosteroids or other medicines that suppress the immune system are sometimes useful. Outcome is related to the underlying disorder and the type and severity of lung disease. In severe cases, lung transplantation can be considered. This is more common in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary hypertension. Rheumatoid lung disease may lead to: Collapsed lung ( pneumothorax ) Pulmonary hypertension. Call your provider right away if you have rheumatoid arthritis and you develop unexplained breathing difficulties. Lung disease - rheumatoid arthritis; Rheumatoid nodules; Rheumatoid lung. Interstitial lung disease - adults - discharge. Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Respiratory system Respiratory system. Corte TJ, Du Bois RM, Wells AU. Connective tissue diseases. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis. RP is caused by breathing in inorganic dust. This is dust that comes from grinding metals, minerals, or rock. After the dust enters the lungs, it causes inflammation. This can lead to the formation of many small lumps in the lungs and an airway disease similar to mild asthma. It is not clear how RP develops. There are two theories: When people breathe in inorganic dust, it affects their immune system and leads to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy body tissue by mistake. When people who already have RA or are at high risk for it are exposed to mineral dust, they develop RP. Symptoms of RP are: Cough Joint swelling and pain Lumps under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Shortness of breath Wheezing. Your health care provider will take a detailed medical history. It will include questions about your jobs (past and present) and other possible sources of exposure to inorganic dust. Your provider will also do a physical exam, paying special attention to any joint and skin disease. Other tests can include: Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest Joint x-rays Pulmonary function tests Rheumatoid factor test and other blood tests. There is no specific treatment for RP, other than treating any lung and joint disease. Attending a support group with people who have the same disease or a similar disease can help you understand your condition better. It can also help you adjust to your treatment and lifestyle changes. Support groups take place online and in person. Ask your provider about a support group that might help you. RP rarely causes serious breathing trouble or disability due to lung problems. These complications can occur from RP: Increased risk for tuberculosis Scarring in the lungs (progressive massive fibrosis) Side effects from medicines you take. Call for an appointment with your provider if you have symptoms of RP. Talk to your provider about getting the flu and pneumonia vaccines. If you've been diagnosed with RP, call your provider right away if you develop a cough, shortness of breath, fever, or other signs of a lung infection, especially if you think you have the flu. Since your lungs are already damaged, it's very important to have the infection treated promptly. This will prevent breathing problems from becoming severe, as well as further damage to your lungs. People with RA should avoid exposure to inorganic dust. RP; Caplan syndrome; Pneumoconiosis - rheumatoid; Silicosis - rheumatoid pneumoconiosis; Coal worker's pneumoconiosis - rheumatoid pneumoconiosis. Respiratory system Respiratory system. Corte TJ, Du Bois RM, Wells AU. Connective tissue diseases. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheum : Rheumatoid Arthritis. Can be caused by the bacteria Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Prophyromonas gengivalis and Parvovirus B19. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Rheum Special | XTRA | 1744,952,333,376,436,595,775 | Watery discharge from nose or eyes. Also see Sinus and Sinusitis programs. |
| Rheumatic Disease | ETDF | 130,230,620,950,7500,68500,232500,551100,779230,839430 | Conditions causing chronic pain, often intermittent, affecting joints and/or connective tissue. See Rheumatism, Joint, Joints, and Connective Tissue programs, as well as specific body part programs. |
| Rheumatic Fever | ETDF | 130,250,620,950,7500,72500,232500,551100,779230,839430 | Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatic Fever : Rheumatic fever - Streptococcus pyogenes (nonsuppurative complication of Strep throat) Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatic Fever : Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is still common in countries that have a lot of poverty and poor health systems. It does not often occur in the United States and other developed countries. When rheumatic fever does occur in the United States, it is most often in small outbreaks. The latest outbreak in the United States was in the 1980s. Rheumatic fever occurs after infections with a germ or bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus. This germ appears to trick the immune system into attacking healthy tissues in the body. These tissues become swollen or inflamed. This abnormal reaction seems to almost always occur with strep throat or scarlet fever. Strep infections that involve other parts of the body do not seem to trigger rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever mainly affects children ages 5 to 15 who have had strep throat or scarlet fever. If it occurs, it develops about 14 to 28 days after these illnesses. Symptoms can affect many systems in the body. General symptoms may include: Fever Nosebleeds Pain in the abdomen Heart problems, which may have no symptoms, or may lead to shortness of breath and chest pain Symptoms in the joints can: Cause pain, swelling, redness, and warmth Mainly occur in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists Change or move from one joint to another Skin changes may also occur, such as: Ring-shaped or snake-like skin rash on the trunk and upper part of the arms or legs Skin lumps or nodules A condition that affects the brain and nervous system, called sydenham chorea can also occur. Symptoms of this condition are: Loss of control of emotions, with bouts of unusual crying or laughing Quick, jerky movements that mainly affect the face, feet, and hands. Your health care provider will examine you and will carefully check your heart sounds, skin, and joints. Tests may include: Blood test for repeated strep infection (such as an ASO test) Complete blood count (CBC) Electrocardiogram (EKG) Sedimentation rate (ESR -- a test that measures inflammation in the body) Several factors called major and minor criteria have been developed to help diagnose rheumatic fever in a standard way. The major criteria for diagnosis include: Arthritis in several large joints Heart inflammation Nodules under the skin Rapid, jerky movements (chorea, sydenham chorea ) Skin rash The minor criteria include: Fever High ESR Joint pain Abnormal EKG You'll likely be diagnosed with rheumatic fever if you: Meet 2 major criteria, or 1 major and 2 minor criteria Have signs of a past strep infection. If you or your child is diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever you will be treated with antibiotics. The goal of this treatment is to remove all of the strep bacteria from the body. After the first treatment is complete, more antibiotics are prescribed. The goal of these medicines is to prevent rheumatic fever from recurring. All children will continue the antibiotics until age 21. Teenagers and young adults will need to take antibiotics for at least 5 years. If you or your child had heart problems when the rheumatic fever occurred, antibiotics may be needed for even longer, perhaps for life. To help manage swelling of inflamed tissues during acute rheumatic fever, medicines such as aspirin or corticosteroids may be needed. For problems with abnormal movements or abnormal behaviors, medicines often used to treat seizures may be prescribed. Rheumatic fever can cause severe heart problems and heart damage. Long-term heart problems can occur, such as: Damage to heart valves. This damage may cause leakage in the heart valve or narrowing that slows blood flow through the valve Damage to the heart muscle. Heart failure. Infection of the inner lining of your heart ( endocarditis ). Swelling of the membrane around the heart ( pericarditis ). Heart rhythm that is fast and unsteady. Sydenham chorea. Call your provider if you or your child develops symptoms of rheumatic fever. Because several other conditions have similar symptoms, you or your child will need careful medical evaluation. If symptoms of strep throat develop, tell your provider. You or your child will need to be checked and treated if strep throat is present. This will decrease the risk of developing rheumatic fever. The most important way to prevent rheumatic fever is by getting quick treatment for strep throat and scarlet fever. Streptococcus - rheumatic fever; Strep throat - rheumatic fever; Streptococcus pyogenes - rheumatic fever; Group A streptococcus - rheumatic fever. Low DE. Nonpneumoccal streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever. |
| Rheumatic Fever | XTRA | 333,523,768,786,376,952 | Inflammatory disease that can involve heart, joints, skin, and brain, usually developing 2-4 weeks after throat infection, and mainly due to Streptococcus Pyogenes. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatic Fever : Rheumatic fever - Streptococcus pyogenes (nonsuppurative complication of Strep throat) Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatic Fever : Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is still common in countries that have a lot of poverty and poor health systems. It does not often occur in the United States and other developed countries. When rheumatic fever does occur in the United States, it is most often in small outbreaks. The latest outbreak in the United States was in the 1980s. Rheumatic fever occurs after infections with a germ or bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus. This germ appears to trick the immune system into attacking healthy tissues in the body. These tissues become swollen or inflamed. This abnormal reaction seems to almost always occur with strep throat or scarlet fever. Strep infections that involve other parts of the body do not seem to trigger rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever mainly affects children ages 5 to 15 who have had strep throat or scarlet fever. If it occurs, it develops about 14 to 28 days after these illnesses. Symptoms can affect many systems in the body. General symptoms may include: Fever Nosebleeds Pain in the abdomen Heart problems, which may have no symptoms, or may lead to shortness of breath and chest pain Symptoms in the joints can: Cause pain, swelling, redness, and warmth Mainly occur in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists Change or move from one joint to another Skin changes may also occur, such as: Ring-shaped or snake-like skin rash on the trunk and upper part of the arms or legs Skin lumps or nodules A condition that affects the brain and nervous system, called sydenham chorea can also occur. Symptoms of this condition are: Loss of control of emotions, with bouts of unusual crying or laughing Quick, jerky movements that mainly affect the face, feet, and hands. Your health care provider will examine you and will carefully check your heart sounds, skin, and joints. Tests may include: Blood test for repeated strep infection (such as an ASO test) Complete blood count (CBC) Electrocardiogram (EKG) Sedimentation rate (ESR -- a test that measures inflammation in the body) Several factors called major and minor criteria have been developed to help diagnose rheumatic fever in a standard way. The major criteria for diagnosis include: Arthritis in several large joints Heart inflammation Nodules under the skin Rapid, jerky movements (chorea, sydenham chorea ) Skin rash The minor criteria include: Fever High ESR Joint pain Abnormal EKG You'll likely be diagnosed with rheumatic fever if you: Meet 2 major criteria, or 1 major and 2 minor criteria Have signs of a past strep infection. If you or your child is diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever you will be treated with antibiotics. The goal of this treatment is to remove all of the strep bacteria from the body. After the first treatment is complete, more antibiotics are prescribed. The goal of these medicines is to prevent rheumatic fever from recurring. All children will continue the antibiotics until age 21. Teenagers and young adults will need to take antibiotics for at least 5 years. If you or your child had heart problems when the rheumatic fever occurred, antibiotics may be needed for even longer, perhaps for life. To help manage swelling of inflamed tissues during acute rheumatic fever, medicines such as aspirin or corticosteroids may be needed. For problems with abnormal movements or abnormal behaviors, medicines often used to treat seizures may be prescribed. Rheumatic fever can cause severe heart problems and heart damage. Long-term heart problems can occur, such as: Damage to heart valves. This damage may cause leakage in the heart valve or narrowing that slows blood flow through the valve Damage to the heart muscle. Heart failure. Infection of the inner lining of your heart ( endocarditis ). Swelling of the membrane around the heart ( pericarditis ). Heart rhythm that is fast and unsteady. Sydenham chorea. Call your provider if you or your child develops symptoms of rheumatic fever. Because several other conditions have similar symptoms, you or your child will need careful medical evaluation. If symptoms of strep throat develop, tell your provider. You or your child will need to be checked and treated if strep throat is present. This will decrease the risk of developing rheumatic fever. The most important way to prevent rheumatic fever is by getting quick treatment for strep throat and scarlet fever. Streptococcus - rheumatic fever; Strep throat - rheumatic fever; Streptococcus pyogenes - rheumatic fever; Group A streptococcus - rheumatic fever. Low DE. Nonpneumoccal streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever. |
| Rheumaticus | BIO | 333,376 | Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders. Signs and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (pol-e-my-AL-juh rue-MAT-ih-kuh) usually begin quickly and are worse in the morning. Most people who develop polymyalgia rheumatica are older than 65. |
| Rheumaticus | VEGA | 376 | Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders. Signs and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (pol-e-my-AL-juh rue-MAT-ih-kuh) usually begin quickly and are worse in the morning. Most people who develop polymyalgia rheumatica are older than 65. |
| Rheumaticus | XTRA | 333,376,820 | Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders. Signs and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (pol-e-my-AL-juh rue-MAT-ih-kuh) usually begin quickly and are worse in the morning. Most people who develop polymyalgia rheumatica are older than 65. |
| Rheumatism | CAFL | 10000,776,766,262 | Use Arthritis Rheumatoid, and see Rheumatoid Arthritis programs. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | CAFL | 2.4,250,262,600,625,650,727,776,787 | Use Arthritis Rheumatoid, and see Rheumatoid Arthritis programs. Joints Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatoid Arthritis : Rheumatoid arthritis. The cause of RA is not known. It is an autoimmune disease. This means the immune system of the body mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA. It is less common than osteoarthritis (OA). OA which is a condition that occurs in many people due to wear and tear on the joints as they age. Most of the time, RA affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Fingers, wrists, knees, feet, elbows, ankles, hips and shoulders are the most commonly affected. The disease often begins slowly. Early symptoms may include: Minor joint pain Stiffness Fatigue Joint symptoms may include: Morning stiffness, which lasts more than 1 hour, is common. Joints may feel warm, tender, and stiff when not used for an hour. Joint pain is often felt in the same joint on both sides of the body. Joints are often swollen. Over time, joints may lose their range of motion and may become deformed. Rheumatoid arthritis Other symptoms include: Chest pain when taking a breath (pleurisy) Dry eyes and mouth ( Sj gren syndrome ) Eye burning, itching, and discharge Nodules under the skin (most often a sign of more severe disease) Numbness, tingling, or burning in the hands and feet Sleep difficulties. There is no test that can determine for sure whether you have RA. Most people with RA will have some abnormal test results. However, some people will have normal results for all tests. Two lab tests that are positive in most people and often help in the diagnosis are: Rheumatoid factor Anti-CCP antibody These tests are positive in most patients with RA. The anti-CCP antibody test is more specific for RA. Other tests that may be done include: Complete blood count C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Joint x-rays Joint ultrasound or MRI Joint fluid analysis. RA most often requires long-term treatment by an expert in arthritis called a rheumatologist Treatment includes: Medicines Physical therapy Exercise Education Surgery, if required Early treatment for RA with medicines called Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) should be used in all patients. This will slow joint destruction and prevent deformities. The activity of the RA should be checked at regular visits to make sure the disease is under control. The goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the RA. MEDICINES Anti-inflammatory medicines: These include aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib. These medicines work very well to reduce joint swelling and inflammation, but they can have long-term side effects. Therefore, they should be taken only for a short time and in low doses when possible. Since they do not prevent joint damage if used alone, DMARDS should be used as well. Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): These are often the medicines that are tried first in people with RA. They are prescribed along with rest, strengthening exercise, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Methotrexate is the most commonly used DMARD for rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide and hydroxychloroquine may also be used. Sulfasalazine is a drug that is often combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (triple therapy). It may be weeks or months before you see any benefit from these drugs. These drugs may have serious side effects, so you will need frequent blood tests when taking them. Antimalarial medicines: This group of medicines includes hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). They are most often used along with methotrexate. It may be weeks or months before you see any benefit from these drugs. Corticosteroids: These medicines work very well to reduce joint swelling and inflammation, but they can have long-term side effects. Therefore, they should be taken only for a short time and in low doses when possible. Biologic DMARD agents: These medicines are designed to affect parts of the immune system that play a role in the disease process of RA. They may be given when other medicines, usually methotrexate, have not worked. Usually biologic drugs are added to methotrexate. However, because they are very expensive, insurance approval is generally required. Most of them are given either under the skin or into a vein There are now many different types of biologic agents. Biologic agents can be very helpful in treating RA. However, people taking these medicines must be watched closely because of uncommon but serious adverse reactions: Infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi Skin cancer but not melanoma Skin reactions Allergic reactions Worsened heart failure Damage to nerves Low white blood count SURGERY Surgery may be needed to correct severely damaged joints. Surgery may include: Removal of the joint lining ( synovectomy ) Total joint replacement in extreme cases may include total knee replacement (TKR) and hip replacement. PHYSICAL THERAPY Range-of-motion exercises and exercise programs prescribed by a physical therapist can delay the loss of joint function and help keep muscles strong. Sometimes, therapists will use special machines to apply deep heat or electrical stimulation to reduce pain and improve joint movement. Other therapies that may help ease joint pain include: Joint protection techniques Heat and cold treatments Splints or orthotic devices to support and align joints Frequent rest periods between activities, as well as 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night NUTRITION Some people with RA may have intolerance or allergies to certain foods. A balanced nutritious diet is recommended. It may be helpful to eat foods rich in fish oils (omega-3 fatty acids). Smoking cigarettes should be stopped. Excessive alcohol should also be avoided. Some people may benefit from taking part in an arthritis support group. How well a person does depends on the severity of symptoms and the response to treatment. It is important to start the treatment as soon as possible. Regular follow up visits are needed to adjust the treatment. Permanent joint damage may occur without proper treatment. Early treatment with a three-medicine DMARD combination known as 'triple therapy,' or with the biologic DMARD medicines, can prevent joint pain and damage. If not well treated, RA can affect nearly every part of the body. Complications may include: Damage to the lung tissue. Increased risk of hardening of the arteries. Spinal injury when the neck bones become damaged. Inflammation of the blood vessels (rheumatoid vasculitis), which can lead to skin, nerve, heart, and brain problems. Swelling and inflammation of the outer lining of the heart ( pericarditis ) and of the heart muscle ( myocarditis ), which can lead to congestive heart failure. However, these complications can be avoided with proper treatment. The treatments for RA can also cause serious side effects. Talk to your provider about the possible side effects of treatment and what to do if they occur. Call your provider if you think you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. There is no known prevention. Smoking appears to worsen RA. So it is important to avoid tobacco. Proper early treatment can help prevent further joint damage. RA; Arthritis - rheumatoid. ACL reconstruction - discharge Ankle replacement - discharge Elbow replacement - discharge. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis. Aronson JK. Methotrexate. Encyclopedia Entry for Rheumatoid Arthritis : Rheumatoid Arthritis. Can be caused by the bacteria Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Prophyromonas gengivalis and Parvovirus B19. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Rhinitis | CAFL | 20,120,1550,802,1500,880,787,727,465,522,146 | Runny nose. See Sinusitis, and Cold programs. |
| Rhinitis | ETDF | 20,520,750,830,112500,217500,345750,497500,775280,825000 | Runny nose. See Sinusitis, and Cold programs. |
| Rhinopneumonitis | BIO | 185,367,820 | Equine respiratory infection usually due to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) or equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4). Also try Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs. |
| Rhinopneumonitis | CAFL | 185,367,820,487 | Equine respiratory infection usually due to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) or equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4). Also try Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs. Respiratory |
| Rhinoscleroma | ETDF | 80,240,630,7820,32250,67500,155290,391020,415700,726070 | Chronic granulomatous bacterial disease of nose that can sometimes infect the upper respiratory tract, usually due to subspecies of Klebsiella Pneumoniae. |
| Rhizobium Meliloti | HC | 330000 | Nitrogen-fixing bacterium symbiotic with legumes. |
| Rhizopus Nigricans | CAFL | 132,327,775,659,660 | Commonly called bread mold, but also found in spoiled food, soil, and playground sandboxes. Its spores contain 31 allergens. Respiratory |
| Rhizopus Nigricans | VEGA | 132 | Commonly called bread mold, but also found in spoiled food, soil, and playground sandboxes. Its spores contain 31 allergens. |
| Rhodium rh | XTRA | 67.51,72.79,12390.62 | Metal element. |
| Rhodo Torula | CAFL | 833,598,778 | Common type of unicellular pigmented yeast, usually afflicting immunosuppressed persons and/or those with central lines installed. Also see Basidiomycetes programs. |
| Rhodococcus | BIO | 124,835 | Bacteria which can infect the immunocompromised. Also see Mycobacterium Infections programs, and try Diphtheria programs. |
| Rhodococcus | CAFL | 124,835,432,764,337,682,720 | Bacteria which can infect the immunocompromised. Also see Mycobacterium Infections programs, and try Diphtheria programs. |
| Rhythms of Life | XTRA | 135.08,188.29,110.96 | Order: body, mind, spirit. |
| Rickets | ETDF | 70,460,1560,5950,17500,127500,250000,465750,696500,819340 | Defective mineralization of bones due to vitamin D, phosphorus, or calcium deficiency. Encyclopedia Entry for Rickets : Rickets. Vitamin D helps the body control calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, the body may produce hormones that cause calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones. This leads to weak and soft bones. Vitamin D is absorbed from food or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D production by the skin may occur in people who: Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight Must stay indoors Work indoors during the daylight hours You may not get enough vitamin D from your diet if you: Are lactose intolerant (have trouble digesting milk products) DO NOT drink milk products Follow a vegetarian diet Infants who are breastfed only may develop vitamin D deficiency. Human breast milk does not supply the proper amount of vitamin D. This can be a particular problem for darker-skinned children in winter months. This is because there are lower levels of sunlight during these months. Not getting enough calcium and phosphorous in your diet can also lead to rickets. Rickets caused by a lack of these minerals in diet is rare in developed countries. Calcium and phosphorous are found in milk and green vegetables. Your genes may increase your risk of rickets. Hereditary rickets is a form of the disease that is passed down through families. It occurs when the kidneys are unable to hold onto the mineral phosphate. Rickets may also be caused by kidney disorders that involve renal tubular acidosis. Disorders that reduce the digestion or absorption of fats will make it more difficult for vitamin D to be absorbed into the body. Sometimes, rickets may occur in children who have disorders of the liver. These children cannot convert vitamin D to its active form. Rickets is rare in the United States. It is most likely to occur in children during periods of rapid growth. This is the age when the body needs high levels of calcium and phosphate. Rickets may be seen in children ages 6 to 24 months. It is uncommon in newborns. Symptoms of rickets include: Bone pain or tenderness in the arms, legs, pelvis, and spine Decreased muscle tone (loss of muscle strength) and weakness that gets worse Dental deformities, including delayed tooth formation, defects in the tooth structure, holes in the enamel, and increased cavities ( dental caries ) Impaired growth Increased bone fractures Muscle cramps Short stature (adults less than 5 feet or 1.52 meters tall) Skeletal deformities such as an odd-shaped skull, bowlegs , bumps in the ribcage (rachitic rosary), breastbone that is pushed forward (pigeon chest), pelvic deformities, and spine deformities (spine that curves abnormally, including scoliosis or kyphosis ). A physical exam reveals tenderness or pain in the bones, but not in the joints or muscles. The following tests may help diagnose rickets: Arterial blood gases Blood tests ( serum calcium ) Bone biopsy (rarely done) Bone x-rays Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Serum phosphorus Other tests and procedures include the following: ALP isoenzyme Calcium (ionized) Parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) Urine calcium. The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms and correct the cause of the condition. The cause must be treated to prevent the disease from returning. Replacing calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D that is lacking will eliminate most symptoms of rickets. Dietary sources of vitamin D include fish liver and processed milk. Exposure to moderate amounts of sunlight is encouraged. If rickets is caused by a metabolic problem, a prescription for vitamin D supplements may be needed. Positioning or bracing may be used to reduce or prevent deformities. Some skeletal deformities may require surgery to correct them. The disorder may be corrected by replacing vitamin D and minerals. Laboratory values and x-rays usually improve after about 1 week. Some cases may require large doses of minerals and vitamin D. If rickets is not corrected while the child is still growing, skeletal deformities and short stature may be permanent. If it is corrected while the child is young, skeletal deformities often improve or disappear with time. Possible complications are: Long-term ( chronic ) skeletal pain Skeletal deformities Skeletal fractures, may occur without cause. Call your child's health care provider if you notice symptoms of rickets. You can prevent rickets by making sure that your child gets enough calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in the diet. Children who have digestive or other disorders may need to take supplements the child s provider prescribed. Kidney (renal) diseases, that may cause poor vitamin D absorption, should be treated right away. If you have renal disorders , monitor calcium and phosphorus levels regularly. Genetic counseling may help people who have a family history of inherited disorders that can cause rickets. Osteomalacia in children; Vitamin D deficiency; Renal rickets; Hepatic rickets. X-ray X-ray. Greenbaum LA. Rickets and hypervitaminosis D. |
| Rickets 1 | XTRA | 129,521,523,549,607,632,720,726,943,1062,1357,2084 | Defective mineralization of bones due to vitamin D, phosphorus, or calcium deficiency. |
| Rickets Vitamin D and Sunlight | XTRA | 880,5000 | Defective mineralization of bones due to vitamin D, phosphorus, or calcium deficiency. |
| Rickettsia | BIO | 129,632,943,1062 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. Encyclopedia Entry for Rickettsia : Rickettsialpox - Rickettsia akari (G-; intracellular) from mite bites Encyclopedia Entry for Rickettsia : Rickettsialpox. Rickettsialpox is caused by the bacteria, Rickettsia akari. It is commonly found in the United States in New York City and other city areas. It also has been seen in Europe, South Africa, Korea, and Russia. The bacteria are spread by the bite of a mite that lives on mice. The disease begins at the site of the mite bite as a painless, firm, red lump ( nodule ). The nodule develops into a fluid-filled blister that bursts and crusts over. This lump may be up to 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) wide. Symptoms usually develop 6 to 15 days after coming in contact with the bacteria. Other symptoms may include: Discomfort in bright light ( photophobia ) Fever and chills Muscle pain Rash that looks like chickenpox Sweating The rash is not painful and usually clears within a week. The health care provider will do an examination to look for a rash similar to the one in chickenpox. If rickettsialpox is suspected, these tests will likely be done: Complete blood count ( CBC ) Tests of blood serum (serologic studies) Swabbing and culture of the rash. The goal of treatment is to cure the infection by taking antibiotics. A full recovery is expected when antibiotics are taken as instructed. There are usually no complications if the infection is treated. Call your provider if you or your child has symptoms of rickettsialpox. Controlling mice helps prevent the spread of rickettsialpox. Rickettsia akari. Paddock CD. Rickettsialpox. Encyclopedia Entry for Rickettsia : Rickettsial infection. Source of disease: Rickettsia species Encyclopedia Entry for Rickettsia : Rickettsialpox. Source of disease: Rickettsia akari |
| Rickettsia 1 | XTRA | 129,521,523,549,607,632,720,726,943,1062,1357,2084.8 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. |
| Rickettsia 2 | XTRA | 129,521.2,549,632,720,726,943,1062,2084.8,2085 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. |
| Rickettsia 3 | XTRA | 129,632,943,1062 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. |
| Rickettsia 4 | XTRA | 129,943 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. |
| Rickettsia Conorii | XTRA | 866 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Rickettsia conorii is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium of the genus Rickettsia that causes human disease called Boutonneuse fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, Israeli tick typhus, Astrakhan spotted fever, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, or other names that designate the locality of occurrence while having distinct clinical features. |
| Rickettsia Infections | ETDF | 130,180,830,5250,127500,212500,335280,560000,695950,997500 | Pleomorphic bacteria transmitted by many arthropods, including chiggers, ticks, fleas, mites, and lice, as well as leeches and protists, causing Typhus, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Also see Febris Wolhynia. |
| Rickettsia Rickettsii 1 | XTRA | 76,308,375,468,521.2,570,788,862,943,1583,1584,2084.8 | Tick-transmitted causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. |
| Rickettsia Rickettsii 2 | XTRA | 129,549,632,720,726,1062 | Tick-transmitted causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. |
| Rickettsia Rickettsii 3 | XTRA | 128,239,417,422,577,578,579,673,693,758,797,846,1455,1590,4870,4880,4996.89,5054.98,7989 | Tick-transmitted causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. |
| Rift Valley Fever | ETDF | 40,120,950,14030,118520,251290,365280,590000,722700,977500 | Viral disease that can cause mild to life-threatening symptoms, usually contracted from infected animals, or by infected mosquito bites. Encyclopedia Entry for Rift Valley Fever : Rift Valley Fever- Rift valley fever virus- Bunyavirus- Phlebovirus Encyclopedia Entry for Rift Valley Fever : Rift valley fever virus. Phlebovirus. Human, mammals, mosquitoes, sandflies. Zoonosis, arthropod bite. Associated with Hemorrhagic fever Encyclopedia Entry for Rift Valley Fever : Rift valley fever virus. Phlebovirus. Human, mammals, mosquitoes, sandflies. Zoonosis, arthropod bite. Associated with Hemorrhagic fever Encyclopedia Entry for Rift Valley Fever : Rift Valley fever (RVF). Source of disease: Rift Valley fever virus |
| Ringworm | CAFL | 422,442,732,5000,60,76,92,120,128,440,800 | Fungal skin infection in man and animals. See Microsporum Audouini, and Canis, Trichophyton, and/or Epidermophyton. Skin Encyclopedia Entry for Ringworm : Ringworm - Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton (fungi) Encyclopedia Entry for Ringworm : Ringworm of the body. Fungi are germs that can live on the dead tissue of the hair, nails, and outer skin layers. Ringworm of the body is caused by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes. Ringworm of the body is common in children, but can occur in people of all ages. Fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. A ringworm infection is more likely if you: Have wet skin for a long time (such as from sweating) Have minor skin and nail injuries Do not bathe or wash your hair often Have close contact with other people (such as in sports like wrestling) Ringworm can spread easily. You can catch it if you come into direct contact with an area of ringworm on someone's body. You can also get it by touching items that have the fungi on them, such as: Clothing Combs Pool surfaces Shower floors and walls Ringworm can also be spread by pets. Cats are common carriers. The rash begins as a small area of red, raised spots and pimples. The rash slowly becomes ring-shaped, with a red, raised border and a clearer center. The border may look scaly. The rash may occur on the arms, legs, face, or other exposed body areas. The area may be itchy. Your health care provider can often diagnose ringworm by looking at your skin. You may also need the following tests: Examination of a skin scraping from the rash under a microscope using a special test Skin culture for fungus Skin biopsy. Keep your skin clean and dry. Use creams that treat fungal infections. Creams that contain miconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, or oxiconazole, or other antifungal medicines are often effective in controlling ringworm. You can buy some of these creams over-the-counter, or your provider may give you a prescription. To use this medicine: Wash and dry the area first. Apply the cream, beginning just outside the area of the rash and moving toward the center. Be sure to wash and dry your hands afterward. Use the cream twice a day for 7 to 10 days. Do not use a bandage over ringworm. Your provider may prescribe medicine to take by mouth if your infection is very bad. A child with ringworm can return to school once treatment has started. To prevent the infection from spreading: Wash clothing, towels, and bedding in hot, soapy water and then dry them using hottest heat as recommended on the care label. Use a new towel and washcloth every time you wash. Clean sinks, bathtubs, and bathroom floors well after each use. Wear clean clothes every day and do not share clothes. If you play contact sports, shower right away afterward. Infected pets should also be treated. This is because ringworm can spread from animals to humans by contact. Ringworm often goes away within 4 weeks when using antifungal creams. The infection may spread to the feet, scalp, groin, or nails. . Two complications of ringworm are: Skin infection from scratching too much Other skin disorders that require further treatment. Call your provider if ringworm does not get better with self-care. Tinea corporis; Fungal infection - body; Tinea circinata; Ringworm - body. Dermatitis, reaction to tinea Dermatitis, reaction to tinea Ringworm, tinea corporis on an infant Ringworm, tinea corporis on an infant's leg Tinea versicolor - close-up Tinea versicolor - close-up Tinea versicolor - shoulders Tinea versicolor - shoulders Ringworm, tinea on the hand and leg Ringworm, tinea on the hand and leg Tinea versicolor - close-up Tinea versicolor - close-up Tinea versicolor on the back Tinea versicolor on the back Ringworm, tinea manuum on the finger Ringworm, tinea manuum on the finger Ringworm, tinea corporis on the leg Ringworm, tinea corporis on the leg Granuloma, fungal (Majocchi Granuloma, fungal (Majocchi's) Granuloma, fungal (Majocchi Granuloma, fungal (Majocchi's) Tinea corporis - ear Tinea corporis - ear. Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Ringworm : Ringworm of the scalp. Fungi are germs that can live on the dead tissue of the hair, nails, and outer skin layers. Ringworm of the scalp is caused by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes. The fungi grow well in warm, moist areas. A tinea infection is more likely if you: Have minor skin or scalp injuries Do not bathe or wash your hair often Have wet skin for a long time (such as from sweating) Ringworm can spread easily. It most often affects children and goes away at puberty. However, it can occur at any age. You can catch ringworm if you come into direct contact with an area of ringworm on someone else's body. You can also get it if you touch items such as combs, hats, or clothing that have been used by someone with ringworm. The infection can also be spread by pets, particularly cats. Ringworm may involve part or all of the scalp. The affected areas: Are bald with small black dots, due to hair that has broken off Have round, scaly areas of skin that are red or swollen (inflamed) Have pus-filled sores called kerions May be very itchy You may have a low-grade fever of around 100 F to 101 F (37.8 C to 38.3 C) or swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Ringworm may cause permanent hair loss and lasting scars. Your health care provider will look at your scalp for signs of ringworm. You may also need the following tests: Examination of a skin scraping from the rash under a microscope using a special test Skin culture for fungus Skin biopsy (rarely needed). Your provider will prescribe medicine you take by mouth to treat ringworm on the scalp. You will need to take the medicine for 4 to 8 weeks. Steps you can do at home include: Keeping your scalp clean. Washing with a medicated shampoo, such as one that contains ketoconazole or selenium sulfide. Shampooing may slow or stop the spread of infection, but it does not get rid of ringworm. Other family members and pets should be examined and treated, if necessary. Other children in the home may want to use the shampoo 2 to 3 times a week for about 6 weeks. Adults only need to wash with the shampoo if they have signs of tinea capitis or ringworm. Once the shampoo has been started: Wash towels in hot, soapy water and dry them using the hottest heat as recommended on the care label. This should be done each time the towels are used by someone who is infected. Soak combs and brushes for 1 hour a day in a mixture of 1 part bleach to 10 parts water. Do this for 3 days in a row. No one in the home should share combs, hairbrushes, hats, towels, pillowcases, or helmets with other people. It may be hard to get rid of ringworm. Also, the problem may come back after it is treated. In many cases it gets better on its own after puberty. Call your provider if you have symptoms of ringworm of the scalp. Home care is not enough to get rid of tinea capitis. Fungal infection - scalp; Tinea of the scalp; Tinea - capitis. Ringworm of the scalp Ringworm of the scalp Wood Wood's lamp test - of the scalp Ringworm, tinea capitis - close-up Ringworm, tinea capitis - close-up. Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Ringworm : Ringworm. Ringworm is common, especially among children. But, it can affect people of all ages. It is caused by a fungus, not a worm like the name suggests. Many bacteria, fungi, and yeast live on your body. Some of these are useful, while others can cause infections. Ringworm occurs when a type of fungus grows and multiplies on your skin. Ringworm can spread from one person to another. You can catch ringworm if you touch someone who has the infection, or if you come in contact with items contaminated by the fungus, such as combs, unwashed clothing, and shower or pool surfaces. You can also catch ringworm from pets. Cats are common carriers. The fungus that causes ringworm thrive in warm, moist areas. Ringworm is more likely when you are often wet (such as from sweating) and from minor injuries to your skin, scalp, or nails. Ringworm can affect the skin on your: Beard, tinea barbae Body, tinea corporis Feet, tinea pedis (also called athlete's foot) Groin area, tinea cruris (also called jock itch) Scalp, tinea capitis. Dermatophytid; Dermatophyte fungal infection - tinea; Tinea. Dermatitis, reaction to tinea Dermatitis, reaction to tinea Ringworm, tinea corporis on an infant Ringworm, tinea corporis on an infant's leg Ringworm, tinea capitis - close-up Ringworm, tinea capitis - close-up Ringworm, tinea on the hand and leg Ringworm, tinea on the hand and leg Ringworm, tinea manuum on the finger Ringworm, tinea manuum on the finger Ringworm, tinea corporis on the leg Ringworm, tinea corporis on the leg Tinea (ringworm) Tinea (ringworm). Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. |
| RNA Integrity Stimulate | XTRA | 637 | The RNA integrity number (RIN) is an algorithm for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. The integrity of RNA is a major concern for gene expression studies and traditionally has been evaluated using the 28S to 18S rRNA ratio, a method that has been shown to be inconsistent. |
| RNA Virus Infections | ETDF | 70,880,9710,68830,102850,205280,312500,492500,675950,823370 | Viruses with RNA as genetic material which can cause Ebola, SARS, Influenza, Hepatitis C, West Nile Fever, Polio, and Measles. |
| Robinow Syndrome | ETDF | 130,910,14930,87500,117600,315750,435280,571500,796500,825000 | Very rare genetic disorder with short-limbed dwarfism, abnormalities in head, face, and external genitalia, and vertebral segmentation. |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | BIO | 375,862,943 | Potentially lethal tick-borne rickettsial illness with sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by rash. Also see Lyme programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever, New world spotted fever, Sao Paulo fever - Rickettsia rickettsii (Obligate intracellular) Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever. RMSF is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii) , which is carried by ticks. The bacteria spread to humans through a tick bite. In the western United States, the bacteria are carried by the wood tick, and in the eastern US, they are carried by the dog tick. Other ticks spread the infection in the southern US and in Central and South America. Contrary to the name 'Rocky Mountain,' most recent cases have been reported in the eastern United States, including North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Most cases occur in the spring and summer and are found in children. Risk factors include recent hiking or exposure to ticks in an area where the disease is known to occur. The bacteria are unlikely to be transmitted to a person by a tick that has been attached for less than 20 hours. Only about 1 in 1,000 wood and dog ticks carry the bacteria. Bacteria can also infect people who crush ticks they have removed from pets with their bare fingers. Symptoms usually develop about 2 to 14 days after the tick bite. They may include: Chills and fever Confusion Headache Muscle pain Rash -- usually starts a few days after the fever; first appears on wrists and ankles as spots that are 1 to 5 mm in diameter, then spreads to most of the body. Some infected people don't get a rash. Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Diarrhea Light sensitivity Hallucinations Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Thirst. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer by complement fixation or immunofluorescence Complete blood count (CBC) Kidney function tests Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT) Skin biopsy taken from the rash to check for R. rickettsii Urinalysis to check for blood or protein in the urine. Treatment involves carefully removing the tick from the skin. To get rid of the infection, antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline need to be taken. Pregnant women are usually prescribed chloramphenicol. Treatment usually cures the infection. About 3% of people who get this disease will die. Untreated, the infection may lead to health problems such as: Brain damage Clotting problems Heart failure Kidney failure Lung failure Meningitis Pneumonitis (lung inflammation) Shock. Call your provider if you develop symptoms after exposure to ticks or a tick bite. The complications of untreated RMSF are often life threatening. When walking or hiking in tick-infested areas, tuck long pants into socks to protect the legs. Wear shoes and long-sleeved shirts. Ticks will show up on white or light colors better than on dark colors, making them easier to see and remove. Remove ticks immediately by using tweezers, pulling carefully and steadily. Insect repellent may be helpful. Because far fewer than 1% of ticks carry this infection, antibiotics are not usually given after a tick bite. Spotted fever. Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Ticks Ticks Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Tick imbedded in the skin Tick imbedded in the skin Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Rocky Mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Antibodies Antibodies Deer and dog tick Deer and dog tick. McElligott SC, Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Source of disease: Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | CAFL | 375,862,943,788,468,308 | Potentially lethal tick-borne rickettsial illness with sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by rash. Also see Lyme programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever, New world spotted fever, Sao Paulo fever - Rickettsia rickettsii (Obligate intracellular) Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever. RMSF is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii) , which is carried by ticks. The bacteria spread to humans through a tick bite. In the western United States, the bacteria are carried by the wood tick, and in the eastern US, they are carried by the dog tick. Other ticks spread the infection in the southern US and in Central and South America. Contrary to the name 'Rocky Mountain,' most recent cases have been reported in the eastern United States, including North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Most cases occur in the spring and summer and are found in children. Risk factors include recent hiking or exposure to ticks in an area where the disease is known to occur. The bacteria are unlikely to be transmitted to a person by a tick that has been attached for less than 20 hours. Only about 1 in 1,000 wood and dog ticks carry the bacteria. Bacteria can also infect people who crush ticks they have removed from pets with their bare fingers. Symptoms usually develop about 2 to 14 days after the tick bite. They may include: Chills and fever Confusion Headache Muscle pain Rash -- usually starts a few days after the fever; first appears on wrists and ankles as spots that are 1 to 5 mm in diameter, then spreads to most of the body. Some infected people don't get a rash. Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Diarrhea Light sensitivity Hallucinations Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Thirst. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer by complement fixation or immunofluorescence Complete blood count (CBC) Kidney function tests Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT) Skin biopsy taken from the rash to check for R. rickettsii Urinalysis to check for blood or protein in the urine. Treatment involves carefully removing the tick from the skin. To get rid of the infection, antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline need to be taken. Pregnant women are usually prescribed chloramphenicol. Treatment usually cures the infection. About 3% of people who get this disease will die. Untreated, the infection may lead to health problems such as: Brain damage Clotting problems Heart failure Kidney failure Lung failure Meningitis Pneumonitis (lung inflammation) Shock. Call your provider if you develop symptoms after exposure to ticks or a tick bite. The complications of untreated RMSF are often life threatening. When walking or hiking in tick-infested areas, tuck long pants into socks to protect the legs. Wear shoes and long-sleeved shirts. Ticks will show up on white or light colors better than on dark colors, making them easier to see and remove. Remove ticks immediately by using tweezers, pulling carefully and steadily. Insect repellent may be helpful. Because far fewer than 1% of ticks carry this infection, antibiotics are not usually given after a tick bite. Spotted fever. Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Ticks Ticks Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Tick imbedded in the skin Tick imbedded in the skin Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Rocky Mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Antibodies Antibodies Deer and dog tick Deer and dog tick. McElligott SC, Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Source of disease: Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | ETDF | 70,520,7570,33800,282750,405750,523880,667500,825280,915700 | Potentially lethal tick-borne rickettsial illness with sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by rash. Also see Lyme programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever, New world spotted fever, Sao Paulo fever - Rickettsia rickettsii (Obligate intracellular) Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever. RMSF is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii) , which is carried by ticks. The bacteria spread to humans through a tick bite. In the western United States, the bacteria are carried by the wood tick, and in the eastern US, they are carried by the dog tick. Other ticks spread the infection in the southern US and in Central and South America. Contrary to the name 'Rocky Mountain,' most recent cases have been reported in the eastern United States, including North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Most cases occur in the spring and summer and are found in children. Risk factors include recent hiking or exposure to ticks in an area where the disease is known to occur. The bacteria are unlikely to be transmitted to a person by a tick that has been attached for less than 20 hours. Only about 1 in 1,000 wood and dog ticks carry the bacteria. Bacteria can also infect people who crush ticks they have removed from pets with their bare fingers. Symptoms usually develop about 2 to 14 days after the tick bite. They may include: Chills and fever Confusion Headache Muscle pain Rash -- usually starts a few days after the fever; first appears on wrists and ankles as spots that are 1 to 5 mm in diameter, then spreads to most of the body. Some infected people don't get a rash. Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Diarrhea Light sensitivity Hallucinations Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Thirst. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer by complement fixation or immunofluorescence Complete blood count (CBC) Kidney function tests Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT) Skin biopsy taken from the rash to check for R. rickettsii Urinalysis to check for blood or protein in the urine. Treatment involves carefully removing the tick from the skin. To get rid of the infection, antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline need to be taken. Pregnant women are usually prescribed chloramphenicol. Treatment usually cures the infection. About 3% of people who get this disease will die. Untreated, the infection may lead to health problems such as: Brain damage Clotting problems Heart failure Kidney failure Lung failure Meningitis Pneumonitis (lung inflammation) Shock. Call your provider if you develop symptoms after exposure to ticks or a tick bite. The complications of untreated RMSF are often life threatening. When walking or hiking in tick-infested areas, tuck long pants into socks to protect the legs. Wear shoes and long-sleeved shirts. Ticks will show up on white or light colors better than on dark colors, making them easier to see and remove. Remove ticks immediately by using tweezers, pulling carefully and steadily. Insect repellent may be helpful. Because far fewer than 1% of ticks carry this infection, antibiotics are not usually given after a tick bite. Spotted fever. Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Ticks Ticks Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Tick imbedded in the skin Tick imbedded in the skin Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Rocky Mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Antibodies Antibodies Deer and dog tick Deer and dog tick. McElligott SC, Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Source of disease: Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | VEGA | 943 | Potentially lethal tick-borne rickettsial illness with sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by rash. Also see Lyme programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever, New world spotted fever, Sao Paulo fever - Rickettsia rickettsii (Obligate intracellular) Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever. RMSF is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii) , which is carried by ticks. The bacteria spread to humans through a tick bite. In the western United States, the bacteria are carried by the wood tick, and in the eastern US, they are carried by the dog tick. Other ticks spread the infection in the southern US and in Central and South America. Contrary to the name 'Rocky Mountain,' most recent cases have been reported in the eastern United States, including North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Most cases occur in the spring and summer and are found in children. Risk factors include recent hiking or exposure to ticks in an area where the disease is known to occur. The bacteria are unlikely to be transmitted to a person by a tick that has been attached for less than 20 hours. Only about 1 in 1,000 wood and dog ticks carry the bacteria. Bacteria can also infect people who crush ticks they have removed from pets with their bare fingers. Symptoms usually develop about 2 to 14 days after the tick bite. They may include: Chills and fever Confusion Headache Muscle pain Rash -- usually starts a few days after the fever; first appears on wrists and ankles as spots that are 1 to 5 mm in diameter, then spreads to most of the body. Some infected people don't get a rash. Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Diarrhea Light sensitivity Hallucinations Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Thirst. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer by complement fixation or immunofluorescence Complete blood count (CBC) Kidney function tests Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT) Skin biopsy taken from the rash to check for R. rickettsii Urinalysis to check for blood or protein in the urine. Treatment involves carefully removing the tick from the skin. To get rid of the infection, antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline need to be taken. Pregnant women are usually prescribed chloramphenicol. Treatment usually cures the infection. About 3% of people who get this disease will die. Untreated, the infection may lead to health problems such as: Brain damage Clotting problems Heart failure Kidney failure Lung failure Meningitis Pneumonitis (lung inflammation) Shock. Call your provider if you develop symptoms after exposure to ticks or a tick bite. The complications of untreated RMSF are often life threatening. When walking or hiking in tick-infested areas, tuck long pants into socks to protect the legs. Wear shoes and long-sleeved shirts. Ticks will show up on white or light colors better than on dark colors, making them easier to see and remove. Remove ticks immediately by using tweezers, pulling carefully and steadily. Insect repellent may be helpful. Because far fewer than 1% of ticks carry this infection, antibiotics are not usually given after a tick bite. Spotted fever. Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Rocky mountain spotted fever, lesions on arm Ticks Ticks Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Rocky mountain spotted fever on the arm Tick imbedded in the skin Tick imbedded in the skin Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Rocky Mountain spotted fever, petechial rash Antibodies Antibodies Deer and dog tick Deer and dog tick. McElligott SC, Kihiczak GG, Schwartz RA. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Source of disease: Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme V | CAFL | 128,239,417,422,577,578,579,673,693,758,797,846,884,1455,1590,4870,4880,7989,39975,40439 | Potentially lethal tick-borne rickettsial illness with sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by rash. Also see Lyme programs. |
| Romberg Disease | ETDF | 90,320,950,3110,25000,45000,95000,100500,215790,414000,53650 | Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by slowly progressive deterioration (atrophy) of the skin and soft tissues of half of the face (hemifacial atrophy), usually the left side. It is more common in females than in males. |
| Romberg Disease | XTRA | 90,320,950,3110,25000,45000,95000,100500,215790,414000,536500 | Also called Facial Hemiatrophy. Neurocutaneous disorder with tissue degeneration beneath skin, usually on one side of the face. |
| Rope Worm | ETDF | 40,70,150,550,2230,4210,13980,90510,350000,432140 | Rope worms are long thin pieces of intestinal lining that are misidentified as human parasitic worms. |
| Ropeworm | XTRA | 1359 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Rope worms are long thin pieces of intestinal lining that are misidentified as human parasitic worms. |
| Rosacea | ETDF | 20,520,730,830,2500,217500,545280,697500,775750,875280 | Long term skin condition with facial redness, small dilated blood vessels on face, papules, pustules, and swelling. May be associated with Demodex Folliculorum mites. Encyclopedia Entry for Rosacea : Rosacea. The cause is not known. You may be more likely to have this if you are: Age 30 to 50 Fair-skinned A woman Rosacea involves swelling of the blood vessels just under the skin. It may be linked with other skin disorders ( acne vulgaris , seborrhea ) or eye disorders ( blepharitis , keratitis ). Symptoms may include: Redness of the face Blushing or flushing easily A lot of spider-like blood vessels (telangiectasia) of the face Red nose (called a bulbous nose ) Acne-like skin sores that may ooze or crust Burning or stinging feeling in the face Irritated, bloodshot, watery eyes The condition is less common in men, but the symptoms tend to be more severe. Your health care provider can often diagnose rosacea by doing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history. There is no known cure for rosacea. Your provider will help you identify the things that make your symptoms worse. These are called triggers. Triggers vary from person to person. Avoiding your triggers may help you prevent or reduce flare-ups. Some things you can do to help ease or prevent symptoms include: Avoid sun exposure. Use sunscreen every day. Avoid a lot of activity in hot weather. Try to reduce stress. Try deep breathing, yoga, or other relaxation techniques. Limit spicy foods, alcohol, and hot beverages. Other triggers may include wind, hot baths, cold weather, specific skin products, exercise, or other factors. Antibiotics taken by mouth or applied to the skin may control acne-like skin problems. Ask your provider. Isotretinoin is a strong drug that your provider might consider. It is used in people who have severe rosacea that hasn't improved after treatment with other medicines. Rosacea is not acne and will not improve with over-the-counter acne treatment. In very bad cases, laser surgery may help reduce the redness. Surgery to remove some swollen nose tissue may also improve your appearance. Rosacea is a harmless condition, but it may cause you to be self-conscious or embarrassed. It cannot be cured, but may be controlled with treatment. Complications may include: Lasting changes in appearance (for example, a red, swollen nose) Lower self-esteem. Acne rosacea. Rosacea Rosacea Rosacea Rosacea Acne, close-up of cysts on the back Acne, close-up of cysts on the back. Habif TP. Acne, rosacea, and related disorders. |
| Rosacea 2 | XTRA | 20,4160,11680,9130,35000,32500,34336,38750,3000,36465 | Long term skin condition with facial redness, small dilated blood vessels on face, papules, pustules, and swelling. May be associated with Demodex Folliculorum mites. |
| Rotavirus | XTRA | 666 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus infections - Rotavirus (reovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus antigen test. There are many ways to collect stool samples. You can catch the stool on plastic wrap that is loosely placed over the toilet bowl and held in place by the toilet seat. Then you put the sample into a clean container. One type of test kit supplies a special toilet tissue to collect the sample, which is then placed in a container. For infants and young children wearing diapers, line the diaper with plastic wrap. Position the plastic wrap to prevent urine and stool from mixing in order to get a better sample. The sample should be collected while the diarrhea is occurring. Take the sample to the lab to be checked. No special preparation is necessary for this test. The test involves normal defecation. Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis ('stomach flu') in children. This test is done to diagnose a rotavirus infection. Normally, rotavirus is not found in the stool. Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results. Rotavirus in the stool indicates a rotavirus infection is present. There are no risks associated with this test. Because rotavirus is easily passed from person to person, take these steps to prevent the germ from spreading: Wash your hands well after contact with a child who could be infected. Disinfect any surface that has been in contact with stool. Ask your provider about a vaccine to help prevent severe rotavirus infection in children under 8 months old. Watch infants and children who have this infection closely for signs of dehydration. Gastroenteritis - rotavirus antigen. Fecal sample Fecal sample. Bass DM. Rotaviruses, calciviruses, and astroviruses. Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus vaccine - what you need to know. WHY GET VACCINATED? Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea, mostly in babies and young children. The diarrhea can be severe, and lead to dehydration. Vomiting and fever are also common in babies with rotavirus. Before rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus disease was a common and serious health problem for children in the United States. Almost all children in the United States had at least one rotavirus infection before their fifth birthday. Every year before the vaccine was available: More than 400,000 young children had to see a doctor for illness caused by rotavirus More than 200,000 had to go to the emergency room 55,000 to 70,000 had to be hospitalized 20 to 60 died Since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, hospitalizations and emergency visits for rotavirus have dropped dramatically. ROTAVIRUS VACCINE Two brands of rotavirus vaccine are available. Your baby will get either 2 or 3 doses, depending on which vaccine is used. Doses are recommended at these ages: First dose: age 2 months Second dose: age 4 months Third dose: age 6 months (if needed) Your child must get the first dose of rotavirus vaccine before age 15 weeks, and the last dose by age 8 months. Rotavirus vaccine may safely be given at the same time as other vaccines. Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. And most of these babies will not get rotavirus diarrhea at all. The vaccine will not prevent diarrhea or vomiting caused by other germs. Another virus called porcine circovirus (or parts of it) can be found in both rotavirus vaccines. This is not a virus that infects people, and there is no known safety risk. SOME BABIES SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE A baby who has had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a dose of rotavirus vaccine should not get another dose. A baby who has a severe allergy to any part of rotavirus vaccine should not get the vaccine. Tell your doctor if your baby has any severe allergies that you know of, including a severe allergy to latex. Babies with 'severe combined immunodeficiency' (SCID) should not get rotavirus vaccine. Babies who have had a type of bowel blockage called 'intussusception' should not get rotavirus vaccine. Babies who are mildly ill can get the vaccine. Babies who are moderately or severely ill should wait until they recover. This includes babies with moderate or severe diarrhea or vomiting. Check with your doctor if your baby's immune system is weakened because of: HIV/AIDS, or any other disease that affects the immune system Treatment with drugs such as steroids Cancer, or cancer treatment with x-rays or drugs RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION Like any medicine, when getting a vaccine, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own. Serious side effects are also possible, but are rare. Most babies who get rotavirus vaccine do not have any problems with it. But some problems have been associated with rotavirus vaccine. Mild problems following rotavirus vaccine: Babies might become irritable, or have mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting after getting a dose of rotavirus vaccine. Serious problems following rotavirus vaccine: Intussusception is a type of bowel blockage that is treated in a hospital, and could require surgery. It happens 'naturally' in some babies every year in the United States, and usually there is no known reason for it. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rotavirus.pdf Problems that could happen after any vaccine: Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at fewer than 1 in a million doses, and usually happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? For intussusception, look for signs of stomach pain along with severe crying. Early on, these episodes could last just a few minutes and come and go several times in an hour. Babies might pull their legs up to their chest. Your baby might also vomit several times or have blood in the stool, or could appear weak or very irritable. These signs would usually happen during the first week after the first or second dose of rotavirus vaccine, but look for them any time after vaccination. Look for anything else that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, or unusual sleepiness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is intussusception, call a doctor right away. If you can't reach your doctor, take your baby to a hospital. Tell them when your baby got the rotavirus vaccine. If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or take your baby to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor might file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/index.html. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your doctor. Your health care provider can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) Visit CDC's vaccines web site at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statement: rotavirus vaccine -- what you need to know. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rotavirus.pdf. Updated February 23, 2018. Accessed February 23, 2018. Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus A. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus B. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus C. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus: Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It kills more than 600,000 children each year, mostly in developing countries. Symptoms include vomiting, watery diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus A. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus B. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus C. Rotavirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Gastroenteritis Encyclopedia Entry for Rotavirus : Rotavirus infection. Source of disease: Rotavirus |
| Rotifer | CAFL | 4500 | Phylum of microscopic aquatic animals. |
| Rotifer | HC | 1151000 | Phylum of microscopic aquatic animals. |
| Round Worms | BIO | 240,650,688 | Also called nematodes. Also see Parasites Nematode, and Parasites Roundworm(s) programs. |
| Round Worms | VEGA | 650 | Also called nematodes. See Parasites Nematode, and Parasites Roundworm(s) programs. |
| Roundworm | CAFL | 20,104,112,120,128,240,332,422,543,650,688,721,732,772,827,942,3212,452,4412,5897,7159 | Also called nematodes. See Parasites Nematode, and Parasites Roundworm programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Roundworm : Roundworm infections - Ascariasis - Ascaris lumbricoides (intestinal nematode) |
| Royer Syndrome | ETDF | 180,410,5670,10090,22120,98180,122310,224070,355900,451110 | Also called Prader-Willi Syndrome. Rare genetic disorder with low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, behavior problems, and chronic insatiable hunger. |
| RSV | XTRA | 995 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Human orthopneumovirus, formerly Human respiratory syncytial virus, is a syncytial virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. Encyclopedia Entry for RSV : RSV antibody test. A blood sample is needed. No special preparation is needed. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away. This test is done to identify someone who has been infected by RSV recently or in the past. This test does not detect the virus itself. If the body has produced antibodies against RSV, then either a current or past infection has occurred. In infants, RSV antibodies that have been passed from mother to baby may also be detected. A negative test means the person does not have antibodies to RSV in their blood. This means the person has never had an RSV infection. A positive test means the person has antibodies to RSV in their blood. These antibodies may be present because: A positive test in people older than infants means there is a current or past infection with RSV. Most adults and older children have had an RSV infection. Infants may have a positive test because antibodies were passed from their mother to them before they were born. This may mean they have not had a true RSV infection. Some children younger than 24 months get a shot with antibodies to RSV to protect them. These children will also have a positive test. There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Respiratory syncytial virus antibody test; RSV serology; Bronchiolitis - RSV test. Blood test Blood test. Crowe JE. Respiratory syncytial virus. |
| Rubella | CAFL | 431,459,510,517,727,787,880 | German or 3-Day Measles. Infectious disease with rash, sore throat, itching, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. See Measles Rubella and German Measles programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella - German measles- 3-day measles- rubella virus (Togavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Rubella is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. A person with rubella may spread the disease to others from 1 week before the rash begins, until 1 to 2 weeks after the rash disappears. Because the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is given to most children, rubella is much less common now. Almost everyone who receives the vaccine has immunity to rubella. Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. In some adults, the vaccine may wear off. This means they are not fully protected. Women who may become pregnant and other adults may receive a booster shot. Children and adults who were never vaccinated against rubella may still get this infection. Children generally have few symptoms. Adults may have a fever, headache, general discomfort ( malaise ), and a runny nose before the rash appears. They may not notice the symptoms. Other symptoms may include: Bruising (rare) Inflammation of the eyes (bloodshot eyes) Muscle or joint pain. A nasal or throat swab may be sent for culture. A blood test can be done to see if a person is protected against rubella. All women who may become pregnant should have this test. If the test is negative, they will receive the vaccine. There is no treatment for this disease. Taking acetaminophen can help reduce fever. Defects that occur with congenital rubella syndrome can be treated. Rubella is most often a mild infection. After an infection, people have immunity to the disease for the rest of their lives. Complications can occur in the unborn baby if the mother becomes infected during pregnancy. A miscarriage or stillbirth may occur. The child may be born with birth defects. Call your health care provider if: You are a woman of childbearing age and are unsure of whether you have been vaccinated against rubella You or your child develop a severe headache, stiff neck, earache, or vision problems during or after a case of rubella You or your child need to receive MMR immunization (vaccine). There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. It is routinely given when children are 12 to 15 months old, but is sometimes given earlier during epidemics. A second vaccination (booster) is routinely given to children ages 4 to 6. MMR is a combination vaccine that protects against measles , mumps , and rubella. Women of childbearing age most often have a blood test to see if they have immunity to rubella. If they are not immune, women should avoid getting pregnant for 28 days after receiving the vaccine. Those who should not get vaccinated include: Women who are pregnant. Anyone whose immune system is affected by cancer, corticosteroid medicines, or radiation treatment. Great care is taken not to give the vaccine to a woman who is already pregnant. However, in the rare instances when pregnant women have been vaccinated, no problems have been detected in the infants. Three day measles; German measles. Rubella on an infant Rubella on an infant's back Rubella Rubella Antibodies Antibodies. Mason WH. Rubella. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Source of disease: Rubella virus |
| Rubella | ETDF | 70,240,600,7220,132250,427500,555950,690000,875000,936420 | German or 3-Day Measles. Infectious disease with rash, sore throat, itching, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. See Measles Rubella and German Measles programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella - German measles- 3-day measles- rubella virus (Togavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Rubella is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. A person with rubella may spread the disease to others from 1 week before the rash begins, until 1 to 2 weeks after the rash disappears. Because the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is given to most children, rubella is much less common now. Almost everyone who receives the vaccine has immunity to rubella. Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. In some adults, the vaccine may wear off. This means they are not fully protected. Women who may become pregnant and other adults may receive a booster shot. Children and adults who were never vaccinated against rubella may still get this infection. Children generally have few symptoms. Adults may have a fever, headache, general discomfort ( malaise ), and a runny nose before the rash appears. They may not notice the symptoms. Other symptoms may include: Bruising (rare) Inflammation of the eyes (bloodshot eyes) Muscle or joint pain. A nasal or throat swab may be sent for culture. A blood test can be done to see if a person is protected against rubella. All women who may become pregnant should have this test. If the test is negative, they will receive the vaccine. There is no treatment for this disease. Taking acetaminophen can help reduce fever. Defects that occur with congenital rubella syndrome can be treated. Rubella is most often a mild infection. After an infection, people have immunity to the disease for the rest of their lives. Complications can occur in the unborn baby if the mother becomes infected during pregnancy. A miscarriage or stillbirth may occur. The child may be born with birth defects. Call your health care provider if: You are a woman of childbearing age and are unsure of whether you have been vaccinated against rubella You or your child develop a severe headache, stiff neck, earache, or vision problems during or after a case of rubella You or your child need to receive MMR immunization (vaccine). There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. It is routinely given when children are 12 to 15 months old, but is sometimes given earlier during epidemics. A second vaccination (booster) is routinely given to children ages 4 to 6. MMR is a combination vaccine that protects against measles , mumps , and rubella. Women of childbearing age most often have a blood test to see if they have immunity to rubella. If they are not immune, women should avoid getting pregnant for 28 days after receiving the vaccine. Those who should not get vaccinated include: Women who are pregnant. Anyone whose immune system is affected by cancer, corticosteroid medicines, or radiation treatment. Great care is taken not to give the vaccine to a woman who is already pregnant. However, in the rare instances when pregnant women have been vaccinated, no problems have been detected in the infants. Three day measles; German measles. Rubella on an infant Rubella on an infant's back Rubella Rubella Antibodies Antibodies. Mason WH. Rubella. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Source of disease: Rubella virus |
| Rubella | VEGA | 431 | German or 3-Day Measles. Infectious disease with rash, sore throat, itching, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. See Measles Rubella and German Measles programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella - German measles- 3-day measles- rubella virus (Togavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Rubella is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. A person with rubella may spread the disease to others from 1 week before the rash begins, until 1 to 2 weeks after the rash disappears. Because the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is given to most children, rubella is much less common now. Almost everyone who receives the vaccine has immunity to rubella. Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. In some adults, the vaccine may wear off. This means they are not fully protected. Women who may become pregnant and other adults may receive a booster shot. Children and adults who were never vaccinated against rubella may still get this infection. Children generally have few symptoms. Adults may have a fever, headache, general discomfort ( malaise ), and a runny nose before the rash appears. They may not notice the symptoms. Other symptoms may include: Bruising (rare) Inflammation of the eyes (bloodshot eyes) Muscle or joint pain. A nasal or throat swab may be sent for culture. A blood test can be done to see if a person is protected against rubella. All women who may become pregnant should have this test. If the test is negative, they will receive the vaccine. There is no treatment for this disease. Taking acetaminophen can help reduce fever. Defects that occur with congenital rubella syndrome can be treated. Rubella is most often a mild infection. After an infection, people have immunity to the disease for the rest of their lives. Complications can occur in the unborn baby if the mother becomes infected during pregnancy. A miscarriage or stillbirth may occur. The child may be born with birth defects. Call your health care provider if: You are a woman of childbearing age and are unsure of whether you have been vaccinated against rubella You or your child develop a severe headache, stiff neck, earache, or vision problems during or after a case of rubella You or your child need to receive MMR immunization (vaccine). There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. It is routinely given when children are 12 to 15 months old, but is sometimes given earlier during epidemics. A second vaccination (booster) is routinely given to children ages 4 to 6. MMR is a combination vaccine that protects against measles , mumps , and rubella. Women of childbearing age most often have a blood test to see if they have immunity to rubella. If they are not immune, women should avoid getting pregnant for 28 days after receiving the vaccine. Those who should not get vaccinated include: Women who are pregnant. Anyone whose immune system is affected by cancer, corticosteroid medicines, or radiation treatment. Great care is taken not to give the vaccine to a woman who is already pregnant. However, in the rare instances when pregnant women have been vaccinated, no problems have been detected in the infants. Three day measles; German measles. Rubella on an infant Rubella on an infant's back Rubella Rubella Antibodies Antibodies. Mason WH. Rubella. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella virus. Rubivirus. Human,Respiratory, Associated with Rubella Encyclopedia Entry for Rubella : Rubella. Source of disease: Rubella virus |
| Rubella Vaccine | VEGA | 459 | German or 3-Day Measles. Infectious disease with rash, sore throat, itching, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. See Measles Rubella and German Measles programs. |
| Rubeola | BIO | 342,467,520,1489 | 9-Day Measles. Infectious disease with rash, cough, runny nose, eye inflammation, and fever. Also see Measles Rubeola, and Measles. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubeola : Rubeola-measles- 14-day measles- Hard measles- Morbilli- Rubeola virus |
| Rubidium | XTRA | 12300 | Metal element. |
| Rubidium 85rb | XTRA | 205.53,221.56,18857.41 | Metal element. |
| Rubidium 87rb | XTRA | 696.52,750.87,15977.04 | Metal element. |
| Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome | ETDF | 70,150,3500,67110,81500,109500,112020,384070,471000,551000 | Genetic condition with short stature, learning difficulties, distinctive facial features, and broad thumbs and first toes. Encyclopedia Entry for Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome : Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. RTS is a rare condition. Defects in the genes CREBBP and EP300 are seen in some people with this condition. Some people are missing the gene entirely. This is more typical in people with more severe problems. Most cases are sporadic (not passed down through families). They are likely due to a new genetic defect that occurs either in the sperm or egg cells, or at the time of conception. Symptoms include: Broadening of the thumbs and big toes Constipation Excess hair on body (hirsutism) Heart defects, possibly requiring surgery Intellectual disability Seizures Short stature that is noticeable after birth Slow development of cognitive skills Slow development of motor skills accompanied by low muscle tone Other signs and symptoms may include: Absent or extra kidney, and other problems with kidney or bladder An underdeveloped bone in the midface Unsteady or stiff walking gait Downward-slanted eyes Low-set ears or malformed ears Drooping eyelid ( ptosis ) Cataracts Coloboma (a defect in the iris of the eye) Microcephaly (excessively small head) Narrow, small, or recessed mouth with crowded teeth Prominent or 'beaked' nose Thick and arched eyebrows with long eyelashes Undescended testicle ( cryptorchidism ), or other testicular problems. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Blood tests and x-rays may also be done. Genetic tests can be done to determine if the genes involved in this disease are missing or changed. There is no specific treatment for RTS. However, the following treatments can be used to manage problems commonly associated with the condition. Surgery to repair the bones in the thumbs or toes can sometimes improve grasp or relieve discomfort. Early intervention programs and special education to address developmental disabilities. Referral to behavioral specialists and support groups for family members. Medical treatment for heart defects, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities. Treatment for constipation and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Rubinstein-Taybi Parents Group USA: www.rubinstein-taybi.com. The majority of children can learn to read at an elementary level. The majority have delayed motor development, but on average, they learn to walk by 2 1/2 years of age. Complications depend on what part of the body is affected. Complications may include: Feeding problems in infants Repeated ear infections and hearing loss Problems with the shape of the heart Abnormal heartbeat Scarring of the skin. An appointment with a geneticist is recommended if the provider finds signs of RTS. Genetic counseling is advised for couples with a family history of this disease who are planning a pregnancy. Rubinstein syndrome, RTS. Milani D, Manzoni FM, Pezzani L, et al. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: clinical features, genetic basis, diagnosis, and management. Ital J Pediatr. 2015;41:4. PMID:2559981 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599811. Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Develomental genetics and birth defects. |
| Ruko Tick | CAFL | 6634,285,308 | Obscure biting tick, indicating possible Ruko genetic involvement in Morgellons. |
| Ruko Tick | XTRA | 286.46,308.66,6634.7 | Muscle-tested and found to correspond with obscure biting tick, indicating possible Ruko genetic involvement in Morgellons. |
| Runny Nose (Rhinitis) | XTRA | 5,189,912 | Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing |
| Russell Silver Syndrome | ETDF | 410,730,7870,27500,227500,367500,525280,615700,745010,933270 | Type of dwarfism. |
| Russell Silver Syndrome | KHZ | 410,730,7870,27500,227500,367500,525280,615700,745010,933000,27000 | Type of dwarfism. |
ALT consists of programs based on Ayurvedic knowledge and practice, solfeggios, and planetary frequencies.
BFB a collection of biofeedback scan results.
BIO is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
CAFL is the Consolidated Annotated Frequency List, amassed over years from the experience of Rife experimenters.
CUST consists of programs added by Spooky team members, plus those in your own personal database.
ETDFL is a collection of programs researched in bio resonance clinics in Germany.
HC is Dr. Hulda Clark’s database. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
KHZ is a collection of higher frequencies from Dr. Hulda Clark. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
PROV has produced consistent results in virtually all subjects it was used with.
RIFE is a collection of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s original frequencies.
VEGA is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
XTRA is a collection of programs from various sources, all chosen for their reputation for effectiveness.