Programs List




Name Type Frequencies Description
Paget's Disease MammaryETDF80,490,680,7500,11090,17500,72500,215700,456500,517500Type of malignant breast cancer with appearance of eczema, usually affecting nipple and areola. Also see appropriate Cancer programs.
Paget's Disease of BoneETDF80,490,680,9720,14500,17500,72500,215700,456500,517500Also called Osteitis Deformans, or Osteitis. Condition with deranged bone remodelling, leading to enlarged and/or misshapen bones.
PainETDF160,350,950,5260,27500,52500,225470,522530,682020,750000Look under name of condition causing pain.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain and your emotions. The mind and body work together, they cannot be separated. The way your mind controls thoughts and attitudes affects the way your body controls pain. Pain itself, and the fear of pain, can cause you to avoid both physical and social activities. Over times this leads to less physical strength and weaker social relationships. It can also cause further lack of functioning and pain.
Stress has both physical and emotional effects on our bodies. It can raise our blood pressure, increase our breathing rate and heart rate, and cause muscle tension. These things are hard on the body. They can lead to fatigue, sleeping problems, and changes in appetite. If you feel tired but have a hard time falling asleep, you may have stress-related fatigue. Or you may notice that you can fall asleep, but you have a hard time staying asleep. These are all reasons to talk with your doctor about the physical effects stress is having on your body. Stress can also lead to anxiety, depression, a dependence on others, or an unhealthy dependence on medicines.
Depression is very common among people who have chronic pain. Pain can cause depression or make existing depression worse. Depression can also make existing pains worse. If you or your family members have or have had depression, there is a greater risk that you could develop depression from your chronic pain. Seek help at the first sign of depression. Even mild depression can affect how well you can manage your pain and stay active. Signs of depression include: Frequent feelings of sadness, anger, worthlessness, or hopelessness Less energy Less interest in activities, or less pleasure from your activities Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep Decreased or increased appetite that causes major weight loss or weight gain Difficulty concentrating Thoughts about death, suicide, or hurting yourself.
A common type of therapy for people with chronic pain is cognitive behavioral therapy. Seeking help from a therapist can help you: Learn how to have positive thoughts instead of negative ones Reduce your fear of pain Make important relationships stronger Develop a sense of freedom from your pain If your pain is the result of an accident or emotional trauma, your health care provider can assess you for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many people with PTSD are not able to deal with their back pain until they deal with the emotional stress that their accidents or traumas caused. If you think you may be depressed, or if you are having a hard time controlling your emotions, talk with your provider. Get help sooner rather than later. Your provider may also suggest medicines to help with your feelings of stress or sadness.
Henschke N, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, et al. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD002014. PMID: 20614428 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614428. Schubiner H. Emotional awareness for pain.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain medications - narcotics. Narcotics work by binding to receptors in the brain, which blocks the feeling of pain. You should not use a narcotic drug for more than 3 to 4 months, unless your provider instructs you otherwise. NAMES OF COMMON NARCOTICS Codeine Fentanyl -- available as a patch Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Meperidine Morphine Oxycodone Tramadol TAKING NARCOTICS These drugs can be abused and habit-forming. They have been associated with accidental overdose deaths. Always take narcotics as prescribed. Your provider may suggest that you take your medicine only when you feel pain. Or, your provider may suggest taking a narcotic on a regular schedule. Allowing the medicine to wear off before taking more of it can make the pain difficult to control. Taking narcotics to control the pain of cancer or other medical problems does not itself lead to dependence. Store narcotics safely and securely in your home. You may need a pain specialist to help you manage long-term pain. SIDE EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS Drowsiness and impaired judgment often occur with these medicines. When taking a narcotic, do not drink alcohol, drive, or operate heavy machinery. You can relieve itching by reducing the dose or talking to your provider about switching medicines. To help with constipation, drink more fluids, get more exercise, eat foods with extra fiber, and use stool softeners. If nausea or vomiting occur, try taking the narcotic with food. Withdrawal symptoms are common when you stop taking a narcotic. Symptoms include strong desire for the medicine (craving), yawning, insomnia, restlessness, mood swings, or diarrhea. To prevent withdrawal symptoms, your provider may recommend you gradually lower the dosage over time.
Painkillers; Drugs for pain; Analgesics; Opioids.
Issa M, Celestin J, Wasan AD. Issues associated with opioid use.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Painful menstrual periods. Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s.
Painful menstrual periods fall into two groups, depending on the cause: Primary dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that occurs around the time that menstrual periods first begin in otherwise healthy young women. In most cases, this pain is not related to a specific problem with the uterus or other pelvic organs. Increased activity of the hormone prostaglandin, which is produced in the uterus, is thought to play a role in this condition. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that develops later in women who have had normal periods. It is often related to problems in the uterus or other pelvic organs, such as: Endometriosis Fibroids Intrauterine device (IUD) made of copper Pelvic inflammatory disease Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Sexually transmitted infection Stress and anxiety.
The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down, or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to start, and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is from PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise. If these self-care measures do not work, your health care provider may offer you treatment such as: Birth control pills Mirena IUD Prescription anti-inflammatory medicines Prescription pain relievers (including narcotics, for brief periods) Antidepressants Antibiotics.
Call your provider right away if you have: Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge Fever and pelvic pain Sudden or severe pain, especially if your period is more than 1 week late and you have been sexually active. Also call if: Treatments do not relieve your pain after 3 months. You have pain and had an IUD placed more than 3 months ago. You pass blood clots or have other symptoms with the pain. Your pain occurs at times other than menstruation, begins more than 5 days before your period, or continues after your period is over.
Your provider will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. Tests and procedures that may be done include: Complete blood count (CBC) Cultures to rule out sexually transmitted infections Laparoscopy Ultrasound Treatment depends on what is causing your pain.
Menstruation - painful; Dysmenorrhea; Periods - painful; Cramps - menstrual; Menstrual cramps.
Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Relieving PMS Relieving PMS Uterus Uterus.
Alvero R. Dysmenorrhea.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Painful swallowing. Swallowing involves many nerves and muscles in the mouth, throat area, and food pipe (esophagus). Part of swallowing is voluntary. This means you are aware of controlling the action. However, much of swallowing is involuntary. Swallowing Watch this video about: Swallowing Problems at any point in the swallowing process (including chewing, moving food to the back of the mouth, or moving it to the stomach) can result in painful swallowing. Swallowing problems can cause symptoms such as: Chest pain Feeling of food stuck in the throat Heaviness or pressure in the neck or upper chest while eating.
Swallowing problems may be due to infections, such as: Cytomegalovirus Gum disease ( gingivitis ) Herpes simplex virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Pharyngitis (sore throat) Thrush Swallowing problems may be due to a problem with the esophagus, such as: Achalasia Esophageal spasms Gastroesophageal reflux disease Inflammation of the esophagus Nutcracker esophagus Ulcer in the esophagus, especially due to the antibiotic doxycycline, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxyn Other causes of swallowing problems include: Mouth or throat ulcers Something stuck in the throat (for example, fish or chicken bones) Tooth infection or abscess.
Some tips that may help you to ease swallowing pain at home include: Eat slowly and chew your food well. Eat pureed foods or liquids if solid foods are hard to swallow. Avoid very cold or very hot foods if they make your symptoms worse. If someone is choking, immediately perform the Heimlich maneuver.
Call your health care provider if you have painful swallowing and: Blood in your stools or your stools appear black or tarry Shortness of breath or lightheadedness Weight loss Tell your provider about any other symptoms that occur with the painful swallowing, including: Abdominal pain Chills Cough Fever Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Sour taste in the mouth Wheezing.
Your provider will examine you and ask about your medical history and symptoms, including: Do you have pain when swallowing solids, liquids, or both? Is the pain constant or does it come and go? Is the pain getting worse? Do you have difficulty swallowing? Do you have a sore throat? Does it feel like there is a lump in your throat? Have you inhaled or swallowed any irritating substances? What other symptoms do you have? What other health problems do you have? What medicines do you take? The following tests may be done: Endoscopy with biopsy Barium swallow and upper GI series Chest x-ray Esophageal pH monitoring (measures acid in the esophagus) Esophageal manometry (measures pressure in the esophagus) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) HIV testing Neck x-ray Throat culture.
Swallowing - pain or burning; Odynophagia; Burning feeling when swallowing.
Throat anatomy Throat anatomy.
Devault KR. Symptoms of esophageal disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Paint, lacquer, and varnish remover poisoning. Paint, lacquer, and varnish removers may contain the following poisonous ingredients: Benzyl alcohol Ethanol Formic acid Methyl alcohol Methylene hydrochloride Naphtha Xylene.
Paint, lacquer, and varnish removers are sold under various brand names.
Paint lacquer and varnish remover poisoning can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. AIRWAYS AND LUNGS Breathing difficulty (from inhalation) Throat swelling (may also cause breathing difficulty) Rapid, shallow breathing Fluid in the lungs Blood in the lungs Stopped breathing EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND THROAT Severe pain in the throat Severe pain or burning in the nose, eyes, ears, lips, or tongue Vision loss STOMACH AND INTESTINES Abdominal pain -- severe Bloody stools Burns of the esophagus (food pipe) Vomiting, possibly with blood KIDNEY Kidney failure HEART AND BLOOD Collapse Low blood pressure -- develops rapidly Severe change in the level of acid in the blood (pH balance) -- leads to the failure of many organs SKIN Burns Irritation Necrosis (holes) in the skin or underlying tissues NERVOUS SYSTEM Coma (decreased level of consciousness and lack of responsiveness) Confusion Dizziness (from sniffing) Feeling of being drunk (euphoria) Incoordination Unsteadiness Convulsions.
Seek immediate medical help. DO NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care provider. If the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a provider. If the person breathed in the poison, immediately move them to fresh air.
Get the following information: Person's age, weight, and condition Name of product (ingredients and strength, if known) Time it was swallowed Amount swallowed.
Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Take the container with you to the hospital, if possible. The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The person may receive: Breathing support -- including a tube through the mouth into the lungs, and a breathing machine (ventilator) Bronchoscopy -- camera placed down the throat to see burns in the airways and lungs Chest x-ray ECG (heart tracing) Endoscopy -- camera placed down the throat to see burns in the esophagus and the stomach Fluids through a vein (IV) Tube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) Washing of the skin (irrigation) -- perhaps every few hours for several days.
How well a person does depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment was received. The faster a person gets medical help, the better the chance for recovery. Swallowing such poisons can have severe effects on many parts of the body. The ultimate outcome depends on the extent of this damage.
Paint remover poisoning.
Hoyte C. Caustics.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain Back. Can be caused by a spinal disc infection with anaerobic bacteria, especially the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
PainXTRA95,3040Look under name of condition causing pain.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain and your emotions. The mind and body work together, they cannot be separated. The way your mind controls thoughts and attitudes affects the way your body controls pain. Pain itself, and the fear of pain, can cause you to avoid both physical and social activities. Over times this leads to less physical strength and weaker social relationships. It can also cause further lack of functioning and pain.
Stress has both physical and emotional effects on our bodies. It can raise our blood pressure, increase our breathing rate and heart rate, and cause muscle tension. These things are hard on the body. They can lead to fatigue, sleeping problems, and changes in appetite. If you feel tired but have a hard time falling asleep, you may have stress-related fatigue. Or you may notice that you can fall asleep, but you have a hard time staying asleep. These are all reasons to talk with your doctor about the physical effects stress is having on your body. Stress can also lead to anxiety, depression, a dependence on others, or an unhealthy dependence on medicines.
Depression is very common among people who have chronic pain. Pain can cause depression or make existing depression worse. Depression can also make existing pains worse. If you or your family members have or have had depression, there is a greater risk that you could develop depression from your chronic pain. Seek help at the first sign of depression. Even mild depression can affect how well you can manage your pain and stay active. Signs of depression include: Frequent feelings of sadness, anger, worthlessness, or hopelessness Less energy Less interest in activities, or less pleasure from your activities Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep Decreased or increased appetite that causes major weight loss or weight gain Difficulty concentrating Thoughts about death, suicide, or hurting yourself.
A common type of therapy for people with chronic pain is cognitive behavioral therapy. Seeking help from a therapist can help you: Learn how to have positive thoughts instead of negative ones Reduce your fear of pain Make important relationships stronger Develop a sense of freedom from your pain If your pain is the result of an accident or emotional trauma, your health care provider can assess you for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many people with PTSD are not able to deal with their back pain until they deal with the emotional stress that their accidents or traumas caused. If you think you may be depressed, or if you are having a hard time controlling your emotions, talk with your provider. Get help sooner rather than later. Your provider may also suggest medicines to help with your feelings of stress or sadness.
Henschke N, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, et al. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD002014. PMID: 20614428 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614428. Schubiner H. Emotional awareness for pain.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain medications - narcotics. Narcotics work by binding to receptors in the brain, which blocks the feeling of pain. You should not use a narcotic drug for more than 3 to 4 months, unless your provider instructs you otherwise. NAMES OF COMMON NARCOTICS Codeine Fentanyl -- available as a patch Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Meperidine Morphine Oxycodone Tramadol TAKING NARCOTICS These drugs can be abused and habit-forming. They have been associated with accidental overdose deaths. Always take narcotics as prescribed. Your provider may suggest that you take your medicine only when you feel pain. Or, your provider may suggest taking a narcotic on a regular schedule. Allowing the medicine to wear off before taking more of it can make the pain difficult to control. Taking narcotics to control the pain of cancer or other medical problems does not itself lead to dependence. Store narcotics safely and securely in your home. You may need a pain specialist to help you manage long-term pain. SIDE EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS Drowsiness and impaired judgment often occur with these medicines. When taking a narcotic, do not drink alcohol, drive, or operate heavy machinery. You can relieve itching by reducing the dose or talking to your provider about switching medicines. To help with constipation, drink more fluids, get more exercise, eat foods with extra fiber, and use stool softeners. If nausea or vomiting occur, try taking the narcotic with food. Withdrawal symptoms are common when you stop taking a narcotic. Symptoms include strong desire for the medicine (craving), yawning, insomnia, restlessness, mood swings, or diarrhea. To prevent withdrawal symptoms, your provider may recommend you gradually lower the dosage over time.
Painkillers; Drugs for pain; Analgesics; Opioids.
Issa M, Celestin J, Wasan AD. Issues associated with opioid use.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Painful menstrual periods. Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s.
Painful menstrual periods fall into two groups, depending on the cause: Primary dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that occurs around the time that menstrual periods first begin in otherwise healthy young women. In most cases, this pain is not related to a specific problem with the uterus or other pelvic organs. Increased activity of the hormone prostaglandin, which is produced in the uterus, is thought to play a role in this condition. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that develops later in women who have had normal periods. It is often related to problems in the uterus or other pelvic organs, such as: Endometriosis Fibroids Intrauterine device (IUD) made of copper Pelvic inflammatory disease Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Sexually transmitted infection Stress and anxiety.
The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down, or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to start, and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is from PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise. If these self-care measures do not work, your health care provider may offer you treatment such as: Birth control pills Mirena IUD Prescription anti-inflammatory medicines Prescription pain relievers (including narcotics, for brief periods) Antidepressants Antibiotics.
Call your provider right away if you have: Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge Fever and pelvic pain Sudden or severe pain, especially if your period is more than 1 week late and you have been sexually active. Also call if: Treatments do not relieve your pain after 3 months. You have pain and had an IUD placed more than 3 months ago. You pass blood clots or have other symptoms with the pain. Your pain occurs at times other than menstruation, begins more than 5 days before your period, or continues after your period is over.
Your provider will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. Tests and procedures that may be done include: Complete blood count (CBC) Cultures to rule out sexually transmitted infections Laparoscopy Ultrasound Treatment depends on what is causing your pain.
Menstruation - painful; Dysmenorrhea; Periods - painful; Cramps - menstrual; Menstrual cramps.
Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Relieving PMS Relieving PMS Uterus Uterus.
Alvero R. Dysmenorrhea.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Painful swallowing. Swallowing involves many nerves and muscles in the mouth, throat area, and food pipe (esophagus). Part of swallowing is voluntary. This means you are aware of controlling the action. However, much of swallowing is involuntary. Swallowing Watch this video about: Swallowing Problems at any point in the swallowing process (including chewing, moving food to the back of the mouth, or moving it to the stomach) can result in painful swallowing. Swallowing problems can cause symptoms such as: Chest pain Feeling of food stuck in the throat Heaviness or pressure in the neck or upper chest while eating.
Swallowing problems may be due to infections, such as: Cytomegalovirus Gum disease ( gingivitis ) Herpes simplex virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Pharyngitis (sore throat) Thrush Swallowing problems may be due to a problem with the esophagus, such as: Achalasia Esophageal spasms Gastroesophageal reflux disease Inflammation of the esophagus Nutcracker esophagus Ulcer in the esophagus, especially due to the antibiotic doxycycline, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxyn Other causes of swallowing problems include: Mouth or throat ulcers Something stuck in the throat (for example, fish or chicken bones) Tooth infection or abscess.
Some tips that may help you to ease swallowing pain at home include: Eat slowly and chew your food well. Eat pureed foods or liquids if solid foods are hard to swallow. Avoid very cold or very hot foods if they make your symptoms worse. If someone is choking, immediately perform the Heimlich maneuver.
Call your health care provider if you have painful swallowing and: Blood in your stools or your stools appear black or tarry Shortness of breath or lightheadedness Weight loss Tell your provider about any other symptoms that occur with the painful swallowing, including: Abdominal pain Chills Cough Fever Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Sour taste in the mouth Wheezing.
Your provider will examine you and ask about your medical history and symptoms, including: Do you have pain when swallowing solids, liquids, or both? Is the pain constant or does it come and go? Is the pain getting worse? Do you have difficulty swallowing? Do you have a sore throat? Does it feel like there is a lump in your throat? Have you inhaled or swallowed any irritating substances? What other symptoms do you have? What other health problems do you have? What medicines do you take? The following tests may be done: Endoscopy with biopsy Barium swallow and upper GI series Chest x-ray Esophageal pH monitoring (measures acid in the esophagus) Esophageal manometry (measures pressure in the esophagus) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) HIV testing Neck x-ray Throat culture.
Swallowing - pain or burning; Odynophagia; Burning feeling when swallowing.
Throat anatomy Throat anatomy.
Devault KR. Symptoms of esophageal disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Paint, lacquer, and varnish remover poisoning. Paint, lacquer, and varnish removers may contain the following poisonous ingredients: Benzyl alcohol Ethanol Formic acid Methyl alcohol Methylene hydrochloride Naphtha Xylene.
Paint, lacquer, and varnish removers are sold under various brand names.
Paint lacquer and varnish remover poisoning can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. AIRWAYS AND LUNGS Breathing difficulty (from inhalation) Throat swelling (may also cause breathing difficulty) Rapid, shallow breathing Fluid in the lungs Blood in the lungs Stopped breathing EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND THROAT Severe pain in the throat Severe pain or burning in the nose, eyes, ears, lips, or tongue Vision loss STOMACH AND INTESTINES Abdominal pain -- severe Bloody stools Burns of the esophagus (food pipe) Vomiting, possibly with blood KIDNEY Kidney failure HEART AND BLOOD Collapse Low blood pressure -- develops rapidly Severe change in the level of acid in the blood (pH balance) -- leads to the failure of many organs SKIN Burns Irritation Necrosis (holes) in the skin or underlying tissues NERVOUS SYSTEM Coma (decreased level of consciousness and lack of responsiveness) Confusion Dizziness (from sniffing) Feeling of being drunk (euphoria) Incoordination Unsteadiness Convulsions.
Seek immediate medical help. DO NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care provider. If the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a provider. If the person breathed in the poison, immediately move them to fresh air.
Get the following information: Person's age, weight, and condition Name of product (ingredients and strength, if known) Time it was swallowed Amount swallowed.
Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Take the container with you to the hospital, if possible. The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The person may receive: Breathing support -- including a tube through the mouth into the lungs, and a breathing machine (ventilator) Bronchoscopy -- camera placed down the throat to see burns in the airways and lungs Chest x-ray ECG (heart tracing) Endoscopy -- camera placed down the throat to see burns in the esophagus and the stomach Fluids through a vein (IV) Tube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) Washing of the skin (irrigation) -- perhaps every few hours for several days.
How well a person does depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment was received. The faster a person gets medical help, the better the chance for recovery. Swallowing such poisons can have severe effects on many parts of the body. The ultimate outcome depends on the extent of this damage.
Paint remover poisoning.
Hoyte C. Caustics.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain :
Pain Back. Can be caused by a spinal disc infection with anaerobic bacteria, especially the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Pain AcuteCAFL3000,95,10000,1550,802,880,787,727,690,666See Acute Pain program. Also look under name of condition causing pain.
Pain BackETDF180,420,810,5180,21050,32330,205110,583090,612570,622380Physical discomfort occurring anywhere on the spine or back, ranging from mild to disabling.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pain Back :
Pain Back. Can be caused by a spinal disc infection with anaerobic bacteria, especially the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Pain GeneralCAFL3000,95,666,80Look under name of condition causing pain.
Pain of InfectionCAFL3000,95,880,1550,802,787,776,727,4.9Look under name of condition causing pain.
Pain ReliefCAFL304,6000,3000,666,80Look under name of condition causing pain.
PalladiumXTRA18850Metal element used in dentistry. Low toxicity, but may be carcinogenic.
Pallister-Killian SyndromeETDF80,250,900,2250,5290,30000,57500,45370,96500,233630Very rare genetic disorder with developmental disability, epilepsy, hypotonia, both hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, and other symptoms.
Palsy CerebralXTRA146,522,660,690,727.5,787,880,1000Group of movement disorders in early childhood with poor coordination, stiff/weak muscles, tremors, and possibly sensory problems.
PancreasCAFL440,464,600,624,648,1552,727,787,880The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas

Encyclopedia Entry for Pancreas :
Pancreas divisum. Pancreas divisum is the most common birth defect of the pancreas. In many cases, this defect goes undetected and causes no problems. The cause of the defect is unknown. As a baby develops in the womb, two separate pieces of tissue join together to form the pancreas. Each part has a tube, called a duct. When the parts join together, a final duct, called the pancreatic duct, is formed. Fluid and digestive juices (enzymes) produced by the pancreas normally flow through this duct. Pancreas divisum occurs if the ducts do not join while the baby develops. Fluid from the two parts of the pancreas drains into separate areas of the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenum). This occurs in 5% to 15% of people. If a pancreatic duct becomes blocked, swelling and tissue damage (pancreatitis) may develop.
Many people do not have any symptoms. If you have pancreatitis, symptoms include: Abdominal pain , most often in the upper abdomen that may be felt in the back Abdominal swelling (distention) Nausea or vomiting.
You may have the following tests: Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal CT scan Amylase and lipase blood test Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
The following treatments may be needed if you have symptoms of the condition, or if pancreatitis keeps returning: ERCP with a cut to enlarge the opening where the pancreatic duct drains Placement of a stent to prevent the duct from getting blocked You may need surgery if these treatments do not work.
Most of the time, the outcome is good.
The main complication of pancreas divisum is pancreatitis.
Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of this disorder.
Because this condition is present at birth, there is no known way to prevent it.
Pancreatic divisum.
Digestive system Digestive system Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Pancreas Pancreas.
Adams DB, Cote GA. Pancreas divisum and other variants of dominant dorsal duct anatomy.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pancreas :
Pancreas transplant. The healthy pancreas is taken from a donor who is brain dead, but is still on life support. The donor pancreas must be carefully matched to the person who is receiving it. The healthy pancreas is transported in a cooled solution that preserves the organ for up to about 20 hours. The person's diseased pancreas is not removed during the operation. The donor pancreas is usually placed in the right lower part of the person's abdomen. Blood vessels from the new pancreas are attached to the person's blood vessels. The donor duodenum (first part of the small intestine right after the stomach) is attached to the person's intestine or bladder. The surgery for a pancreas transplant takes about 3 hours. This operation is usually done at the same time as a kidney transplant in diabetic people with kidney disease. The combined operation takes about 6 hours.
The pancreas makes a substance called insulin. Insulin moves glucose, a sugar, from the blood into the muscles, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel. In people with type 1 diabetes , the pancreas does not make enough, or sometimes any, insulin. This causes glucose to build up in the blood, leading to a high level of sugar in the blood. High blood sugar over a long time can cause many complications, including: Amputations Disease of the arteries Blindness Heart disease Kidney damage Nerve damage Stroke A pancreas transplant can cure diabetes and eliminate the need for insulin shots. Because of the risks involved with surgery, most people with type 1 diabetes do not have a pancreas transplant just after they are diagnosed. Pancreas transplant is rarely done alone. It is almost always done when someone with type 1 diabetes also needs a kidney transplant. Pancreas transplant surgery is not usually done in people who also have: A history of cancer HIV/AIDS Infections such as hepatitis , which are considered to be active Lung disease Obesity Other blood vessel diseases of the neck and leg Severe heart disease (such as heart failure , poorly controlled angina , or severe coronary artery disease ) Smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, or other lifestyle habits that can damage the new organ Pancreas transplant is also not recommended if the person will not be able to keep up with the many follow-up visits, tests, and medicines needed to keep the transplanted organ healthy.
Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general include: Reactions to medicines Breathing problems Risks of pancreas transplant include: Clotting (thrombosis) of the arteries or veins of the new pancreas Development of certain cancers after a few years Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) Leakage of fluid from the new pancreas where it attaches to the intestine or bladder Rejection of the new pancreas.
Once your doctor refers you to a transplant center, you will be seen and evaluated by the transplant team. They will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for pancreas and kidney transplant. You will have several visits over several weeks or even months. You will need to have blood drawn and x-rays taken. Tests done before the procedure include: Tissue and blood typing to help make sure your body will not reject the donated organs Blood tests or skin tests to check for infections Heart tests such as an ECG , echocardiogram , or cardiac catheterization Tests to look for early cancer You will also want to consider one or more transplant centers to determine which is best for you: Ask the center how many transplants they perform every year and what their survival rates are. Compare these numbers to those of other transplant centers. Ask about support groups they have available and what type of travel and housing arrangements they offer. If the transplant team believes you are a good candidate for a pancreas and kidney transplant, you will be put on a national waiting list. Your place on a waiting list is based on a number of factors. These factors include the type of kidney problems you have and the likelihood that a transplant will be successful. While you are waiting for a pancreas and kidney, follow these steps: Follow any diet your transplant team recommends. DO NOT drink alcohol. DO NOT smoke. Keep your weight in the range that has been recommended. Follow any recommended exercise program. Take all medicines as they have been prescribed for you. Report changes in your medicines and any new or worsening medical problems to the transplant team. Follow up with your regular doctor and transplant team on any appointments that have been made. Make sure the transplant team has the correct phone numbers so they can contact you immediately when a pancreas and kidney become available. Make sure, no matter where you are going, that you can be contacted quickly and easily. Have everything ready before going to the hospital.
You will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 to 7 days or longer. After you go home, you will need close follow-up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 to 2 months or longer. Your transplant team may ask you to stay close to the hospital for the first 3 months. You will need to have regular check-ups with blood tests and imaging tests for many years.
If the transplant is successful, you will no longer need to take insulin shots, test your blood-sugar daily, or follow a diabetes diet. There is evidence that the complications of diabetes, such as diabetic retinopathy, may not get worse and may even improve after a pancreas-kidney transplant. More than 95% of people survive the first year after a pancreas transplant. Organ rejection occurs in about 1% of people each year. You must take medicines that prevent rejection of the donated pancreas and kidney for the rest of your life.
Transplant - pancreas; Transplantation - pancreas.
Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Pancreas transplant - series Pancreas transplant - series.
Becker Y, Witkowski P. Kidney and pancreas transplantation.
Pancreas 1XTRA14648.44The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas 2XTRA440,464,600,624,648,727,787,880,1552The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas 3XTRA117.29The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas Balance 1XTRA1.19,250,654,660,690,727.5,2127.5The pancreas has an endocrine function because it releases juices directly into the bloodstream, and it has an exocrine function because it releases juices into ducts. Enzymes, or digestive juices, are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. There, it continues breaking down food that has left the stomach.
Pancreas Balance 2XTRA10,15,20,26,440,444,464,465,537,600,624,625,648,650,776,787,802,832,880,1500,1550,1552,1600,1800,1865,2008,2170,2489,2720The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas Function Stimulate NormalXTRA654Other use: mastitis/breast inflammation.
Pancreatic DiseasesETDF80,400,830,5470,105000,215470,417500,631000,801910,931220Pancreatic diseases include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and cystic fibrosis. The pancreas also plays a role in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Pancreatic InsufficiencyCAFL20,250,650,625,600,465,444,26,2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,1500,880,832,787,776,727,690,666,20Production of insulin has slowed. Run for Diabetes, but monitor blood sugar levels. If no improvement, test for insulin resistance.
Pancreas
Pancreatic Insufficiency 2XTRA20,26,444,465,600,625,650,666,690,727,776,787,832,880,1500,1550,1600,1800,2008,2127,2170,2489,2720Production of insulin has slowed. Run for Diabetes, but monitor blood sugar levels. If no improvement, test for insulin resistance.
Pancreas
PancreatitisETDF30,520,680,2750,7500,55910,324370,519340,653690,756530Inflammation of pancreas, with upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Also see Pancreas programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pancreatitis :
Pancreatitis - children. The pancreas is an organ behind the stomach. It produces chemicals called enzymes, which are needed to digest food. Most of the time, the enzymes are only active after they reach the small intestine. When these enzymes become active inside the pancreas, they digest the tissue of the pancreas. This causes swelling, bleeding and damage to the organ and its blood vessels. This condition is called pancreatitis. Common causes of pancreatitis in children include: Trauma to the belly, such as from a bicycle handle bar injury Blocked bile duct Side effects of medicine, such as anti-seizure medicines, chemotherapy, or some antibiotics Viral infections, including mumps and coxsackie B High blood levels of a fat in the blood called triglycerides Other causes include: After an organ or bone marrow transplant Cystic fibrosis Crohn disease and other disorders when the body's immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake Type 1 diabetes Overactive parathyroid gland Kawasaki disease Sometimes, the cause is unknown.
The main symptom of pancreatitis in children is severe pain in the upper abdomen. Sometimes the pain may spread to the back, lower abdomen, and front part of the chest. The pain may increase after meals. Other symptoms may include: Cough Nausea and vomiting Swelling in the abdomen Fever Yellowing of the skin, called jaundice Loss of appetite Increased pulse.
Your child's health care provider will do a physical exam, which may show: Abdominal tenderness or lump (mass) Fever Low blood pressure Fast heart rate Fast breathing rate The provider will perform lab tests to check the release of pancreatic enzymes. These include tests to check the: Blood amylase level Blood lipase level Urine amylase level Other blood tests include: Complete blood count (CBC) Panel or group of blood tests that provide an overall picture of your body's chemical balance Imaging tests that can show inflammation of the pancreas include: Ultrasound of the abdomen (most common) CT scan of the abdomen MRI of the abdomen.
Treatment may require a stay in the hospital. It may involve: Pain medicines Stopping food or fluids by mouth Fluids given through a vein (IV) Anti-nausea medicines for nausea and vomiting Low-fat diet The provider may insert a tube through the child's nose or mouth to remove contents of the stomach. The tube will be left in for one or more days. This may be done if vomiting and severe pain don't improve. The child also may be given food through a vein (IV) or a feeding tube. The child can be given solid food once they stop vomiting. Most children are able to take solid food with 1 or 2 days after an attack of acute pancreatitis. In some cases, therapy is needed to: Drain fluid that has collected in or around the pancreas Remove gallstones Relieve blockages of the pancreatic duct.
Most cases go away in a week. Usually, children recover completely. Chronic pancreatitis is rarely seen in children. When it occurs, it is most often due to genetic defects or birth defects of the pancreas or biliary ducts.
Severe irritation of the pancreas, and pancreatitis due to blunt trauma, such as from a bike handle bar, can cause complications. These may include: Collection of fluid around the pancreas Buildup of fluid in the abdomen ( ascites ).
Call the provider if your child shows symptoms of pancreatitis. Also call if your child has these symptoms: Intense, constant abdominal pain Develops other symptoms of acute pancreatitis.
Most of the time, there is no way to prevent pancreatitis.
Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF. Pancreatitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pancreatitis :
Pancreatitis - discharge. After an episode of pain from pancreatitis, you should start off with drinking only clear liquids, such as soup broth or gelatin. You will need to follow this diet until your symptoms get better. Slowly add other foods back to your diet when you are better. Talk with your provider about: Eating a healthy diet that is low in fat, with no more than 30 grams of fat per day Eating foods that are high in protein and carbohydrates, but low in fat. Eat smaller meals, and eat more often. Your provider will help make sure you are getting enough calories to not lose weight. Quitting smoking, if you smoke (or chewing tobacco). Losing weight, if you are overweight. Always talk to your provider before taking any medicines or herbs. DO NOT drink any alcohol. If your body can no longer absorb fats that you eat, your provider may ask you to take extra capsules, called pancreatic enzymes. These will help your body absorb fats in your food better. You will need to take these pills with every meal. Your provider will tell you how many. When you take these enzymes, you may also need to take another medicine to decrease the acid in your stomach. If your pancreas has a lot of damage, you may also develop diabetes. You will be checked for this problem.
Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and foods that make your symptoms worse is the first step to controlling pain. Use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), at first to try and control your pain. You will get a prescription for pain medicines. Get it filled when you go home so you have it available. If the pain is getting worse, take your pain medicine to help before the pain becomes very bad.
Call your provider if you have: Very bad pain that is not relieved by over-the-counter drugs Problems eating, drinking, or taking your drugs because of nausea or vomiting Problems breathing or a very fast heartbeat Pain with fever, chills, frequent vomiting, or with feeling faint, weak, or tired Weight loss or problems digesting your food Yellow color to your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice).
Chronic pancreatitis - discharge; Pancreatitis - chronic - discharge; Pancreatic insufficiency - discharge; Acute pancreatitis - discharge.
Forsmark CE. Pancreatitis.
PanniculitisETDF80,490,650,7500,12850,17500,72500,226070,475470,527000Group of diseases with inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated NeurodegenerationETDF160,350,950,5870,27500,52500,225370,451170,517500,687620Degenerative brain with iron accumulation disease leading to Parkinson's Disease, dementia, dystonia, and death.
PapilledemaETDF50,400,850,2500,13980,12710,95470,233910,426900,571000Swelling in the eyeball due to increased intracranial pressure.
PapillomaKHZ40,320,570,850,5250,7250,50000,93500,300000,475470Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 11XTRA1141.29,2282.69Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 16XTRA1145.2,2290.5Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 18XTRA1152.09,2304.19Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 33XTRA1144.5,2289Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 6aXTRA1130.09,2260.19Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papilloma HPV 6bXTRA1145.5,2291.09Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
PapillomavirusBIO907Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
PapillomavirusPROV67265,64734,16970,9609,9258,5657,1051,1011,907,874,767,489,466,404,265,110,45Causes warts and benign tumors with a branch or stalk and in some cases white patches known as Leukoplakia. See EBV, Leukoplakia, Mouth Eruptions White Patches, BX Virus, Cancer BX Virus, Carcinoma, and Warts.
Papillomavirus CystXTRA6.29,110,148,264,634,760,762,767,848,874,907,917,1102Also called verrucous cyst, or cystic papilloma. Use Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
Papillomavirus InfectionsETDF50,320,600,850,12330,57260,152000,93500,315700,425370Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Human Papilloma Virus HPV programs.
ParadontosisBIO424,1552Also called periodontitis - see Periodontal Disease(s), Bone Regeneration, and Dental programs.
ParadontosisVEGA1552Also called periodontitis - see Periodontal Disease(s), Bone Regeneration, and Dental programs.
ParagangliomaETDF40,300,650,900,2500,57220,113930,293500,358570,479500Rare neuroendocrine neoplasm found at various body sites. See Neuroendocrine Tumors and other appropriate Cancer programs.
ParagangliomaKHZ10,300,650,900,2500,57220,113930,293500,358570,479500Rare neuroendocrine neoplasm found at various body sites. See Neuroendocrine Tumors and other appropriate Cancer programs.
Paragonimus Westermani Adult_1HC437800-454200Also called Japanese Lung Fluke. Food-borne parasitic flatworm. See Parasites Paragonimus Westermani.
Paragonimus Westermani Adult_2HC447000Also called Japanese Lung Fluke. Food-borne parasitic flatworm. See Parasites Paragonimus Westermani.
Paralyses Familial PeriodicETDF50,120,870,3210,27500,62710,145470,262500,392500,591000Group of rare genetic diseases leading to weakness/paralysis from cold, heat, high carbohydrate food, not eating, stress, or excitement and physical activity.
ParalysisETDF20,220,970,7500,22500,85370,155470,285000,416500,605410Loss of function in one or more muscles which may be accompanied by sensory loss.
Paralysis AgitansETDF80,350,650,830,9500,115710,354950,368000,398400Lewy Body Parkinson Disease
Paralysis from StrokeCAFL20,40,72,95,125,146,333,428,522,535.1,600,625,650,727,787,880,1800,1865Also see Stroke programs.
Nerve
Paralysis NonspasticCAFL10000,880,787,776,727,650,625,600,444,1865,125,95,72,20,9.19,8.25Muscle weakness/paralysis not caused by excessive muscle contraction.
Nerve
Paralysis SpasticCAFL10000,880,787,776,727,650,625,600,444,1865,125,95,72,20,7.69Excessive muscle contraction leading to movement problems.
Nerve
Paramecium CaudatumCAFL4500,1150,2298Eukaryotic unicellular organism.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Nervous SystemETDF140,490,600,830,2250,17750,81080,95470,319340,533630program of signs or symptoms due to cancer but not caused by local cancer cells.
ParaphiliasETDF60,240,780,830,2500,10890,22500,124370,375000,515700Intense sexual arousal by atypical objects, situations, or individuals.
ParaproteinemiasETDF130,400,680,800,5260,72500,135470,296500,556720,879930Excessive amounts of paraprotein or single monoclonal gammaglobulin in blood, usually due to underlying immunoproliferative disorder.
ParapsoriasisETDF80,370,780,900,7520,10320,140000,232500,725470,925370Group of skin disorders characterized primarily by their resemblance to psoriasis.
ParasitesXTRA444,125,95,72,20,1865A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism. It depends on its host for survival, and it might cause disease.
Parasites Anaplasma marginaleETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,387000,442000Tick- and fly-borne Rickettsia-like bacteria which live in blood cells. Found in some Lyme Disease cases.
Parasites Anaplasma MarginaleXTRA680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,387000,422000Tick- and fly-borne Rickettsia-like bacteria which live in blood cells. Found in some Lyme Disease cases.
Parasites Anaplasma Marginale 2ndXTRA680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,383000,400000,415300,424000Tick- and fly-borne Rickettsia-like bacteria which live in blood cells. Found in some Lyme Disease cases.
Parasites Anaplasma marginale: (2nd range)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,383000,400000,424000Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance
Parasites Ancylostoma braziliense (adult)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,122500,322600,397000,403250,401000Hookworm in cats and dogs which can infect humans.
Parasites Ancylostoma Braziliense AdultXTRA680,900,2500,5500,13930,122500,322600,397600,403250,401000Hookworm in cats and dogs which can infect humans. Also see Larva Migrans, and Creeping Eruption programs.
Parasites Ancylostoma caninumETDF680,900,2500,13930,123530,383100,402900,400000,393000,386000Ancylostoma caninum is a species of nematode known as a hookworm, which principally infects the small intestine of dogs.
Parasites and Amoebas 4XTRA1865,444,125,95,72,20General program.
Parasites AscarisCAFL442,8146,751,1146,797,152Roundworm (nematode) usually found in small intestine.
Parasites Ascaris megalocephala (male)ETDF680,900,2500,13930,204510,337300,331000,403850,409700,408000Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the small intestinal roundworms, which is a type of parasitic worm.
Parasites Balantidium coli cystsETDF680,900,2500,13930,204510,337300,331000,458800,462900,460000Balantidium coli is an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes the infection called balantidiasis. While this type of infection is uncommon in the United States, humans and other mammals can become infected with Balantidium coli by ingesting infective cysts from food and water that is contaminated by feces.
Parasites Besnoitia Lung Sect.ETDF680,900,2500,13930,204510,337300,331000,352800,361400,358000Protozoan causing pedunculated (stalked) lesions in skin, nose, and larynx.
Parasites Blood FlukesCAFL329,419,635,847,5516,7391,9889Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes. They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed schistosomiasis, which is considered by the World Health Organization as the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide.
Parasites Brain and Spinal FlukesCAFL421,434Echinococcosis can produce large cysts in the brain. Coenurosis, like cysticercosis, produces cysts that can block the flow of fluid around the brain. Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by blood flukes.
Nerve
Parasites Capillaria HepaticaXTRA1060.91,21308.86Nematode inhabiting the liver.
Parasites Capillaria Hepatica Liver Sect.ETDF680,900,2500,13930,204510,337300,331000,424250,430650,428000Nematode inhabiting the liver.
Parasites Chilomastix Cysts RatETDF2500,13930,204510,337300,388950,390700,389000,426000,425200,427300GI tract protozoan not considered parasitic by medicine, but occurring with other parasite infections.
Parasites Chilomonas Whole MountETDF2500,13930,204510,337300,388950,390700,389000,393750,400000,398000GI tract protozoan not considered parasitic by medicine, but occurring with other parasite infections.
Parasites Clonorchis Sinensis 1XTRA1058.43,21259.08Liver fluke. Also for Fasciola Hepatica Cercariae.
Parasites Clonorchis Sinensis 2ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,122500,322600,425700,428750,427000Liver fluke.
Parasites Common Roundworm Cats and DogsETDF680,900,2500,13930,198510,323300,376900,404900,409150,408000Roundworm
Parasites Cryptocotyle Lingua AdultETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,122500,322600,409950,416000,414000Type of fluke found in fish.
Parasites Dientamoeba FragilisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,122500,322600,401350,406050,404000Parasitic amoeba found in GI tract. See Dientamoeba Fragilis, and Dientamoebiasis programs.
Parasites Dirofilaria Immitis Dog HeartwormETDF2500,13930,204510,337300,388950,390700,389000,408150,411150,409000Mosquito-borne filaria. See Dirofilaria Immitis, Heartworms, and Parasites Heartworms.
Parasites Echinoparyphium RecurvatumETDF2500,13930,204510,337300,388950,390700,389000,418550,423900,421000Fluke usually found in European freshwater snails. See Echinoparyphium Recurvatum programs.
Parasites Entamoeba coli trophozoitesETDF1420,4320,5500,13930,122500,322600,394250,397100,396000,432000ETDFL
Also for Parasites Endolimax nana trophozoites and cysts
Parasites Entamoeba gingivalis trophozoiteETDF810,1420,4320,5500,13930,122500,322600,441000,438000Amebiasis is a disease caused by infection with a parasitic amoeba that, when symptomatic, can cause dysentery and invasive extraintestinal problems. The cause of amebiasis is mainly the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
Parasites Entamoeba Gingivalis TrophozoiteXTRA810,1420,4320,5500,13930,122500,322600,433800,441000,438000Life cycle stage of protozoan found in dental spaces.
Parasites Entamoeba histolytica trophozoiteETDF1420,4320,5500,13930,122500,322600,394250,381100,387000,385000A parasitic infection of the colon with the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.
Parasites EnterobiasisCAFL20,120,773,826,827,835,4152Pinworms. Intestinal worms which cause itching of anal and perineal areas. See Anal Itching, and Pruritis programs.
Anus
Parasites Enterobius vermicularisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,420950,426300,423000The pinworm (species Enterobius vermicularis), also known as threadworm (in the United Kingdom and Australia) or seatworm, is a parasitic worm. It is a nematode (roundworm) and a common intestinal parasite or helminth, especially in humans.
Parasites Eurytrema pancreaticumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,420350,422300,421000Eurytrema pancreaticum is one of the most common flukes, which mainly infects ruminants globally and infects human beings accidentally; causing eurytremiasis that has high veterinary and economic importance.
Parasites Fasciola hepaticaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,421350,427300,425000Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans.
Parasites Fasciola hepatica cercariaeETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,423800,430600,427000Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans.
Parasites Fasciola hepatica eggsETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,422000,427600,425000Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans.
Parasites Fasciola Hepatica EggsKHZ20,320,680,950,7500,25910,62500,275410,454370,515430Egg stage of sheep liver fluke. See Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Fasciola Hepatica EggsXTRA1053.47,21159.5Egg stage of sheep liver fluke. See Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Fasciola hepatica miracidiaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,421750,424700,423000Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans.
Parasites Fasciola Hepatica MiracidiaKHZ20,320,650,950,13610,25000,62500,275430,451170,519680Free-living sheep liver fluke larvae. See Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Fasciola Hepatica Miracidia 1XTRA1048.5,21059.93Free-living sheep liver fluke larvae. See Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Fasciola hepatica rediaeETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,420600,427500,425000Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans.
Parasites Fasciola Hepatica RediaeKHZ20,320,730,950,2500,25410,62500,275430,452590,517500Free-living sheep liver fluke larvae with sucker. See Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Fasciolopsis Buski AdultKHZ30,230,830,5170,25430,37500,62500,150000,225910,475410The trematode Fasciolopsis buski, the largest intestinal fluke of humans.
Parasites Fasciolopsis Buski EggsKHZ30,250,830,5430,25000,37500,62500,150000,225430,479500Egg stage of liver fluke.
Parasites Fasciolopsis buskii adultETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,427700,435100,434000The trematode Fasciolopsis buski, the largest intestinal fluke of humans.
Parasites Fasciolopsis buskii eggsETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,427350,435450,434000The trematode Fasciolopsis buski, the largest intestinal fluke of humans.
Parasites Fasciolopsis cercariaeETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,429500,436250,434000Fasciolopsis is a genus of trematodes. Only one species is recognised: Fasciolopsis buski. It is a notable parasite of medical importance in humans and veterinary importance in pigs. It is prevalent in Southern and Eastern Asia.
Parasites Fasciolopsis CercariaeKHZ30,300,830,5250,25410,37500,62500,150000,225430,478500Intermediate stage of liver fluke.
Parasites Fasciolopsis miracidiaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,427350,435200,434000Fasciolopsis is a genus of trematodes. Only one species is recognised: Fasciolopsis buski. It is a notable parasite of medical importance in humans and veterinary importance in pigs. It is prevalent in Southern and Eastern Asia.
Parasites Fasciolopsis MiracidiaKHZ30,370,830,5170,25430,37500,62500,150000,225910,475410Free-living liver fluke larvae.
Parasites Fasciolopsis rediaeETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,427300,433000,432000Fasciolopsis is a genus of trematodes. Only one species is recognised: Fasciolopsis buski. It is a notable parasite of medical importance in humans and veterinary importance in pigs. It is prevalent in Southern and Eastern Asia.
Parasites Fasciolopsis RediaeKHZ30,460,870,5250,25430,37500,62500,150000,225000,475430Free-living liver fluke larvae with sucker.
Parasites FilarioseCAFL112,120,332,753Worms in blood and organs of mammals - larvae passed by biting insects.
Blood Organs
Parasites FilarioseETDF230,500,2800,5230,11910,91110,401430,434000,443210,454250Worms in blood and organs of mammals - larvae passed by biting insects.
Parasites Fischoederius ElongatusETDF190,520,780,1220,13390,5200,17500,72500,234250,425430Fluke found in ruminants.
Parasites FlatwormsETDF30,240,700,1290,12330,27500,35410,142000,357770,475910Flukes.
Parasites Flukes BloodETDF140,320,870,2580,17500,44430,72500,92500,151000,453720Fluke, also called blood fluke or trematode, any member of the invertebrate class Trematoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms that probably evolved from free-living forms millions of years ago. There are more than 10,000 species of flukes. They occur worldwide and range in size from about 5 millimetres (0.2 inch) to several centimetres; most do not exceed 100 millimetres (4 inches) in length.
Parasites Flukes GeneralETDF110,320,900,2530,17500,47430,78100,90000,157000,425410Trematoda is a clade within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes.
Parasites Flukes IntestinalETDF70,320,970,2380,15330,46370,73200,87520,153000,415700Only one species is recognised: Fasciolopsis buski. It is a notable parasite of medical importance in humans and veterinary importance in pigs. It is prevalent in Southern and Eastern Asia. The term for infestation with Fasciolopsis is fasciolopsiasis.
Parasites Flukes LiverETDF180,400,800,5500,27500,45370,72500,92500,132000,478500Liver flukeis a collective name of apolyphyleticgroup of parasitictrematodesunder the phylumPlatyhelminthes.They are principally parasites of theliverof variousmammals, including humans. Capable of moving along the blood circulation, they can occur also inbile ducts,gallbladder, and liverparenchyma. In these organs, they produce pathological lesions leading to parasitic diseases.
Parasites Flukes LymphETDF180,370,800,5250,13980,45430,72500,92500,351000,519340Some protozoa and parasitic flukes are also capable of causing infections of the human circulatory system. Although these infections are rare in the US, they continue to cause widespread suffering in the developing world today. Fungal infections of the circulatory system are very rare.
Parasites Flukes PancreaticETDF170,320,850,2750,17500,47300,75500,97500,151070,451040Also see Parasites Pancreatic Flukes, Pancreas Fluke, and Eurytrema Pancreaticum.
Parasites Flukes PancreaticKHZ170,320,500,2750,17500,47300,75500,97500,151070,451040Also see Parasites Pancreatic Flukes, Pancreas Fluke, and Eurytrema Pancreaticum.
Parasites Flukes Sheep LiverETDF150,380,930,2520,31200,43430,68500,98500,149280,496010See Parasites Fasciola Hepatica programs, Parasites Sheep Liver Flukes, and Liver Flukes.
Parasites Follicular MangeCAFL253,693,701,774Due to Demodex mites. See Follicular Mange.
Hair Skin
Parasites Follicular MangeETDF520,680,970,2500,27500,35910,95430,375370,533630,653690Due to Demodex mites. See Follicular Mange.
Parasites Gastrothylax elongatusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,451900,457100,455000Gastrothylax crumenifer (Platyhelminthes: Gastrothylacidae), is a highly pathogenic trematode parasite of goat.
Parasites Gastrothylax ElongatusKHZ20,240,750,930,2500,15440,42500,93500,342060,475430Type of intestinal fluke. Also see Fluke Intestinal, Parasites Intestinal Flukes, and Parasites General Flukes.
Parasites GeneralCAFL20,64,72,96,112,120,152,651,732,1360,2720,10000Short program.
Parasites GeneralETDF410,600,850,5170,22500,57500,322060,475430,575440,627000micropredation.Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General 1CAFL4412,2112,1862,1550,800,732,728,712,688,676,644,422,128,120A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.
Parasites General 2CAFL10000,3176,1998,1865,1840,880,800,780,770,740,728,727,690,665,660,465,444,440,125,120,95,80,72,47Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General 4XTRA187,294,387,453,562,697,752,772,844,947,1113,3437Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General Alternative VCAFL102,172,344,411,422,524,591,604,605,633,732,741,749,827,829,854,942,967,1522,4122micropredation.Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General ComprehensiveCAFL20,64,72,96,112,120,125,128,152,240,334,422,442,465,524,644,651,688,712,728,732,800,854,880,1550,1864,2112,2400,2720,4412,5000micropredation.Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General ComprehensiveETDF160,300,680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,356720,451170micropredation.Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction, but unlike predators, parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites General FlukesCAFL142,275,435,524,651,676,763,830,846,854,945,1850,2000,2003,2008,2013,2082,2150,6578,6641,6672,6766Pancreatic, liver, and intestinal flukes.
Pancreas Liver Intestines
Parasites GiardiaCAFL334,4334,5429,829,812,2018,407Protozoan that colonizes GI tract. See Giardia, Giardia Lamblia, Lamblia, and Giardia Intestinalis programs.
Intestines
Parasites GiardiaETDF50,120,900,5500,27500,15410,45000,421400,426300,424000Protozoan that colonizes GI tract. See Giardia, Giardia Lamblia, Lamblia, and Giardia Intestinalis programs.
Parasites GiardiaKHZ50,120,900,5500,27500,15410,45000,62500,92500,491230Protozoan that colonizes GI tract. See Giardia, Giardia Lamblia, Lamblia, and Giardia Intestinalis programs.
Parasites Giardia LambliaKHZ10,320,650,900,5870,7500,37500,150000,375430,519340Protozoan that colonizes GI tract. See Giardia, Giardia Lamblia, Lamblia, and Giardia Intestinalis programs.
Parasites giardia lamblia (trophozoites)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,421400,426300,424000Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasitic microorganism, that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc or sucker, and reproduces via binary fission.
Parasites Giardia Lamblia Type 2ETDF40,320,650,900,5870,7500,37500,421400,426300,424000Protozoan that colonizes GI tract. See Giardia, Giardia Lamblia, Lamblia, and Giardia Intestinalis programs.
Parasites GyrodactylusETDF160,300,570,850,12330,2750,20000,150000,326070,479500Skin parasite found in fish.
Parasites GyrodactylusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,378750,381800,380000Skin parasite found in fish.
Parasites Haemonchus contortusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,386800,395500,393000Parasitic worm.
Parasites Haemonchus ContortusKHZ30,120,800,2500,15410,27500,40000,67500,104500,497500Parasitic worm.
Parasites Hasstile sig. tricolor (adult)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,448050,455100,453000A parasitic relationship is one in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death. The parasite lives on or in the body of the host. A few examples of parasites are tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles.
Parasites HeartwormsCAFL543,2322,200,535,1077,799Mosquito-borne filaria. See Dirofilaria Immitis, Heartworms, Parasites Dirofilaria Immitis Dog Heartworm, and Parasites Heartworms.
Lung
Parasites HeartwormsETDF130,220,930,5500,17500,32500,52500,70000,92500,122530Mosquito-borne filaria. See Dirofilaria Immitis, Heartworms, Parasites Dirofilaria Immitis Dog Heartworm, and Parasites Heartworms.
Parasites HelminthosporiumCAFL793,969,164,5243Pathogenic plant fungi, some of which can infect man.
Skin
Parasites HelminthosporiumETDF40,320,650,900,5750,7500,37500,150000,375410,496010Pathogenic plant fungi, some of which can infect man.
Parasites HookwormCAFL6.8,440,2008,6436,5868See Hookworm, Ancylostoma, Larva Migrans, and Creeping Eruption programs.
Intestines
Parasites HookwormETDF160,300,570,950,2500,5500,20000,150000,319340,478500See Hookworm, Ancylostoma, Larva Migrans, and Creeping Eruption programs.
Parasites Hypodereum conoideumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,424450,429550,427000Hypoderaeum conoideum is a species of digenetic trematodes in the family Echinostomatidae. The known first intermediate hosts of Hypoderaeum conoideum include the freshwater snails Planorbarius corneus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea limosa, Radix ovata and Radix rubiginosa.
Parasites Intestinal FlukesCAFL524,651,676,844,848,2008,2084,2128,2150,6766Experimental. See Fasciolopsis programs, Parasites Flukes Intestinal, and Fluke Intestinal programs.
Intestines
Parasites Iodamoeba butschliiETDF680,900,2500,5500,398150,404750,437850,448500,445000,402000Iodamoeba bźtschlii is a species of amoeba. It gets its name from its appearance when stained with iodine. Named for Otto Bźtschli by Prowazek in 1912, Iodamoeba bźtschlii is a nonpathogenic parasitic ameba, commonly found in the large intestines of people, pigs and other mammals.
Parasites Leishmania braziliensisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,400050,405100,403000Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin, mouth, and nasal conditions. See Leishmania Braziliensis, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania BraziliensisCAFL787Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin, mouth, and nasal conditions. See Leishmania Braziliensis, and Leishmaniasis programs. Other use: swollen eyelid.
Skin
Parasites Leishmania BraziliensisKHZ50,460,950,7500,32500,50000,67500,125430,275910,453720Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin, mouth, and nasal conditions. See Leishmania Braziliensis, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania donovaniETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,398000,402650,400000Protozoan spread by sandflies causing spleen and liver enlargement, and infection of bone marrow. See Leishmaniasis, Leishmania Donovani, and Leishman Donovan Bodies programs.
Parasites Leishmania DonovaniKHZ50,230,900,7500,32500,50000,67500,150000,275430,524370Protozoan spread by sandflies causing spleen and liver enlargement, and infection of bone marrow. See Leishmaniasis, Leishmania Donovani, and Leishman Donovan Bodies programs.
Parasites Leishmania mexicanaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,400200,403800,402000Protozoan spread by sandflies causing milder form of Leishmaniasis. This can be more serious in those with defective T-cell immunity. See Leishmania Mexicana, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania MexicanaKHZ50,550,950,7500,32500,50000,67500,150000,269710,536420Protozoan spread by sandflies causing milder form of Leishmaniasis. This can be more serious in those with defective T-cell immunity. See Leishmania Mexicana, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania tropicaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,402100,407400,405000Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin problems. See Leishmania Tropica, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania TropicaCAFL791Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin problems. See Leishmania Tropica, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites Leishmania TropicaKHZ50,120,800,7500,32500,50000,67500,150000,275000,519340Protozoan spread by sandflies causing skin problems. See Leishmania Tropica, and Leishmaniasis programs.
Parasites LeucocytozoonETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,397450,402550,400000Leucocytozoon parasites infect many species of avian hosts, including domestic chicken.
Parasites Liver FlukesCAFL143,238,275,676,763,6641,6672Liver fluke is a collective name of a polyphyletic group of parasitic trematodes under the phylum Platyhelminthes.They are principally parasites of the liver of various mammals, including humans.
Liver
Parasites Loa loaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,360550,361000Loa loa is the filarial nematode species that causes Loa loa filariasis. Loa loa actually means worm worm, but is commonly known as the eye worm, as it localizes to the conjunctiva of the eye. Loa loa is commonly found in Africa. It mainly inhabits rain forests in West Africa and has native origins in Ethiopia.
Parasites Lymph FlukesCAFL157,10050Also see Liver flukes.
Lymph
Parasites MacracanthorhynchusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,438850,442800,440000Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus is an acanthocephalan parasite which lives in the intestines of pigs and other suids, and very occasionally in humans or dogs. It causes enteritis, gastritis or peritonitis. Its life cycle includes beetles of the genus Melolontha as intermediate hosts.
Parasites MacracanthorhynchusKHZ120,230,600,2500,10890,2750,30000,122530,210500,455820Parasitic worm found in GI tract of pigs and boars.
Parasites Metagonimus YokogawaiETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,437350,442100,440000Fluke found in fish which can infect man.
Parasites Metagonimus YokogawaiKHZ70,120,680,950,2500,7500,27500,92500,275430,526070Fluke found in fish which can infect man.
Parasites MyxosomaETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,409600,416950,414000Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations.
Parasites Naegleria fowleriETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,356900,364350,362000Naegleria fowleri infects people when water containing the ameba enters the body through the nose. This typically occurs when people go swimming or diving in warm freshwater places, like lakes and rivers. The Naegleria fowleri ameba then travels up the nose to the brain where it destroys the brain tissue.
Parasites NematodeKHZ70,120,680,950,2500,7500,27500,92500,269710,497610Also see Parasites Roundworm programs, Round Worms, and Roundworm.
Parasites Onchocerca volvulus (tumor)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,436300,442100,440000Onchocerciasis, or River Blindness, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus.
Parasites Pancreatic FlukesCAFL1850,2000,2003,2008,2013,2050,2080,6578Experimental. Also see Parasites Flukes Pancreatic, Pancreas Fluke, and Eurytrema Pancreaticum.
Pancreas
Parasites Pancreatic FlukesETDF70,520,750,970,2500,12330,22500,65430,322060,475430Also see Parasites Flukes Pancreatic, Pancreas Fluke, and Eurytrema Pancreaticum.
Parasites Paragonimus WestermaniKHZ120,230,600,2750,5430,2500,32500,126070,210500,519340Paragonimus westermani is the major species of lung fluke that infects humans, causing paragonimiasis.
Parasites Paragonimus Westermanii adultETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,437800,454200,452000,447000Paragonimus westermani is the major species of lung fluke that infects humans, causing paragonimiasis.
Parasites Passalurus ambiguusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,428800,444150,441000,437000Passalurus ambiguus, the common rabbit pinworm, is host-specific. 3. It inhabits the small intestine, cecum, and colon, passing eggs into the feces without causing clinical signs.
Parasites Passalurus AmbiguusKHZ130,400,600,950,5170,7250,20000,90000,175440,478500Pinworms found in rabbits and hares. See Passalurus Ambiguus programs.
Parasites Plasmodium cynomolgiETDF680,900,2500,9200,25300,13930,93500,417300,424500,422000Plasmodium cynomolgi is an apicomplexan parasite that infects mosquitoes and Asian Old World monkeys.
Parasites Plasmodium falciparumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,372300,373800,373000Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. It is responsible for roughly 50% of all malaria cases.
Parasites Plasmodium vivaxETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,438150,445100,442000Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria.
Parasites Pneumocystis carnii (lung)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,405750,409150,407000Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening lung infection that can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Parasites Prosthogonimus macrorchis(eggs)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,396850,404750,401000Prosthogonimus macrorchis is an avian parasite found in regions of the United States and Canada near the Great Lakes.
Parasites Roundworm GeneralCAFL20,104,112,120,128,152,240,332,422,543,650,688,721,732,772,827,835,942,2720,3212,4152,4412,5897,7159Also called nematodes. Also see Parasites Nematode, Round Worms, and Roundworm programs.
Intestines
Parasites RoundwormsETDF60,520,620,930,2500,15440,42500,100000,376290,450000Also called nematodes. Also see Parasites Nematode, Round Worms, and Roundworm programs.
Parasites SarcocystisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,450550,454950,452000Only two species of Sarcocystis are known to utilize humans as a definitive host: S. hominis and S. suihominis. Humans become dead-end hosts when they ingest the oocysts of Sarcocystis species whose definitive hosts are mammalian species other than humans.
Parasites ScabiesCAFL90,94,98,102,106,110,253,693,920,1436,2871,5742,90-110Sarcoptic mange is a contagious dermatitis found in many animals caused by scabies mites. Also see Scabies, and Sarcoptes Scabiei Itch programs.
Skin
Parasites ScabiesETDF70,120,800,5500,15000,27500,510200,667500,890520,907500Sarcoptic mange is a contagious dermatitis found in many animals caused by scabies mites. Also see Scabies, and Sarcoptes Scabiei Itch programs.
Parasites Schistosoma haematobiumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,387000,473000Blood flukes. Associated with bladder problems. Also see Schistosoma Haematobium, and Blood Fluke programs.
Parasites Schistosoma HaematobiumCAFL847,867,635Blood flukes. Associated with bladder problems. Also see Schistosoma Haematobium, and Blood Fluke programs.
Bladder
Parasites Schistosoma HaematobiumETDF170,550,950,5250,25000,37500,162500,397500,536420,702530Blood flukes. Associated with bladder problems. Also see Schistosoma Haematobium, and Blood Fluke programs.
Parasites Schistosoma HaematobiumETDF180,240,600,870,2250,27500,55440,181210,325830,625430Blood flukes. Associated with bladder problems. Also see Schistosoma Haematobium, and Blood Fluke programs.
Parasites Schistosoma mansoniETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,387000,353000Blood flukes. Associated with bladder problems. Also see Schistosoma Haematobium, and Blood Fluke programs.
Parasites Schistosoma MansoniCAFL329,9889Blood flukes which can cause symptoms identical to Hepatitis C. Also see Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni, and Blood Flukes programs.
Intestines
Parasites Schistosoma MansoniETDF370,950,2750,3000,72500,96500,375430,175440,375910,598220Blood flukes which can cause symptoms identical to Hepatitis C. Also see Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni, and Blood Flukes programs.
Parasites Sheep Liver FlukesCAFL826,830,834See Parasites Fasciola Hepatica programs, Parasites Flukes Sheep Liver, and Liver Flukes.
Liver
Parasites Stephanurus dentatus (ova)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,457350,463100,461000Stephanurus dentatus are stout-bodied worms (2Đ4.5 cm long) found encysted in pairs along the ureters in the perirenal fat and in the kidney.
Parasites StigeocloniumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,404250,415250,412000,407000Stigeoclonium is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetophoraceae.
Parasites Streptococcus PneumoniaeETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,366850,370200,368000Pathogen causing Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Rhinitis, acute Sinusitis, Otitis Media, Conjunctivitis, Meningitis, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Osteomyelitis, septic Arthritis, Endocarditis, Peritonitis, Pericarditis, Cellulitis, and Brain Abscess. Also see Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Parasites Streptococcus pyogenes (tooth)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,360500,375300,373000Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive, aerotolerant bacterium in the genus Streptococcus. These bacteria are extracellular, and made up of non-motile and non-sporing cocci. It is clinically important for humans. It is an infrequent, but usually pathogenic, part of the skin microbiota.
Parasites Streptococcus sp. group G (tooth)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,368150,368850,368000Group C and G streptococcal infections are largely spread through secretions of the nose and throat of infected people, or person-to-person spread through direct contamination of wounds. Other types of Streptococcus bacteria can be spread from animals to humans and from humans to animals.
Parasites StrongyloidesCAFL332,422,721,732,749,942,3212,4412Roundworm which can infect human skin, lungs, and GI tract. Common in Morgellons. See Strongyloides, Parasites Strongyloides Secondary, Parasites Threadworm, and Strongyloidiasis.
Intestines
Parasites Strongyloides SecondaryCAFL380,698,722,738,746,752,776,1113Roundworm which can infect human skin, lungs, and GI tract. Common in Morgellons. See Strongyloides, Parasites Strongyloides, Parasites Threadworm, and Strongyloidiasis.
Parasites Sub terminal sporesETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,385150,385950When spores are exposed to favorable conditions, they can germinate into a vegetative cell within 90 minutes. Endospores can form within different areas of the vegetative cell. They can be central, subterminal, or terminal. ... Subterminal endospores are located between the middle and the end of the cell.
Parasites TaeniaCAFL164,187,453,523,542,623,803,843,854,1223,3032,5522See Parasites Tapeworms programs, Taenia, and Taeniasis. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Intestines
Parasites TapewormsCAFL164,453,523,542,623,843,854,1223,803,3032See Taenia and Parasites Taenia. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Intestines
Parasites TapewormsETDF100,250,680,5750,2750,7500,96500,226070,475440,527000See Taenia and Parasites Taenia. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Parasites Tapeworms EchinococcinumCAFL164,453,542,623Tapeworms found in dogs, wolves, cats, and rodents that can infect humans. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Intestines
Parasites Tapeworms EchinococcinumETDF100,250,680,5870,2500,7500,96500,215700,475000,527000Tapeworms found in dogs, wolves, cats, and rodents that can infect humans. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Parasites Tapeworms SecondaryCAFL142,187,624,662Tapeworms found in dogs, wolves, cats, and rodents that can infect humans. Dr. Hulda Clark recommended a zapper for tapeworm.
Intestines
Parasites ThreadwormETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,398400,402000,400000Roundworm which can infect human skin, lungs, and GI tract. Common in Morgellons. See Strongyloides, Parasites Strongyloides, Parasites Threadworm, and Strongyloidiasis.
Parasites Tobacco mosaic virusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,427150,420550,428000Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus in genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as mosaic-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves.
Parasites Toxoplasma (human strain)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388000,395000,422000Toxoplasmosis (tok-so-plaz-MOE-sis) is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat, exposure from infected cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.
Parasites Treponema pallidum causes syphilisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,346850,347400,347000Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws and is transmitted only amongst humans.
Parasites Trichinella SpiralisXTRA1002.65,20138.86Nematode commonly found in undercooked pork causing Trichinosis. Also see Trichinella Spiralis Muscle, and Parasites Trichinosis programs.
Parasites Trichinella spiralis (muscle)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,403850,405570,404500Nematode commonly found in undercooked pork causing Trichinosis.
Parasites TrichinosisCAFL101,541,822,1054,1372Caused by ingestion of Trichinella Spiralis, usually in undercooked pork. See Trichinella Spiralis Muscle, Trichinosis, and Parasites Trichinella Spiralis programs.
Intestines
Parasites TrichinosisKHZ20,350,750,930,5750,7500,45440,93500,225910,453720Caused by ingestion of Trichinella Spiralis, usually in undercooked pork. See Trichinella Spiralis Muscle, Trichinosis, and Parasites Trichinella Spiralis programs.
Parasites Trichomonas vaginalisETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,378000,383600,381000Trichomoniasis (or ŇtrichÓ) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.
Parasites Trichomonas VaginalisKHZ40,320,730,970,10530,15000,85430,210500,451170,515440Sexually transmitted infection of protozoan causing vaginitis in women and urethritis in men. See Trichomonas programs.
Parasites TrichurisKHZ50,120,750,800,5170,17500,67500,222530,225910,454370Type of Roundworm called Whipworm. Also see Parasites Whipworm, Whipworm Infections, Trichuris Species Male, and Roundworm programs.
Parasites Trichuris sp. (male)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,388300,408900,406000Trichomoniasis (or ŇtrichÓ) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.
Parasites Troglodytella abrassariETDF680,900,2500,5500,93500,416900,422200,385200,383000,419000Virus program
Parasites Trypanosoma bruceiETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,423200,431400,429000Protozoan causing Sleeping Sickness. Also see Trypanosoma Brucei, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma BruceiKHZ130,570,850,55250,67500,122290,182500,291320,350000,519340Protozoan causing Sleeping Sickness. Also see Trypanosoma Brucei, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma cruzi (brain tissue)ETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,460200,465650,463000Chagas disease (also termed American trypanosomiasis) is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi) that can result in acute inflammatory skin changes (chagomas) and eventually may cause infection and inflammation of many other body tissues, especially those of the heart and intestinal tract.
Parasites Trypanosoma Cruzi Brain TissueXTRA11525.7,1147.66Protozoan causing Chagas Disease. cardiac, GI tract, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Also see Trypanosoma Cruzi (Brain Tissue) programs, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma equiperdumETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,434600,451250,448000,442000,438000Protozoan causing equine diseases. Also see Trypanosoma Equiperdum programs, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma EquiperdumETDF130,570,850,5750,7500,20000,52500,90000,358570,475440Protozoan causing equine diseases. Also see Trypanosoma Equiperdum programs, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma gambienseETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,393750,398700,396000Variety of Trypanosoma Brucei causing slow onset of Trypanosomiasis. See Trypanosoma Gambiense programs, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma GambienseETDF130,570,850,13610,7500,15910,52500,90000,357770,534250Variety of Trypanosoma Brucei causing slow onset of Trypanosomiasis. See Trypanosoma Gambiense programs, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma lewisiETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,424500,426000,425000Protozoan found in rats and carried by their fleas which can cause disease in humans.
Parasites Trypanosoma LewisiETDF150,120,620,830,10530,2750,15910,96500,225410,524370Protozoan found in rats and carried by their fleas which can cause disease in humans. See Trypanosoma Lewisi, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma LewisiETDF60,570,850,5250,7000,20000,52500,90000,356720,425430Protozoan found in rats and carried by their fleas which can cause disease in humans. See Trypanosoma Lewisi, and Trypanosomiasis.
Parasites Trypanosoma rhodesienseETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,423500,428550,426000Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasite is the cause of a vector-borne disease of vertebrate animals, including humans, carried by genera of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. In humans T. brucei causes African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness.
Parasites Trypanosoma RhodesienseETDF130,570,850,5170,37100,102790,352500,591020,652930,952590Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasite is the cause of a vector-borne disease of vertebrate animals, including humans, carried by genera of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. In humans T. brucei causes African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness.
Parasites Trypanosoma RhodesienseETDF70,220,680,970,2250,5750,25430,125000,226320,456500Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasite is the cause of a vector-borne disease of vertebrate animals, including humans, carried by genera of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. In humans T. brucei causes African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness.
Parasites TurbatrixCAFL104Also called vinegar eels. Non-parasitic nematodes feeding on mother of vinegar, filtered by suppliers. Other use: Psoriasis.
Parasites TurbatrixETDF20,230,730,2500,5250,7000,32500,95910,175410,475430Also called vinegar eels. Non-parasitic nematodes feeding on mother of vinegar, filtered by suppliers.
Parasites TurbatrixETDF240,700,970,2500,27500,45830,67500,97500,325360,451170Also called vinegar eels. Non-parasitic nematodes feeding on mother of vinegar, filtered by suppliers.
Parasites UrocleidusETDF130,230,750,850,5250,7250,45000,87500,95360,150000Fluke found in fish. Also see Urocleidus.
Parasites UrocleidusETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,442350,450000,447000Fluke found in fish. Also see Urocleidus.
Parasites UrocleidusETDF80,400,730,900,5170,2500,12710,97500,250000,422530Fluke found in fish. Also see Urocleidus.
Parasites Veillonella disparETDF680,900,2500,5500,13930,93500,386400,401750,405200,403000Veillonella are anaerobic, gram-negative cocci, part of the normal flora of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. Veillonella dispar, V. atypica, and V. parvula have been cultured from human specimens. They are infrequently isolated in human infections.
Parasites WhipwormXTRA13134.37,12687.5,20213.54Type of Roundworm. Also see Parasites Trichuris, Whipworm Infections, and Trichuris Species Male programs.
Parathyroid DiseasesETDF190,500,700,970,13390,102750,342500,467500,696500,825430Disorders of parathyroid gland's function, usually causing Hyperparathyroidism.
ParesisCAFL9.4Partial loss, weakness, or impairment of movement. Other uses: Erythema, prostate problems.
Muscle
ParesthesiaCAFL5.5Tingling, tickling, prickling, or burning skin sensation with no apparent cause. Other uses: hormonal imbalances, connect to inner guidance.
Parkinsonian DisordersETDF570,780,900,5250,7000,115710,255830,485430,692500,825000Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinson's Disease programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.
Parkinson's DiseaseBIO813Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinsonian Disorders programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.

Encyclopedia Entry for Parkinson's Disease :
Parkinson's disease. Can be caused by Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus (XMRV), Influenza A virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma Fermentans, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and Nocardia Asteroides.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Parkinson's DiseaseCAFL470,693,813,1.1,5000,1131,33Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinsonian Disorders programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.
Nerve

Encyclopedia Entry for Parkinson's Disease :
Parkinson's disease. Can be caused by Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus (XMRV), Influenza A virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma Fermentans, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and Nocardia Asteroides.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Parkinson's DiseaseKHZ80,350,650,830,9500,115710,255830,485430,692500,825000Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinsonian Disorders programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.

Encyclopedia Entry for Parkinson's Disease :
Parkinson's disease. Can be caused by Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus (XMRV), Influenza A virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma Fermentans, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and Nocardia Asteroides.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Parkinson's Tremor Temporary ReliefCAFL6000,130,169Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinsonian Disorders programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.
Parkinson's VCAFL577,742,134,611,310,827,442,871,314,1422,733,569,531,813,744,840,658,524,4334,172Slowly progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder. See Morbus Parkinson and Parkinsonian Disorders programs. Also Use Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and see Nocardia Asteroides.
ParonychiaETDF20,320,620,970,112850,213930,325280,516070,616520,773500Painful fungal (usually Candida Albicans) or bacterial (usually Streptococcus Pyogenes) infection of finger where nail and skin meet.

Encyclopedia Entry for Paronychia :
Paronychia - Candida albicans (yeast), Herpes Simplex virus (herpes virus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Paronychia :
Paronychia. Paronychia is common. It is from injury to the area, such as biting off or picking a hangnail or from trimming or pushing back the cuticle. The infection is caused by: Bacteria Candida (yeast), a type of fungus Other types of fungi A bacterial and fungal infection can occur at the same time. Fungal paronychia may occur in people who: Have a fungal nail infection Have diabetes Expose their hands to water a lot.
Main symptom is a painful, red, swollen area around the nail, often at the cuticle or at the site of a hangnail or other injury. There may be pus-filled blisters , especially with a bacterial infection. Bacteria cause the condition to come on suddenly. If all or part of the infection is due to a fungus, it tends to occur more slowly. Nail changes may occur. For example, the nail may look detached, abnormally shaped, or have an unusual color. If the infection spreads to the rest of the body, symptoms may include: Fever, chills Development of red streaks along the skin General ill feeling Joint pain Muscle pain.
The health care provider can usually diagnose this condition by simply looking at the sore skin. Pus or fluid may be drained and sent to a laboratory to determine what type of bacteria or fungus is causing the infection.
If you have bacterial paronychia, soaking your nail in warm water 2 or 3 times a day helps reduce swelling and pain. Your provider may prescribe oral antibiotics. In severe cases, your provider may cut and drain the sore with a sharp instrument. Part of the nail may need to be removed. If you have chronic fungal paronychia, your provider may prescribe antifungal medicine.
Paronychia often responds well to treatment. But, fungal infections may last for several months.
Complications are rare, but may include: Abscess Permanent changes in the shape of the nail Spread of infection to tendons, bones, or bloodstream.
Call your provider if: Paronychia symptoms continue despite treatment Symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop.
To prevent paronychia: Care for the nails and the skin around the nails properly. Avoid damaging the nails or fingertips. Because the nails grow slowly, an injury can last for months. DO NOT bite or pick the nails. Protect the nails from exposure to detergents and chemicals by using rubber or plastic gloves. Gloves with cotton liners are best. Bring your own manicure tools to nail salons. Do not allow the manicurist to work on your cuticles. To minimize the risk of damage to the nails: Keep fingernails smooth and trim them weekly. Trim toenails about once a month. Use sharp manicure scissors or clippers for trimming fingernails and toenails, and an emery board for smoothing the edges. Trim nails after bathing, when they are softer. Trim fingernails with a slightly rounded edge. Trim toenails straight across and do not cut them too short. DO NOT trim cuticles or use cuticle removers. Cuticle removers can damage the skin around the nail. Trimming the cuticle damages the skin at the base of the nail. This can allow germs to enter, which can lead to infection.
Infection - skin around the nail.
Paronychia, candidial Paronychia, candidial Nail infection, candidal Nail infection, candidal.
Habif TP. Nail diseases.
Parrot FeverCAFL233,338,332,583,859,1217Bacterial disease of parrots and other birds transmissible to man and causing atypical pneumonia. See Ornithosis, and Psittacosis programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Parrot Fever :
Parrot fever - Ornithosis- Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular)
Parvovirus CanineBIO185,323,562,613,622,1000,4027Also see Canine Parvovirus, and Canine Parvo programs.
Parvovirus CanineCAFL637,185,323,562,613,622,1000,4027Also see Canine Parvovirus, and Canine Parvo programs.
Dogs
Passalurus Ambiguus_1HC428800-444150Pinworms found in rabbits and hares. See Parasites Passalurus Ambiguus.
Passalurus Ambiguus_2HC437000Pinworms found in rabbits and hares. See Parasites Passalurus Ambiguus.
Pasteurella CombinationBIO913Homeopathic nosode for bacterial diseases spread by animal bites.
Pathogens Converge SweepXTRA475786.75-480213.25Wave=Sine, X=96, Spectrum=84.1%. Out2 = Out1 x -1 + 956000 Hz. Targets all pathogens in Dr. Hulda Clark's range. Use Spooky Boost to combine both outputs, or connect another Spooky Remote to Out 2. Do not use with Spooky Central.
Pause 1 DayXTRA0Delay/wait for a day - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 24 hours.
Pause 1 HourXTRA0Delay/wait for an hour - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 1 hour.
Pause 10 SecondsXTRA0Delay/wait for 10 seconds - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 10 seconds.
Pause 15 SecondsXTRA0Delay/wait for 15 seconds - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 15 seconds.
Pause 30 SecondsXTRA0Delay/wait for 30 seconds - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 30 seconds.
Pause 5 SecondsXTRA0Delay/wait for 5 seconds - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 5 seconds.
Pause 60 SecondsXTRA0Delay/wait for 60 seconds - when 'Repeat each frequency program' = 1, this transmits 0Hz for 60 seconds.
PellagraETDF190,230,950,82500,192710,227500,452020,592500,731310,815720Due to B3/niacin or tryptophan deficiency. Causes Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Dementia. Also see Avitaminosis, and Vitamin Deficiency (Avitaminosis) programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pellagra :
Pellagra. Pellagra is caused by having too little niacin or tryptophan in the diet. It can also occur if the body fails to absorb these nutrients. It may develop after gastrointestinal diseases or with alcohol use, HIV/AIDS , or anorexia. The disease is common in parts of the world where people have a lot of corn in their diet.
Symptoms of pellagra include: Delusions or mental confusion Diarrhea Nausea (sometimes) Inflamed mucous membrane Scaly skin sores.
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. You will be asked about the foods you eat. Tests that may be done include urine tests to check if your body has enough niacin. Blood tests may also be done.
The goal of treatment is to increase your body's niacin level. You will be prescribed niacin supplements. You may also need to take other supplements. Follow your provider's instructions exactly on how much and how often to take the supplements. Symptoms due to the pellagra, such as skin sores, will be treated. If you have conditions that are causing the pellagra, these will also be treated.
People often do well after taking niacin.
Left untreated, pellagra can result in nerve damage, particularly in the brain. Skin sores may become infected.
Call your provider if you have any symptoms of pellagra.
Pellagra can be prevented by following a well-balanced diet. Get treated for health problems that may cause pellagra.
Vitamin B3 deficiency; Deficiency - niacin; Nicotinic acid deficiency.
Vitamin B3 deficit Vitamin B3 deficit.
Crook MA. The importance of recognizing pellagra (niacin deficiency) as it still occurs. Nutrition. 2014;30(6):729-730. PMID: 24679717 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679717. So YT. Deficiency diseases of the nervous system.
Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseCAFL2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,787,776,727,690,666,650,625,600,465,444,522,95,72,450,428Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and inside of pelvis, usually by Neisseria Gonorrheae, or Chlamydia Trachomatis. See Fallopian Tube Infection, Salpingitis, Gonorrhea, and General Antiseptic programs.
Uterus

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - two most common : Neiserria gonorrhoeae (G- coccus), Chlamydia trachomatis, then Anaerobic bacteria (ex. Bacteroides), Facultative Gram negative rods (ex. E. coli), Mycoplasma hominis, Actinomyces israelii (IUD recipients: G+ rod)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - aftercare. To fully treat PID, you may need to take one or more antibiotics. Taking antibiotic medicine will help clear the infection in about 2 weeks. Take this medicine at the same time every day. Take all the medicine you were prescribed, even if you feel better. The infection can come back if you do not take all of it. DO NOT share antibiotics with others. DO NOT take antibiotics that were prescribed for a different illness. Ask if you should avoid any foods, alcohol, or other medications while taking antibiotics for PID. To prevent PID from coming back, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If your partner is not treated, your partner can infect you again. Both you and your partner must take all the antibiotics prescribed to you. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated to avoid reinfection.
Antibiotics can have side effects, including: Nausea Diarrhea Stomach pain Rash and itching Vaginal yeast infection Let your provider know if you experience any side effects. DO NOT cut back or stop taking your medicine without taking with your doctor. Antibiotics kill the bacteria that cause PID. But they also kill other types of helpful bacteria in your body. This can cause diarrhea or vaginal yeast infections in women. Probiotics are small organisms found in yogurt and some supplements. Probiotics are thought to help friendly bacteria grow in your gut. This may help prevent diarrhea. However, studies are mixed about the benefits of probiotics. You can try eating yogurt with live cultures or taking supplements to help prevent side effects. Be sure to tell your provider if you take any supplements.
The only sure way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). But you can reduce your risk of PID by: Practicing safe sex Having a sexual relationship with only one person Using a condom every time you have sex.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
PID - aftercare; Oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingitis - aftercare; Salpingo - oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingo - peritonitis - aftercare; STD - PID aftercare; Sexually transmitted disease - PID aftercare; GC - PID aftercare; Gonococcal - PID aftercare; Chlamydia - PID aftercare.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy.
Richards DB, Paull BB. Pelvic inflammatory disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection caused by bacteria. When bacteria from the vagina or cervix travel to your womb, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, they can cause an infection. Most of the time, PID is caused by bacteria from chlamydia and gonorrhea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Having unprotected sex with someone who has an STI can cause PID. Bacteria normally found in the cervix can also travel into the uterus and fallopian tubes during a medical procedure such as: Childbirth Endometrial biopsy (removing a small piece of your womb lining to test for cancer) Getting an intrauterine device (IUD) Miscarriage Abortion In the United States, nearly 1 million women have PID each year. About 1 in 8 sexually active girls will have PID before age 20. You are more likely to get PID if: You have a sex partner with gonorrhea or chlamydia. You have sex with many different people. You have had an STI in the past. You have recently had PID. You have contracted gonorrhea or chlamydia and have an IUD. You have had sex before age 20.
Common symptoms of PID include: Fever Pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower belly, or lower back Fluid from your vagina that has an unusual color, texture, or smell Other symptoms that may occur with PID: Bleeding after intercourse Chills Being very tired Pain when you urinate Having to urinate often Period cramps that hurt more than usual or last longer than usual Unusual bleeding or spotting during your period Not feeling hungry Nausea and vomiting Skipping your period Pain when you have intercourse You can have PID and not have any severe symptoms. For example, chlamydia can cause PID with no symptoms. Women who have an ectopic pregnancy or who are infertile often have PID caused by chlamydia. An ectopic pregnancy is when an egg grows outside of the uterus. It puts the mother's life in danger.
Your health care provider may do a pelvic exam to look for: Bleeding from your cervix. The cervix is the opening to your uterus. Fluid coming out of your cervix. Pain when your cervix is touched. Tenderness in your uterus, tubes, or ovaries. You may have lab tests to check for signs of body-wide infection: C-reactive protein (CRP) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) WBC count Other tests include: A swab taken of your vagina or cervix. This sample will be checked for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other causes of PID. Pelvic ultrasound or CT scan to see what else may be causing your symptoms. Appendicitis or pockets of infection around your tubes and ovaries, called tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), may cause similar symptoms. Pregnancy test.
Your provider will often have you start taking antibiotics while waiting for your test results. If you have mild PID: Your provider will give you a shot containing an antibiotic. You will be sent home with antibiotic pills to take for up to 2 weeks. You will need to follow-up closely with your provider. If you have more severe PID: You may need to stay in the hospital. You may be given antibiotics through a vein (IV). Later, you may be given antibiotic pills to take by mouth. There are many different antibiotics that can treat PID. Some are safe for pregnant women. Which type you take depends on the cause of the infection. You may receive a different treatment if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia. If your PID is caused by an STI like gonorrhea or chlamydia, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated. If your partner is not treated, he or she can infect you again, or can infect other people in the future. Both you and your partner must finish taking all of the prescribed antibiotics. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics.
PID infections can cause scarring of the pelvic organs. This can lead to: Long-term (chronic) pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancy Infertility Tubo-ovarian abscess If you have a serious infection that does not improve with antibiotics, you may need surgery.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
Get prompt treatment for STIs. You can help prevent PID by practicing safer sex. The only absolute way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). You can reduce your risk by having a sexual relationship with only one person. This is called being monogamous. Your risk will also be reduced if you and your sexual partners get tested for STIs before starting a sexual relationship. Using a condom every time you have sex also reduces your risk. Here is how you can reduce your risk of PID: Get regular STI screening tests. If you are a new couple, get tested before starting to have sex. Testing can detect infections that are not causing symptoms. If you are a sexually active woman age 24 or younger, get screened each year for chlamydia and gonorrhea. All women with new sexual partners or multiple partners should also be screened.
PID; Oophoritis; Salpingitis; Salpingo - oophoritis; Salpingo - peritonitis.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Endometritis Endometritis Uterus Uterus.
McKinzie J. Sexually transmitted diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Source of disease: multiple
Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseETDF40,460,33010,72500,117590,231900,509020,645440,819340,915000Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and inside of pelvis, usually by Neisseria Gonorrheae, or Chlamydia Trachomatis. See Fallopian Tube Infection, Salpingitis, Gonorrhea, and General Antiseptic programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - two most common : Neiserria gonorrhoeae (G- coccus), Chlamydia trachomatis, then Anaerobic bacteria (ex. Bacteroides), Facultative Gram negative rods (ex. E. coli), Mycoplasma hominis, Actinomyces israelii (IUD recipients: G+ rod)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - aftercare. To fully treat PID, you may need to take one or more antibiotics. Taking antibiotic medicine will help clear the infection in about 2 weeks. Take this medicine at the same time every day. Take all the medicine you were prescribed, even if you feel better. The infection can come back if you do not take all of it. DO NOT share antibiotics with others. DO NOT take antibiotics that were prescribed for a different illness. Ask if you should avoid any foods, alcohol, or other medications while taking antibiotics for PID. To prevent PID from coming back, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If your partner is not treated, your partner can infect you again. Both you and your partner must take all the antibiotics prescribed to you. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated to avoid reinfection.
Antibiotics can have side effects, including: Nausea Diarrhea Stomach pain Rash and itching Vaginal yeast infection Let your provider know if you experience any side effects. DO NOT cut back or stop taking your medicine without taking with your doctor. Antibiotics kill the bacteria that cause PID. But they also kill other types of helpful bacteria in your body. This can cause diarrhea or vaginal yeast infections in women. Probiotics are small organisms found in yogurt and some supplements. Probiotics are thought to help friendly bacteria grow in your gut. This may help prevent diarrhea. However, studies are mixed about the benefits of probiotics. You can try eating yogurt with live cultures or taking supplements to help prevent side effects. Be sure to tell your provider if you take any supplements.
The only sure way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). But you can reduce your risk of PID by: Practicing safe sex Having a sexual relationship with only one person Using a condom every time you have sex.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
PID - aftercare; Oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingitis - aftercare; Salpingo - oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingo - peritonitis - aftercare; STD - PID aftercare; Sexually transmitted disease - PID aftercare; GC - PID aftercare; Gonococcal - PID aftercare; Chlamydia - PID aftercare.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy.
Richards DB, Paull BB. Pelvic inflammatory disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection caused by bacteria. When bacteria from the vagina or cervix travel to your womb, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, they can cause an infection. Most of the time, PID is caused by bacteria from chlamydia and gonorrhea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Having unprotected sex with someone who has an STI can cause PID. Bacteria normally found in the cervix can also travel into the uterus and fallopian tubes during a medical procedure such as: Childbirth Endometrial biopsy (removing a small piece of your womb lining to test for cancer) Getting an intrauterine device (IUD) Miscarriage Abortion In the United States, nearly 1 million women have PID each year. About 1 in 8 sexually active girls will have PID before age 20. You are more likely to get PID if: You have a sex partner with gonorrhea or chlamydia. You have sex with many different people. You have had an STI in the past. You have recently had PID. You have contracted gonorrhea or chlamydia and have an IUD. You have had sex before age 20.
Common symptoms of PID include: Fever Pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower belly, or lower back Fluid from your vagina that has an unusual color, texture, or smell Other symptoms that may occur with PID: Bleeding after intercourse Chills Being very tired Pain when you urinate Having to urinate often Period cramps that hurt more than usual or last longer than usual Unusual bleeding or spotting during your period Not feeling hungry Nausea and vomiting Skipping your period Pain when you have intercourse You can have PID and not have any severe symptoms. For example, chlamydia can cause PID with no symptoms. Women who have an ectopic pregnancy or who are infertile often have PID caused by chlamydia. An ectopic pregnancy is when an egg grows outside of the uterus. It puts the mother's life in danger.
Your health care provider may do a pelvic exam to look for: Bleeding from your cervix. The cervix is the opening to your uterus. Fluid coming out of your cervix. Pain when your cervix is touched. Tenderness in your uterus, tubes, or ovaries. You may have lab tests to check for signs of body-wide infection: C-reactive protein (CRP) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) WBC count Other tests include: A swab taken of your vagina or cervix. This sample will be checked for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other causes of PID. Pelvic ultrasound or CT scan to see what else may be causing your symptoms. Appendicitis or pockets of infection around your tubes and ovaries, called tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), may cause similar symptoms. Pregnancy test.
Your provider will often have you start taking antibiotics while waiting for your test results. If you have mild PID: Your provider will give you a shot containing an antibiotic. You will be sent home with antibiotic pills to take for up to 2 weeks. You will need to follow-up closely with your provider. If you have more severe PID: You may need to stay in the hospital. You may be given antibiotics through a vein (IV). Later, you may be given antibiotic pills to take by mouth. There are many different antibiotics that can treat PID. Some are safe for pregnant women. Which type you take depends on the cause of the infection. You may receive a different treatment if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia. If your PID is caused by an STI like gonorrhea or chlamydia, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated. If your partner is not treated, he or she can infect you again, or can infect other people in the future. Both you and your partner must finish taking all of the prescribed antibiotics. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics.
PID infections can cause scarring of the pelvic organs. This can lead to: Long-term (chronic) pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancy Infertility Tubo-ovarian abscess If you have a serious infection that does not improve with antibiotics, you may need surgery.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
Get prompt treatment for STIs. You can help prevent PID by practicing safer sex. The only absolute way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). You can reduce your risk by having a sexual relationship with only one person. This is called being monogamous. Your risk will also be reduced if you and your sexual partners get tested for STIs before starting a sexual relationship. Using a condom every time you have sex also reduces your risk. Here is how you can reduce your risk of PID: Get regular STI screening tests. If you are a new couple, get tested before starting to have sex. Testing can detect infections that are not causing symptoms. If you are a sexually active woman age 24 or younger, get screened each year for chlamydia and gonorrhea. All women with new sexual partners or multiple partners should also be screened.
PID; Oophoritis; Salpingitis; Salpingo - oophoritis; Salpingo - peritonitis.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Endometritis Endometritis Uterus Uterus.
McKinzie J. Sexually transmitted diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Source of disease: multiple
Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseKHZ10,460,33010,72500,117590,231900,509020,645440,819340,915000Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and inside of pelvis, usually by Neisseria Gonorrheae, or Chlamydia Trachomatis. See Fallopian Tube Infection, Salpingitis, Gonorrhea, and General Antiseptic programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - two most common : Neiserria gonorrhoeae (G- coccus), Chlamydia trachomatis, then Anaerobic bacteria (ex. Bacteroides), Facultative Gram negative rods (ex. E. coli), Mycoplasma hominis, Actinomyces israelii (IUD recipients: G+ rod)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - aftercare. To fully treat PID, you may need to take one or more antibiotics. Taking antibiotic medicine will help clear the infection in about 2 weeks. Take this medicine at the same time every day. Take all the medicine you were prescribed, even if you feel better. The infection can come back if you do not take all of it. DO NOT share antibiotics with others. DO NOT take antibiotics that were prescribed for a different illness. Ask if you should avoid any foods, alcohol, or other medications while taking antibiotics for PID. To prevent PID from coming back, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If your partner is not treated, your partner can infect you again. Both you and your partner must take all the antibiotics prescribed to you. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated to avoid reinfection.
Antibiotics can have side effects, including: Nausea Diarrhea Stomach pain Rash and itching Vaginal yeast infection Let your provider know if you experience any side effects. DO NOT cut back or stop taking your medicine without taking with your doctor. Antibiotics kill the bacteria that cause PID. But they also kill other types of helpful bacteria in your body. This can cause diarrhea or vaginal yeast infections in women. Probiotics are small organisms found in yogurt and some supplements. Probiotics are thought to help friendly bacteria grow in your gut. This may help prevent diarrhea. However, studies are mixed about the benefits of probiotics. You can try eating yogurt with live cultures or taking supplements to help prevent side effects. Be sure to tell your provider if you take any supplements.
The only sure way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). But you can reduce your risk of PID by: Practicing safe sex Having a sexual relationship with only one person Using a condom every time you have sex.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
PID - aftercare; Oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingitis - aftercare; Salpingo - oophoritis - aftercare; Salpingo - peritonitis - aftercare; STD - PID aftercare; Sexually transmitted disease - PID aftercare; GC - PID aftercare; Gonococcal - PID aftercare; Chlamydia - PID aftercare.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy.
Richards DB, Paull BB. Pelvic inflammatory disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection caused by bacteria. When bacteria from the vagina or cervix travel to your womb, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, they can cause an infection. Most of the time, PID is caused by bacteria from chlamydia and gonorrhea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Having unprotected sex with someone who has an STI can cause PID. Bacteria normally found in the cervix can also travel into the uterus and fallopian tubes during a medical procedure such as: Childbirth Endometrial biopsy (removing a small piece of your womb lining to test for cancer) Getting an intrauterine device (IUD) Miscarriage Abortion In the United States, nearly 1 million women have PID each year. About 1 in 8 sexually active girls will have PID before age 20. You are more likely to get PID if: You have a sex partner with gonorrhea or chlamydia. You have sex with many different people. You have had an STI in the past. You have recently had PID. You have contracted gonorrhea or chlamydia and have an IUD. You have had sex before age 20.
Common symptoms of PID include: Fever Pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower belly, or lower back Fluid from your vagina that has an unusual color, texture, or smell Other symptoms that may occur with PID: Bleeding after intercourse Chills Being very tired Pain when you urinate Having to urinate often Period cramps that hurt more than usual or last longer than usual Unusual bleeding or spotting during your period Not feeling hungry Nausea and vomiting Skipping your period Pain when you have intercourse You can have PID and not have any severe symptoms. For example, chlamydia can cause PID with no symptoms. Women who have an ectopic pregnancy or who are infertile often have PID caused by chlamydia. An ectopic pregnancy is when an egg grows outside of the uterus. It puts the mother's life in danger.
Your health care provider may do a pelvic exam to look for: Bleeding from your cervix. The cervix is the opening to your uterus. Fluid coming out of your cervix. Pain when your cervix is touched. Tenderness in your uterus, tubes, or ovaries. You may have lab tests to check for signs of body-wide infection: C-reactive protein (CRP) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) WBC count Other tests include: A swab taken of your vagina or cervix. This sample will be checked for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other causes of PID. Pelvic ultrasound or CT scan to see what else may be causing your symptoms. Appendicitis or pockets of infection around your tubes and ovaries, called tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), may cause similar symptoms. Pregnancy test.
Your provider will often have you start taking antibiotics while waiting for your test results. If you have mild PID: Your provider will give you a shot containing an antibiotic. You will be sent home with antibiotic pills to take for up to 2 weeks. You will need to follow-up closely with your provider. If you have more severe PID: You may need to stay in the hospital. You may be given antibiotics through a vein (IV). Later, you may be given antibiotic pills to take by mouth. There are many different antibiotics that can treat PID. Some are safe for pregnant women. Which type you take depends on the cause of the infection. You may receive a different treatment if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia. If your PID is caused by an STI like gonorrhea or chlamydia, your sexual partner must be treated as well. If you have more than one sexual partner, they must all be treated. If your partner is not treated, he or she can infect you again, or can infect other people in the future. Both you and your partner must finish taking all of the prescribed antibiotics. Use condoms until you both have finished taking antibiotics.
PID infections can cause scarring of the pelvic organs. This can lead to: Long-term (chronic) pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancy Infertility Tubo-ovarian abscess If you have a serious infection that does not improve with antibiotics, you may need surgery.
Call your provider if: You have symptoms of PID. You think you have been exposed to an STI. Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working.
Get prompt treatment for STIs. You can help prevent PID by practicing safer sex. The only absolute way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). You can reduce your risk by having a sexual relationship with only one person. This is called being monogamous. Your risk will also be reduced if you and your sexual partners get tested for STIs before starting a sexual relationship. Using a condom every time you have sex also reduces your risk. Here is how you can reduce your risk of PID: Get regular STI screening tests. If you are a new couple, get tested before starting to have sex. Testing can detect infections that are not causing symptoms. If you are a sexually active woman age 24 or younger, get screened each year for chlamydia and gonorrhea. All women with new sexual partners or multiple partners should also be screened.
PID; Oophoritis; Salpingitis; Salpingo - oophoritis; Salpingo - peritonitis.
Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Endometritis Endometritis Uterus Uterus.
McKinzie J. Sexually transmitted diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease :
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Source of disease: multiple
Pemphigoid BullousETDF170,180,830,2500,27500,73980,135430,367020,497500,625830Acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters.
PemphigusCAFL694,893,665Autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blisters in the outer layer of skin and mucous membranes.
Skin

Encyclopedia Entry for Pemphigus :
Pemphigus vulgaris. The immune system produces antibodies against specific proteins in the skin and mucous membranes. These antibodies break the bonds between skin cells. This leads to the formation of a blister. The exact cause is unknown. In rare cases, pemphigus is caused by some medicines, including: A medicine called penicillamine, which removes certain materials from the blood (chelating agent) Blood pressure medicines called ACE inhibitors Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Pemphigus is uncommon. It most often occurs in middle-aged or older people.
About 50% of people with this condition first develop painful blisters and sores in the mouth. This is followed by skin blisters. Skin sores may come and go. The skin sores may be described as: Draining Oozing Crusting Peeling or easily detached They may be located: In the mouth and down the throat On the scalp, trunk, or other skin areas.
The skin separates easily when the surface of unaffected skin is rubbed sideways with a cotton swab or finger. This is called a positive Nikolsky sign. A skin biopsy is often done to confirm the diagnosis.
Severe cases of pemphigus may need wound management, similar to the treatment for severe burns. People with PV may need to stay in a hospital and receive care in a burn unit or intensive care unit. Treatment is aimed at reducing symptoms, including pain. It also aims to prevent complications, especially infections. Treatment may involve: Antibiotics and antifungal medicines to control or prevent infections Fluids and electrolytes given through a vein (IV) if there are severe mouth ulcers IV feedings if there are severe mouth ulcers Numbing (anesthetic) mouth lozenges to reduce mouth ulcer pain Pain medicines if local pain relief is not enough Body-wide (systemic) therapy is needed to control pemphigus and should be started as early as possible. Systemic treatment includes: An anti-inflammatory drug called dapsone Corticosteroids Medicines containing gold Medicines that suppress the immune system (such as azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or rituximab) Antibiotics may be used to treat or prevent infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is occasionally used. Plasmapheresis may be used along with systemic medicines to reduce the amount of antibodies in the blood. Plasmapheresis is a process in which antibody-containing plasma is removed from the blood and replaced with intravenous fluids or donated plasma. Ulcer and blister treatments include soothing or drying lotions, wet dressings, or similar measures.
Without treatment, this condition can be life threatening. Severe infection is the most frequent cause of death. With treatment, the disorder tends to be chronic. Side effects of treatment may be severe or disabling.
Complications of PV include: Secondary skin infections Severe dehydration Side effects of medicines Spread of infection through the bloodstream ( sepsis ).
Your health care provider should examine any unexplained blisters. Call your provider if you have been treated for PV and you develop any of the following symptoms: Chills Fever General ill feeling Joint aches Muscle aches New blisters or ulcers.
Pemphigus, vulgaris on the back Pemphigus vulgaris on the back Pemphigus, vulgaris - lesions in the mouth Pemphigus vulgaris - lesions in the mouth.
Amagai M. Pemphigus.
PemphigusETDF30,120,950,2750,12710,50000,90000,325440,433630,560000Autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blisters in the outer layer of skin and mucous membranes.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pemphigus :
Pemphigus vulgaris. The immune system produces antibodies against specific proteins in the skin and mucous membranes. These antibodies break the bonds between skin cells. This leads to the formation of a blister. The exact cause is unknown. In rare cases, pemphigus is caused by some medicines, including: A medicine called penicillamine, which removes certain materials from the blood (chelating agent) Blood pressure medicines called ACE inhibitors Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Pemphigus is uncommon. It most often occurs in middle-aged or older people.
About 50% of people with this condition first develop painful blisters and sores in the mouth. This is followed by skin blisters. Skin sores may come and go. The skin sores may be described as: Draining Oozing Crusting Peeling or easily detached They may be located: In the mouth and down the throat On the scalp, trunk, or other skin areas.
The skin separates easily when the surface of unaffected skin is rubbed sideways with a cotton swab or finger. This is called a positive Nikolsky sign. A skin biopsy is often done to confirm the diagnosis.
Severe cases of pemphigus may need wound management, similar to the treatment for severe burns. People with PV may need to stay in a hospital and receive care in a burn unit or intensive care unit. Treatment is aimed at reducing symptoms, including pain. It also aims to prevent complications, especially infections. Treatment may involve: Antibiotics and antifungal medicines to control or prevent infections Fluids and electrolytes given through a vein (IV) if there are severe mouth ulcers IV feedings if there are severe mouth ulcers Numbing (anesthetic) mouth lozenges to reduce mouth ulcer pain Pain medicines if local pain relief is not enough Body-wide (systemic) therapy is needed to control pemphigus and should be started as early as possible. Systemic treatment includes: An anti-inflammatory drug called dapsone Corticosteroids Medicines containing gold Medicines that suppress the immune system (such as azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or rituximab) Antibiotics may be used to treat or prevent infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is occasionally used. Plasmapheresis may be used along with systemic medicines to reduce the amount of antibodies in the blood. Plasmapheresis is a process in which antibody-containing plasma is removed from the blood and replaced with intravenous fluids or donated plasma. Ulcer and blister treatments include soothing or drying lotions, wet dressings, or similar measures.
Without treatment, this condition can be life threatening. Severe infection is the most frequent cause of death. With treatment, the disorder tends to be chronic. Side effects of treatment may be severe or disabling.
Complications of PV include: Secondary skin infections Severe dehydration Side effects of medicines Spread of infection through the bloodstream ( sepsis ).
Your health care provider should examine any unexplained blisters. Call your provider if you have been treated for PV and you develop any of the following symptoms: Chills Fever General ill feeling Joint aches Muscle aches New blisters or ulcers.
Pemphigus, vulgaris on the back Pemphigus vulgaris on the back Pemphigus, vulgaris - lesions in the mouth Pemphigus vulgaris - lesions in the mouth.
Amagai M. Pemphigus.
PemphigusVEGA893Autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blisters in the outer layer of skin and mucous membranes.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pemphigus :
Pemphigus vulgaris. The immune system produces antibodies against specific proteins in the skin and mucous membranes. These antibodies break the bonds between skin cells. This leads to the formation of a blister. The exact cause is unknown. In rare cases, pemphigus is caused by some medicines, including: A medicine called penicillamine, which removes certain materials from the blood (chelating agent) Blood pressure medicines called ACE inhibitors Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Pemphigus is uncommon. It most often occurs in middle-aged or older people.
About 50% of people with this condition first develop painful blisters and sores in the mouth. This is followed by skin blisters. Skin sores may come and go. The skin sores may be described as: Draining Oozing Crusting Peeling or easily detached They may be located: In the mouth and down the throat On the scalp, trunk, or other skin areas.
The skin separates easily when the surface of unaffected skin is rubbed sideways with a cotton swab or finger. This is called a positive Nikolsky sign. A skin biopsy is often done to confirm the diagnosis.
Severe cases of pemphigus may need wound management, similar to the treatment for severe burns. People with PV may need to stay in a hospital and receive care in a burn unit or intensive care unit. Treatment is aimed at reducing symptoms, including pain. It also aims to prevent complications, especially infections. Treatment may involve: Antibiotics and antifungal medicines to control or prevent infections Fluids and electrolytes given through a vein (IV) if there are severe mouth ulcers IV feedings if there are severe mouth ulcers Numbing (anesthetic) mouth lozenges to reduce mouth ulcer pain Pain medicines if local pain relief is not enough Body-wide (systemic) therapy is needed to control pemphigus and should be started as early as possible. Systemic treatment includes: An anti-inflammatory drug called dapsone Corticosteroids Medicines containing gold Medicines that suppress the immune system (such as azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or rituximab) Antibiotics may be used to treat or prevent infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is occasionally used. Plasmapheresis may be used along with systemic medicines to reduce the amount of antibodies in the blood. Plasmapheresis is a process in which antibody-containing plasma is removed from the blood and replaced with intravenous fluids or donated plasma. Ulcer and blister treatments include soothing or drying lotions, wet dressings, or similar measures.
Without treatment, this condition can be life threatening. Severe infection is the most frequent cause of death. With treatment, the disorder tends to be chronic. Side effects of treatment may be severe or disabling.
Complications of PV include: Secondary skin infections Severe dehydration Side effects of medicines Spread of infection through the bloodstream ( sepsis ).
Your health care provider should examine any unexplained blisters. Call your provider if you have been treated for PV and you develop any of the following symptoms: Chills Fever General ill feeling Joint aches Muscle aches New blisters or ulcers.
Pemphigus, vulgaris on the back Pemphigus vulgaris on the back Pemphigus, vulgaris - lesions in the mouth Pemphigus vulgaris - lesions in the mouth.
Amagai M. Pemphigus.
Pemphigus Benign FamilialETDF190,570,1120,7500,27500,42500,96500,325430,415700,562910Genetic skin disorder with painful rashes and blisters.
Penicillium ChrysogenumBIO344,868,1070,2411Formerly called Penicillium Notatum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium ChrysogenumCAFL129,249,344,967Formerly called Penicillium Notatum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium ChrysogenumVEGA344,2411Formerly called Penicillium Notatum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium Chrysogenum SecondaryCAFL345,688,728,764,765,868,1070,2411Formerly called Penicillium Notatum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium NotatumBIO321,555,629,825,942Now called Penicillium Chrysogenum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium NotatumVEGA321,555,942Now called Penicillium Chrysogenum. Fungus mostly found in damp or water-damaged buildings.
Penicillium RubrumCAFL332,457,460,462,766,1015,1018Fungus similar to Penicillium Chrysogenum and found in corn and soybeans.
Penicillium RubrumVEGA332,766Fungus similar to Penicillium Chrysogenum and found in corn and soybeans.
Penile DiseasesETDF40,520,83620,105950,179500,295540,487500,605720,723820,935420Diseases of the penis.
Penile DiseasesKHZ10,520,83620,105950,179500,295540,487500,605720,723820,935420Diseases of the penis.
Penile IndurationKHZ10,570,620,950,7500,295540,487500,605720,723820,935420Also called Peyronie's Disease and Fibrous Cavernitis (see Cavernitis Fibrous). Abnormal curvature of penis.
Penny RoyalVEGA772Healing herb.
Peppermint Essential Oil (SD)SD3774712.38,3392363.46,1167428.69,745026.75,3355252.88,963250.64,659461.31,2669744.73,1746726.58,1055121.75,1495181.12,2229745.3,3152761.4,3325358.1,331885.62,1356624.71,3349553.94,307474.52,2220067.23,727795.95,2484532.89,4236008.64,411922.49,2759313.78,2684736.84,411325.65,626578.83,4564091.96,465532.56,3724097.46,361780.74,349006.04,2404123.74,3813791.83,4429427.5,1795606.44,522632.82,3066630.48,2531682.74,156234.66,4486262.81,657025.87,1687662.39,2744591.25,227465.8,4525688.84,323497.37,1180636.09,1848255.32,1525842.69,620965.06,2386160.72,1612193.21,3650174.66,982905.65,605997.26,2219734.25,3857902.51,493355.8,4646058.06These frequencies were derived using Spooky Sample Digitizer.
Spooky2 Sample Digitizer is a revolutionary way of determining resonant frequencies of both pathogens and substances.
Samples within Sample Digitizer form a 'biological capacitor'. By analysing the frequency spectrum response of this capacitor, the Spooky2 software identifies the resonant peaks. Each peak is a pathogen 'hit' or substance molecular resonance point.
Spooky brings this technology to end users at an affordable price. Because we care.

Frequency range 100 kHz - 5 MHz.
Frequency resolution 0.005%.
Hit threshold 0.
Max hits 60.
Sample loops 14.
Repeat 1.
Max Current / RA
Peptic UlcerETDF130,490,620,9930,43390,105670,232500,342520,625350,975540Break in lining of stomach, upper small intestine, or lower esophagus. Commonly caused by Heliobacter Pylori.

Encyclopedia Entry for Peptic Ulcer :
Peptic ulcer disease - discharge. You have peptic ulcer disease (PUD). You may have had tests to help diagnose your ulcer. One of these tests may have been to look for bacteria in your stomach called Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ). This type of infection is a common cause of ulcers. Most peptic ulcers will heal within about 4 to 6 weeks after treatment begins. DO NOT stop taking the medicines you have been prescribed, even if symptoms go away quickly.
People with PUD should eat a healthy balanced diet. It does not help to eat more often or increase the amount of milk and dairy products you consume. These changes may even cause more stomach acid. Avoid foods and drinks that cause discomfort for you. For many people these include alcohol, coffee, caffeinated soda, fatty foods, chocolate, and spicy foods. Avoid eating late night snacks. Other things you can do to ease your symptoms and help healing include: If you smoke or chew tobacco, try to quit. Tobacco will slow the healing of your ulcer and increase the chance that the ulcer will come back. Talk to your doctor about getting help for quitting tobacco use. Try to reduce your stress level and learn ways to better manage stress. Avoid drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain. Take all medicines with plenty of water.
The standard treatment for a peptic ulcer and an H pylori infection uses a combination of medicines that you take for 5 to 14 days. Most people will take two types of antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). These medicines may cause nausea, diarrhea, and other side effects. DO NOT just stop taking them without talking to your provider first. If you have an ulcer without an H pylori infection, or one that is caused by taking aspirin or NSAIDs, you will likely need to take a proton pump inhibitor for 8 weeks. Taking antacids as needed between meals, and then at bedtime, may help healing also. Ask your provider about taking these medicines. Talk to your provider about your medicine choices if your ulcer was caused by aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs. You may be able to take a different anti-inflammatory drug. Or, your provider may have you take a drug called misoprostol or a PPI to prevent future ulcers.
You will have follow-up visits to see how your ulcer is healing especially if the ulcer was in the stomach. Your provider may want to perform an upper endoscopy after treatment to make sure healing has taken place. You will also need follow-up testing to check that the H pylori bacteria are gone. You should wait at least 2 weeks after therapy is completed to be retested. Test results before that time may not be accurate.
Get medical help right away if you: Develop sudden, sharp abdominal pain Have a rigid, hard abdomen that is tender to the touch Have symptoms of shock, such as fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion Vomit blood See blood in your stool (maroon, dark, or tarry black stools) Call your provider if: You feel dizzy or light-headed You have ulcer symptoms You feel full after eating a small meal portion You experience unintentional weight loss You are vomiting You lose your appetite.
Ulcer - peptic - discharge; Ulcer - duodenal - discharge; Ulcer - gastric - discharge; Duodenal ulcer - discharge; Gastric ulcer - discharge; Dyspepsia - ulcer - discharge.
Chan FKL, Lau JYW. Peptic ulcer disease.

Encyclopedia Entry for Peptic Ulcer :
Peptic ulcer. Normally, the lining of the stomach and small intestines can protect itself against strong stomach acids. But if the lining breaks down, the result may be: Swollen and inflamed tissue ( gastritis ) An ulcer Stomach ulcer Watch this video about: Stomach ulcer Most ulcers occur in the first layer of the inner lining. A hole in the stomach or duodenum is called a perforation. This is a medical emergency. Ulcer emergencies The most common cause of ulcers is infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ). Most people with peptic ulcers have these bacteria living in their digestive tract. Yet, many people who have these bacteria in their stomach do not develop an ulcer. The following factors raise your risk for peptic ulcers: Drinking too much alcohol Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco Being very ill, such as being on a breathing machine Radiation treatments Stress A rare condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome causes stomach and duodenal ulcers. Cause of peptic ulcers.
Small ulcers may not cause any symptoms. Some ulcers can cause serious bleeding. Abdominal pain (often in the upper mid-abdomen) is a common symptom. The pain can differ from person to person. Some people have no pain. Pain occurs: In the upper abdomen At night and wakes you up When you feel an empty stomach, often 1 to 3 hours after a meal Other symptoms include: Feeling of fullness and problems drinking as much fluid as usual Nausea Vomiting Bloody or dark, tarry stools Chest pain Fatigue Vomiting, possibly bloody Weight loss Ongoing heartburn.
To detect an ulcer, you may need a test called an upper endoscopy (EGD). This is a test to check the lining of the food pipe, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat. This test most often requires sedation given through a vein. In some cases, a smaller endoscope may be used that is passed into the stomach through the nose. This does not require sedation. Gastroscopy procedure EGD is done on most people when peptic ulcers are suspected or when you have: Low blood count (anemia) Trouble swallowing Bloody vomit Bloody or dark and tarry-looking stools Lost weight without trying Other findings that raise a concern for cancer in the stomach Testing for H pylori is also needed. This may be done by biopsy of the stomach during endoscopy or by a urea breath test. Other tests you may have include: Hemoglobin blood test to check for anemia Stool occult blood test to test for blood in your stool Sometimes, you may need a test called an upper GI series. A series of x-rays are taken after you drink a thick substance called barium. This does not require sedation.
Your doctor will recommend medicines to heal your ulcer and prevent a relapse. The medicines will: Kill the H pylori bacteria, if present. Reduce acid levels in the stomach. These include H2 blockers such as ranitidine (Zantac), or a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) such as pantoprozole. Take all of your medicines as you have been told. Other changes in your lifestyle can also help. If you have a peptic ulcer with an H pylori infection, the standard treatment uses different combinations of the following medicines for 7 to 14 days: Two different antibiotics to kill H pylori. PPIs such as omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), or esomeprazole (Nexium). Bismuth (the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol) may be added to help kill the bacteria. You will likely need to take a PPI for 8 weeks if: You have an ulcer without an H pylori infection. Your ulcer is caused by taking aspirin or NSAIDs. Your doctor may also prescribe this type of medicine regularly if you continue taking aspirin or NSAIDs for other health conditions. Other medicines used for ulcers are: Misoprostol, a medicine that may help prevent ulcers in people who take NSAIDs on a regular basis Medicines that protect the tissue lining, such as sucralfate If a peptic ulcer bleeds a lot, an EGD may be needed to stop the bleeding. Methods used to stop the bleeding include: Injecting medicine in the ulcer Applying metal clips or heat therapy to the ulcer Surgery may be needed if: Bleeding cannot be stopped with an EGD The ulcer has caused a tear.
Peptic ulcers tend to come back if untreated. There is a good chance that the H pylori infection will be cured if you take your medicines and follow your health care provider's advice. You will be much less likely to get another ulcer.
Complications may include: Severe blood loss Scarring from an ulcer may make it harder for the stomach to empty Perforation or hole of the stomach and intestines.
Get medical help right away if you: Develop sudden, sharp abdominal pain Have a rigid, hard abdomen that is tender to touch Have symptoms of shock , such as fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion Vomit blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it is maroon or dark, tarry black) Call your provider if: You feel dizzy or lightheaded. You have ulcer symptoms.
Avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other NSAIDs. Try acetaminophen instead. If you must take such medicines, talk to your provider first. Your provider may: Test you for H pylori before you take these medicines Ask you to take PPIs or an H2 acid blocker Prescribe a medicine called misoprostol The following lifestyle changes may help prevent peptic ulcers: DO NOT smoke or chew tobacco. Avoid alcohol.
Ulcer - peptic; Ulcer - duodenal; Ulcer - gastric; Duodenal ulcer; Gastric ulcer; Dyspepsia - ulcers; Bleeding ulcer; Gastrointestinal bleeding - peptic ulcer; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - peptic ulcer; G.I. bleed - peptic ulcer; H. pylori - peptic ulcer; Helicobacter pylori - peptic ulcer.
Taking antacids.
Ulcer emergencies Ulcer emergencies Gastroscopy procedure Gastroscopy procedure Location of peptic ulcers Location of peptic ulcers Cause of peptic ulcers Cause of peptic ulcers Stomach disease or trauma Stomach disease or trauma.
Chan FKL, Lau JYW. Peptic ulcer disease.
PeptostreptococcusBIO201Can cause brain, liver, breast, and lung abscesses, as well as generalized necrotizing soft tissue infections.
PeptostreptococcusCAFL201,629Can cause brain, liver, breast, and lung abscesses, as well as generalized necrotizing soft tissue infections.
Perfluorooctanoic Acid DetoxXTRA131892815971745000000000000Experimental. Persistent toxic carcinogen found in Teflon.
Pericardial EffusionETDF190,500,570,1470,19520,122500,352500,487500,695350,833910Abnormal accumulation of fluid around the heart.
PericarditisCAFL2720,2170,1600,880,1550,802,787,727,625,125,95,72,20Inflammation of pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. This program was developed for animal research only.
Heart

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis - after heart attack. Two types of pericarditis can occur after a heart attack. Early pericarditis: This form most occurs within 1 to 3 days after a heart attack. Inflammation and swelling develop as the body tries to clean up the diseased heart tissue. Late pericarditis: This is also called Dressler syndrome. It is also called post-cardiac injury syndrome or postcardiotomy pericarditis). It most often develops several weeks or months after a heart attack, heart surgery, or other trauma to the heart. It can also happen a week after a heart injury. Dressler syndrome is thought to occur when the immune system attacks healthy heart tissue by mistake. Post-MI pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the sac-like covering of the heart). Any previous injury to the heart muscle can cause pericarditis. Incidences of pericarditis are associated with Dressler Things that put you at higher risk of pericarditis include: A previous heart attack Open heart surgery Chest trauma A heart attack that has affected the thickness of your heart muscle.
Symptoms include: Anxiety Chest pain from the swollen pericardium rubbing on the heart. The pain may be sharp, tight or crushing and may move to the neck, shoulder, or abdomen. The pain may also be worse when you breathe and go away when you lean forward, stand, or sit up. Trouble breathing Dry cough Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fatigue Fever (common with the second type of pericarditis) Malaise (general ill feeling) Splinting of ribs (bending over or holding the chest) with deep breathing.
The health care provider will listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. There may be a rubbing sound (called a pericardial friction rub, not to be confused with a heart murmur). Heart sounds in general may be weak or sound far away. A buildup of fluid in the covering of the heart or space around the lungs (pericardial effusion) is not common after a heart attack. But, it often does occur in some people with Dressler syndrome. Tests may include: Cardiac injury markers (CK-MB and troponin may help tell pericarditis from a heart attack) Chest CT scan Chest MRI Chest x-ray Complete blood count ECG (electrocardiogram) Echocardiogram ESR (sedimentation rate) or C-reactive protein (measures of inflammation).
The goal of treatment is to make the heart work better and reduce pain and other symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin may be used to treat inflammation of the pericardium. A drug called colchicine is often used with these medicines. Steroids are commonly used for Dressler syndrome. They are not often used for early pericarditis unless the condition does not respond to other treatment. In some cases, excess fluid surrounding the heart (pericardial effusion) may need to be removed. This is done with a procedure called pericardiocentesis. If complications develop, part of the pericardium may need to be removed with surgery (pericardiectomy). The pericardial sac surrounds and protects the heart within the chest cavity.
The condition may come back, even in people who get treatment. Untreated pericarditis can be life threatening in some cases.
Possible complications of pericarditis are: Cardiac tamponade Congestive heart failure Constrictive pericarditis.
Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of pericarditis after a heart attack You have been diagnosed with pericarditis and symptoms continue or come back despite treatment.
Dressler syndrome; Post-MI pericarditis; Post-cardiac injury syndrome; Postcardiotomy pericarditis.
Acute MI Acute MI Pericardium Pericardium Post-MI pericarditis Post-MI pericarditis Pericardium Pericardium.
Imazio M, Brucato A, Forno D, et al. Efficacy and safety of colchicine for pericarditis prevention. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2012;98(14):1078-1082. PMID: 22442198 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442198. LeWinter MM, Hopkins WE. Pericardial diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis - constrictive. Most of the time, constrictive pericarditis occurs due to things that cause inflammation to develop around the heart, such as: Heart surgery Radiation therapy to the chest Tuberculosis Less common causes include: Abnormal fluid buildup in the covering of the heart. This may occur because of infection or as a complication of surgery. Mesothelioma The condition may also develop without a clear cause. It is rare in children. Constrictive pericarditis.
When you have constrictive pericarditis, the inflammation causes the covering of the heart to become thick and rigid. This makes it hard for the heart to stretch properly when it beats. As a result, the heart chambers don't fill up with enough blood. Blood backs up behind the heart, causing heart swelling and other symptoms of heart failure. Symptoms of chronic constrictive pericarditis include: Difficulty breathing ( dyspnea ) that develops slowly and gets worse Fatigue Long-term swelling ( edema ) of the legs and ankles Swollen abdomen Weakness.
Constrictive pericarditis is very hard to diagnose. Signs and symptoms are similar to other conditions such as restrictive cardiomyopathy and cardiac tamponade. Your health care provider will need to rule out these conditions when making a diagnosis. A physical exam may show that your neck veins stick out. This indicates increased pressure around the heart. When it happens due to constrictive pericarditis that is called Kussmaul's sign. The provider may note weak or distant heart sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. A knocking sound may also be heard. The physical exam may also reveal liver swelling and fluid in the belly area. The following tests may be ordered: Chest MRI Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Coronary angiography or cardiac catheterization ECG Echocardiogram.
The goal of treatment is to improve heart function. The cause must be identified and treated. Depending on the source of the problem, treatment may include antibiotics, medicines for tuberculosis, or other treatments. Diuretics ('water pills') are often used in small doses to help the body remove excess fluid. Pain medicines may be needed for discomfort. Some people may need to cut down on their activity. A low-sodium diet may also be recommended. If other methods DO NOT control the problem, surgery called a pericardiectomy may be needed. This involves cutting or removing the scarring and part of the sac-like covering of the heart.
Constrictive pericarditis may be life threatening if untreated. However, surgery to treat the condition has a high risk for complications. For this reason, it is most often done in people who have severe symptoms.
Complications may include: Cardiac tamponade Damage to the coronary arteries Heart failure Pulmonary edema Scarring of the heart muscle.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of constrictive pericarditis.
Constrictive pericarditis in some cases is not preventable. However, conditions that can lead to constrictive pericarditis should be properly treated.
Constrictive pericarditis.
Pericardium Pericardium Constrictive pericarditis Constrictive pericarditis.
Jouriles NJ. Pericardial and Myocardial Disease. In Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 72. LeWinter MM, Imazio M. Pericardial diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis. The cause of pericarditis is unknown or unproven in many cases. It mostly affects men ages 20 to 50 years. Pericarditis is often the result of an infection such as: Viral infections that cause a chest cold or pneumonia Infections with bacteria (less common) Some fungal infections (rare) The condition may be seen with diseases such as: Cancer (including leukemia) Disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy body tissue by mistake HIV infection and AIDS Underactive thyroid gland Kidney failure Rheumatic fever Tuberculosis (TB) Other causes include: Heart attack Heart surgery or trauma to the chest, esophagus, or heart Certain medicines, such as procainamide, hydralazine, phenytoin, isoniazid, and some drugs used to treat cancer or suppress the immune system Swelling or inflammation of the heart muscle Radiation therapy to the chest.
Chest pain is almost always present. The pain: May be felt in the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen Often increases with deep breathing and lying flat, and may increase with coughing and swallowing Can feel sharp and stabbing Is often relieved by sitting up and leaning or bending forward You may have fever, chills, or sweating if the condition is caused by an infection. Other symptoms may include: Ankle, feet, and leg swelling Anxiety Breathing difficulty when lying down Dry cough Fatigue.
When listening to the heart with a stethoscope, the health care provider can hear a sound called a pericardial rub. The heart sounds may be muffled or distant. There may be other signs of excess fluid in the pericardium (pericardial effusion). If the disorder is severe, there may be: Crackles in the lungs Decreased breath sounds Other signs of fluid in the space around the lungs The following imaging tests may be done to check the heart and the tissue layer around it (pericardium): Chest MRI scan Chest x-ray Echocardiogram Electrocardiogram Heart MRI or heart CT scan Radionuclide scanning To look for heart muscle damage, the provider may order a troponin I test. Other laboratory tests may include: Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Blood culture CBC C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) HIV test Rheumatoid factor Tuberculin skin test.
The cause of pericarditis should be identified, if possible. High doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are often given with a medicine called colchicine. These medicines will decrease your pain and reduce the swelling or inflammation in the sac around your heart. If the cause of pericarditis is an infection: Antibiotics will be used for bacterial infections Antifungal medicines will be used for fungal pericarditis Other medicines that may be used are: Corticosteroids such as prednisone (in some people) 'Water pills' (diuretics) to remove excess fluid If the buildup of fluid makes the heart function poorly, treatment may include: Draining the fluid from the sac. This procedure, called pericardiocentesis, may be done using a needle, which is guided by ultrasound (echocardiography) in most cases. Cutting a small hole (window) in the pericardium (subxiphoid pericardiotomy) to allow the infected fluid to drain into the abdominal cavity. This is done by a surgeon. Surgery called pericardiectomy may be needed if the pericarditis is long-lasting, comes back after treatment, or causes scarring or tightening of the tissue around the heart. The operation involves cutting or removing part of the pericardium.
Pericarditis can range from mild illness that gets better on its own, to a life-threatening condition. Fluid buildup around the heart and poor heart function can complicate the disorder. The outcome is good if pericarditis is treated right away. Most people recover in 2 weeks to 3 months. However, pericarditis may come back. This is called recurrent, or chronic, if symptoms or episodes continue. Scarring and thickening of the sac-like covering and the heart muscle may occur when the problem is severe. This is called constrictive pericarditis. It can cause long-term problems similar to those of heart failure.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of pericarditis. This disorder is not life threatening most of the time. However, it can be very dangerous if not treated.
Many cases cannot be prevented.
Pericardium Pericardium Pericarditis Pericarditis.
Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M. Evaluation and treatment of pericarditis: A systematic review. JAMA. 2015; 314(14):1498-1506. PMID: 26461998 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461998. Knowlton KU, Narezkina A, Savoia MC, Oxman MN. Myocarditis and pericarditis.
PericarditisETDF80,350,750,12930,50590,197500,482210,762200,891510,923790Inflammation of pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis - after heart attack. Two types of pericarditis can occur after a heart attack. Early pericarditis: This form most occurs within 1 to 3 days after a heart attack. Inflammation and swelling develop as the body tries to clean up the diseased heart tissue. Late pericarditis: This is also called Dressler syndrome. It is also called post-cardiac injury syndrome or postcardiotomy pericarditis). It most often develops several weeks or months after a heart attack, heart surgery, or other trauma to the heart. It can also happen a week after a heart injury. Dressler syndrome is thought to occur when the immune system attacks healthy heart tissue by mistake. Post-MI pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the sac-like covering of the heart). Any previous injury to the heart muscle can cause pericarditis. Incidences of pericarditis are associated with Dressler Things that put you at higher risk of pericarditis include: A previous heart attack Open heart surgery Chest trauma A heart attack that has affected the thickness of your heart muscle.
Symptoms include: Anxiety Chest pain from the swollen pericardium rubbing on the heart. The pain may be sharp, tight or crushing and may move to the neck, shoulder, or abdomen. The pain may also be worse when you breathe and go away when you lean forward, stand, or sit up. Trouble breathing Dry cough Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fatigue Fever (common with the second type of pericarditis) Malaise (general ill feeling) Splinting of ribs (bending over or holding the chest) with deep breathing.
The health care provider will listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. There may be a rubbing sound (called a pericardial friction rub, not to be confused with a heart murmur). Heart sounds in general may be weak or sound far away. A buildup of fluid in the covering of the heart or space around the lungs (pericardial effusion) is not common after a heart attack. But, it often does occur in some people with Dressler syndrome. Tests may include: Cardiac injury markers (CK-MB and troponin may help tell pericarditis from a heart attack) Chest CT scan Chest MRI Chest x-ray Complete blood count ECG (electrocardiogram) Echocardiogram ESR (sedimentation rate) or C-reactive protein (measures of inflammation).
The goal of treatment is to make the heart work better and reduce pain and other symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin may be used to treat inflammation of the pericardium. A drug called colchicine is often used with these medicines. Steroids are commonly used for Dressler syndrome. They are not often used for early pericarditis unless the condition does not respond to other treatment. In some cases, excess fluid surrounding the heart (pericardial effusion) may need to be removed. This is done with a procedure called pericardiocentesis. If complications develop, part of the pericardium may need to be removed with surgery (pericardiectomy). The pericardial sac surrounds and protects the heart within the chest cavity.
The condition may come back, even in people who get treatment. Untreated pericarditis can be life threatening in some cases.
Possible complications of pericarditis are: Cardiac tamponade Congestive heart failure Constrictive pericarditis.
Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of pericarditis after a heart attack You have been diagnosed with pericarditis and symptoms continue or come back despite treatment.
Dressler syndrome; Post-MI pericarditis; Post-cardiac injury syndrome; Postcardiotomy pericarditis.
Acute MI Acute MI Pericardium Pericardium Post-MI pericarditis Post-MI pericarditis Pericardium Pericardium.
Imazio M, Brucato A, Forno D, et al. Efficacy and safety of colchicine for pericarditis prevention. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2012;98(14):1078-1082. PMID: 22442198 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442198. LeWinter MM, Hopkins WE. Pericardial diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis - constrictive. Most of the time, constrictive pericarditis occurs due to things that cause inflammation to develop around the heart, such as: Heart surgery Radiation therapy to the chest Tuberculosis Less common causes include: Abnormal fluid buildup in the covering of the heart. This may occur because of infection or as a complication of surgery. Mesothelioma The condition may also develop without a clear cause. It is rare in children. Constrictive pericarditis.
When you have constrictive pericarditis, the inflammation causes the covering of the heart to become thick and rigid. This makes it hard for the heart to stretch properly when it beats. As a result, the heart chambers don't fill up with enough blood. Blood backs up behind the heart, causing heart swelling and other symptoms of heart failure. Symptoms of chronic constrictive pericarditis include: Difficulty breathing ( dyspnea ) that develops slowly and gets worse Fatigue Long-term swelling ( edema ) of the legs and ankles Swollen abdomen Weakness.
Constrictive pericarditis is very hard to diagnose. Signs and symptoms are similar to other conditions such as restrictive cardiomyopathy and cardiac tamponade. Your health care provider will need to rule out these conditions when making a diagnosis. A physical exam may show that your neck veins stick out. This indicates increased pressure around the heart. When it happens due to constrictive pericarditis that is called Kussmaul's sign. The provider may note weak or distant heart sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. A knocking sound may also be heard. The physical exam may also reveal liver swelling and fluid in the belly area. The following tests may be ordered: Chest MRI Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Coronary angiography or cardiac catheterization ECG Echocardiogram.
The goal of treatment is to improve heart function. The cause must be identified and treated. Depending on the source of the problem, treatment may include antibiotics, medicines for tuberculosis, or other treatments. Diuretics ('water pills') are often used in small doses to help the body remove excess fluid. Pain medicines may be needed for discomfort. Some people may need to cut down on their activity. A low-sodium diet may also be recommended. If other methods DO NOT control the problem, surgery called a pericardiectomy may be needed. This involves cutting or removing the scarring and part of the sac-like covering of the heart.
Constrictive pericarditis may be life threatening if untreated. However, surgery to treat the condition has a high risk for complications. For this reason, it is most often done in people who have severe symptoms.
Complications may include: Cardiac tamponade Damage to the coronary arteries Heart failure Pulmonary edema Scarring of the heart muscle.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of constrictive pericarditis.
Constrictive pericarditis in some cases is not preventable. However, conditions that can lead to constrictive pericarditis should be properly treated.
Constrictive pericarditis.
Pericardium Pericardium Constrictive pericarditis Constrictive pericarditis.
Jouriles NJ. Pericardial and Myocardial Disease. In Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018:chap 72. LeWinter MM, Imazio M. Pericardial diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pericarditis :
Pericarditis. The cause of pericarditis is unknown or unproven in many cases. It mostly affects men ages 20 to 50 years. Pericarditis is often the result of an infection such as: Viral infections that cause a chest cold or pneumonia Infections with bacteria (less common) Some fungal infections (rare) The condition may be seen with diseases such as: Cancer (including leukemia) Disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy body tissue by mistake HIV infection and AIDS Underactive thyroid gland Kidney failure Rheumatic fever Tuberculosis (TB) Other causes include: Heart attack Heart surgery or trauma to the chest, esophagus, or heart Certain medicines, such as procainamide, hydralazine, phenytoin, isoniazid, and some drugs used to treat cancer or suppress the immune system Swelling or inflammation of the heart muscle Radiation therapy to the chest.
Chest pain is almost always present. The pain: May be felt in the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen Often increases with deep breathing and lying flat, and may increase with coughing and swallowing Can feel sharp and stabbing Is often relieved by sitting up and leaning or bending forward You may have fever, chills, or sweating if the condition is caused by an infection. Other symptoms may include: Ankle, feet, and leg swelling Anxiety Breathing difficulty when lying down Dry cough Fatigue.
When listening to the heart with a stethoscope, the health care provider can hear a sound called a pericardial rub. The heart sounds may be muffled or distant. There may be other signs of excess fluid in the pericardium (pericardial effusion). If the disorder is severe, there may be: Crackles in the lungs Decreased breath sounds Other signs of fluid in the space around the lungs The following imaging tests may be done to check the heart and the tissue layer around it (pericardium): Chest MRI scan Chest x-ray Echocardiogram Electrocardiogram Heart MRI or heart CT scan Radionuclide scanning To look for heart muscle damage, the provider may order a troponin I test. Other laboratory tests may include: Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Blood culture CBC C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) HIV test Rheumatoid factor Tuberculin skin test.
The cause of pericarditis should be identified, if possible. High doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are often given with a medicine called colchicine. These medicines will decrease your pain and reduce the swelling or inflammation in the sac around your heart. If the cause of pericarditis is an infection: Antibiotics will be used for bacterial infections Antifungal medicines will be used for fungal pericarditis Other medicines that may be used are: Corticosteroids such as prednisone (in some people) 'Water pills' (diuretics) to remove excess fluid If the buildup of fluid makes the heart function poorly, treatment may include: Draining the fluid from the sac. This procedure, called pericardiocentesis, may be done using a needle, which is guided by ultrasound (echocardiography) in most cases. Cutting a small hole (window) in the pericardium (subxiphoid pericardiotomy) to allow the infected fluid to drain into the abdominal cavity. This is done by a surgeon. Surgery called pericardiectomy may be needed if the pericarditis is long-lasting, comes back after treatment, or causes scarring or tightening of the tissue around the heart. The operation involves cutting or removing part of the pericardium.
Pericarditis can range from mild illness that gets better on its own, to a life-threatening condition. Fluid buildup around the heart and poor heart function can complicate the disorder. The outcome is good if pericarditis is treated right away. Most people recover in 2 weeks to 3 months. However, pericarditis may come back. This is called recurrent, or chronic, if symptoms or episodes continue. Scarring and thickening of the sac-like covering and the heart muscle may occur when the problem is severe. This is called constrictive pericarditis. It can cause long-term problems similar to those of heart failure.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of pericarditis. This disorder is not life threatening most of the time. However, it can be very dangerous if not treated.
Many cases cannot be prevented.
Pericardium Pericardium Pericarditis Pericarditis.
Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M. Evaluation and treatment of pericarditis: A systematic review. JAMA. 2015; 314(14):1498-1506. PMID: 26461998 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461998. Knowlton KU, Narezkina A, Savoia MC, Oxman MN. Myocarditis and pericarditis.
Periodontal DiseaseCAFL47.5,1800,1600,650,625,600,880,787,776,727See Paradontosis, Bone Regeneration, and Dental programs.
Oral Cavity
Periodontal DiseaseXTRA1800See Paradontosis, Bone Regeneration, and Dental programs.
Periodontal DiseasesETDF60,320,730,870,12330,15000,85540,150000,225360,575830See Paradontosis, Bone Regeneration, and Dental programs.
Peripheral Nervous System DiseasesETDF70,240,8600,75250,117220,237020,451900,561510,698100,812770Disorders affecting nerves which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function.
Peripheral Vascular DiseasesETDF70,220,730,75250,117220,237020,451900,561510,698100,812770Narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain,
PerniosisBIO232,622,822,4211A disorder of the blood vessels caused by prolonged exposure to cold. Also see Chilblains program.
Peroxisomal DisordersETDF60,260,570,9000,12850,35540,125000,424370,760000,812910Conditions caused by defects in peroxisome functions which may be due to defects in single enzymes.
Personality Disorder BorderlineETDF170,220,720,125880,236710,336000,421040,571670,681510,702030Pattern of abnormal behavior with impulsivity, unstable emotions, inconsistent relationships, and poor self-image.
PertussisBIO526,765Whooping Cough.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pertussis :
Pertussis - Whooping cough- Bordetella pertussis (G- rods: facultative-straight: respiratory pathogens)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pertussis :
Pertussis. Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an upper respiratory infection. It is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It is a serious disease that can affect people of any age and cause permanent disability in infants, and even death. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, tiny droplets containing the bacteria move through the air. The disease is easily spread from person to person. The symptoms of infection often lasts 6 weeks, but it can last as long as 10 weeks.
Initial symptoms are similar to the common cold. In most cases, they develop about a week after exposure to the bacteria. Severe episodes of coughing start about 10 to 12 days later. In infants and young children, the coughing sometimes ends with a 'whoop' noise. The sound is produced when the person tries to take a breath. The whoop noise is rare in infants under 6 months of age and in older children or adults. Coughing spells may lead to vomiting or a short loss of consciousness. Pertussis should always be considered when vomiting occurs with coughing. In infants, choking spells and long pauses in breathing are common. Other pertussis symptoms include: Runny nose Slight fever , 102 F (38.9 C) or lower Diarrhea.
The initial diagnosis is most often based on the symptoms. However, when the symptoms are not obvious, pertussis may be hard to diagnose. In very young infants, the symptoms may be caused by pneumonia instead. To know for sure, the health care provider may take a sample of mucus from the nasal secretions. The sample is sent to a lab and tested for pertussis. While this can offer an accurate diagnosis, the test takes some time. Most of the time, treatment is started before the results are ready. Some people may have a complete blood count that shows large numbers of lymphocytes.
If started early enough, antibiotics such as erythromycin can make the symptoms go away more quickly. Unfortunately, most people are diagnosed too late, when antibiotics aren't very effective. However, the medicines can help reduce the person's ability to spread the disease to others. Infants younger than 18 months need constant supervision because their breathing may temporarily stop during coughing spells. Infants with severe cases should be hospitalized. An oxygen tent with high humidity may be used. Fluids may be given through a vein if coughing spells are severe enough to prevent the person from drinking enough fluids. Sedatives (medicines to make you sleepy) may be prescribed for young children. Cough mixtures, expectorants, and suppressants are most often not helpful. These medicines should NOT be used.
In older children, the outlook is most often very good. Infants have the highest risk for death, and need careful monitoring.
Complications may include: Pneumonia Convulsions Seizure disorder (permanent) Nosebleeds Ear infections Brain damage from lack of oxygen Bleeding in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage) Intellectual disability Slowed or stopped breathing ( apnea ) Death.
Call your provider if you or your child develops symptoms of pertussis. Call 911 or get to an emergency room if the person has any of the following symptoms: Bluish skin color, which indicates a lack of oxygen Periods of stopped breathing (apnea) Seizures or convulsions High fever Persistent vomiting Dehydration.
DTaP vaccination , one of the recommended childhood immunizations, protects children against pertussis infection. DTaP vaccine can be safely given to infants. Five DTaP vaccines are recommended. They are most often given to children at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years. The TdaP vaccine should be given at age 11 or 12. During a pertussis outbreak, unimmunized children under age 7 should not attend school or public gatherings. They should also be isolated from anyone known or suspected to be infected. This should last until 14 days after the last reported case. It is also recommended that adults age 19 and older receive 1 dose of the TdaP vaccine against pertussis. TdaP is especially important for health care professionals and anyone having close contact with a baby younger than 12 months old. Pregnant women should get a dose of TdaP during every pregnancy between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy, to protect the newborn from pertussis.
Whooping cough.
Respiratory system overview Respiratory system overview.
Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136-138. PMID: 28182599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599. Long SS. Pertussis ( Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis ).

Encyclopedia Entry for Pertussis :
Pertussis (Whooping cough). Source of disease: Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis SecondaryCAFL880,832,802,787,776,727,1234,7344Whooping Cough.
Pesticide DetoxCAFL73,26,6,1Also use Liver, and Kidney Support, Circulatory, and Lymph Stasis programs.
Peter's AnomalyETDF70,120,650,118830,202500,315320,481510,525830,622500,791520Failure in normal development of part of the eye.
Peutz-Jeghers SyndromeETDF140,550,950,35710,71250,82500,142500,393500,632410,719340Genetic disease with benign hamartomatous polyps in GI tract and hyperpigmented macules on lips and oral mucosa (Melanosis).

Encyclopedia Entry for Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome :
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. It is unknown how many people are affected by PJS. However, the National Institutes of Health estimates that it affects about 1 in 25,000 to 300,000 births. PJS is caused by a mutation in a gene called STK11/LKB1. There are two types of PJS: Familial PJS is inherited through families as an autosomal dominant trait. That means if one of your parents has this type of PJS, you have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and having the disease. Spontaneous PJS is not passed down through families. The gene mutation occurs on its own.
Symptoms of PJS are: Brownish or bluish-gray spots on the lips, gums, inner lining of the mouth, and skin Clubbed fingers or toes Cramping pain in the belly area Dark freckles on and around the lips of a child Blood in the stool that can be seen with the naked eye (sometimes) Vomiting.
The polyps develop mainly in the small intestine, but also in the large intestine (colon). An exam of the colon called a colonoscopy will show colon polyps. The small intestine is evaluated in two ways. One is a barium x-ray (small bowel series). The other is a capsule endoscopy, in which a small camera is swallowed and then takes many pictures as it travels through the small intestine. Additional exams may show: Part of the intestine folded in on itself ( intussusception ) Benign (noncancerous) tumors in the ear Laboratory tests may include: Complete blood count -- may reveal anemia Genetic testing Stool guaiac , to look for blood in stool Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) -- may be linked with iron-deficiency anemia.
Surgery may be needed to remove polyps that cause long-term problems. Iron supplements help counteract blood loss. People with this condition should be monitored by a health care provider and checked regularly for cancerous polyp changes.
The following resources can provide more information on PJS: National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/peutz-jeghers-syndrome NIH/NLM Genetics Home Reference -- ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/peutz-jeghers-syndrome.
There may be a high risk for these polyps becoming cancerous. Some studies link PJS with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, uterus, and ovaries.
Complications may include: Intussusception Polyps that lead to cancer Ovarian cysts A type of ovarian tumors called sex cord tumors.
Call for an appointment with your provider if you or your child has symptoms of this condition. Severe abdominal pain may be a sign of an emergency condition such as intussusception.
Genetic counseling is recommended if you are planning to have children and have a family history of this condition.
PJS.
Digestive system organs Digestive system organs.
Donoghue LJ. Tumors of the digestive tract.
Phagocytosis StimulationCAFL20,125,727,787,880Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis pinocytosis.
Phantom LimbETDF160,550,950,17500,93980,137500,396500,575830,824370,963190Sensation that an amputated limb or removed organ is still present, usually painful.

Encyclopedia Entry for Phantom Limb :
Phantom limb pain. These feeling slowly get weaker and weaker. You should also feel them less often. They may not ever go away completely. Pain in the missing part of the arm or leg is called phantom pain. You may feel: Sharp or shooting pain Achy pain Burning pain Cramping pain Some things may make phantom pain worse, such as: Being too tired Putting too much pressure on the stump or parts of the arm or leg that are still there Changes in the weather Stress Infection An artificial limb that does not fit properly Poor blood flow Swelling in the part of the arm or leg that is still there.
Try to relax in a way that works for you. Do deep breathing or pretend to relax the missing arm or leg. Reading, listening to music, or doing something that takes your mind off the pain may help. You may also try taking a warm bath if your surgery wound is completely healed. Ask your health care provider if you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), or other medicines that help with pain. The following may also help lessen phantom pain. Keep the remaining part of your arm or leg warm. Move or exercise the remaining part of your arm or leg. If you are wearing your prosthesis, take it off. If you are not wearing it, put it on. If you have swelling in the remaining part of your arm or leg, try wearing an elastic bandage. Wear a shrinker sock or compression stocking. Try gently tapping or rubbing your stump.
Amputation - phantom limb.
Bang MS, Jung SH. Phantom limb pain.
Pharyngeal DiseasesETDF40,500,950,2750,82850,122010,237500,422530,635350,873530Disorders of that part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the nasal cavity, posterior to the mouth, and superior to the esophagus and larynx.
PharyngitisCAFL20,146,380,440,522,727,776,784,802,880,1550,1600Inflammation of pharynx. Can cause chronic sore throat, halitosis, and pharygeal ulcers. See Sore Throat, and Halitosis programs.
Throat

Encyclopedia Entry for Pharyngitis :
Pharyngitis - sore throat. Pharyngitis is caused by swelling in the back of the throat (pharynx) between the tonsils and the voice box (larynx). Most sore throats are caused by colds, the flu, coxsackie virus or mono (mononucleosis). Throat anatomy Bacteria that can cause pharyngitis in some cases: Strep throat is caused by group A streptococcus. Less commonly, bacterial diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause sore throat. Most cases of pharyngitis occur during the colder months. The illness often spreads among family members and close contacts.
The main symptom is a sore throat. Other symptoms may include: Fever Headache Joint pain and muscle aches Skin rashes Swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck.
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and look at your throat. A rapid test or throat culture to test for strep throat may be done. Other laboratory tests may be done, depending on the suspected cause.
Most sore throats are caused by viruses. Antibiotics do not help viral sore throats. Using these medicines when they are not needed leads to antibiotics not working as well when they are needed. Sore throat is treated with antibiotics if: A strep test or culture is positive. Your provider cannot diagnose strep throat by symptoms or a physical exam alone. A culture for chlamydia or gonorrhea is positive. Sore throat caused by the flu (influenza) may be helped by antiviral medicines. The following tips may help your sore throat feel better: Drink soothing liquids. You can either drink warm liquids, such as lemon tea with honey, or cold liquids, such as ice water. You could also suck on a fruit-flavored ice pop. Gargle several times a day with warm salt water (1/2 tsp or 3 grams of salt in 1 cup or 240 milliliters of water). Suck on hard candies or throat lozenges. Young children should not be given these products because they can choke on them. Use of a cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier can moisten the air and soothe a dry and painful throat. Try over-the-counter pain medicines, such as acetaminophen.
Complications may include: Ear infection Sinusitis Abscess near the tonsils.
Call your provider if: You develop a sore throat that does not go away after several days You have a high fever, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, or a rash Seek medical care right away if you have a sore throat and trouble breathing.
Pharyngitis - bacterial; Sore throat.
Throat anatomy Throat anatomy.
Flores AR, Caserta MT. Pharyngitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pharyngitis :
Pharyngitis - viral. Pharyngitis may occur as part of a viral infection that also involves other organs, such as the lungs or bowel. Most sore throats are caused by viruses.
Symptoms of pharyngitis may include: Discomfort when swallowing Fever Joint pain or muscle aches Sore throat Tender swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Your health care provider usually diagnoses pharyngitis by examining your throat. A lab test of fluid from your throat will show that bacteria (such as group A streptococcus , or strep) is not the cause of your sore throat.
There is no specific treatment for viral pharyngitis. You can relieve symptoms by gargling with warm salt water several times a day (use one half teaspoon or 3 grams of salt in a glass of warm water). Taking anti-inflammatory medicine, such as acetaminophen, can control fever. Excessive use of anti-inflammatory lozenges or sprays may make a sore throat worse. It is important NOT to take antibiotics when a sore throat is due to a viral infection. The antibiotics will not help. Using them to treat viral infections helps bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. With some sore throats (such as those caused by infectious mononucleosis ), the lymph nodes in the neck may become very swollen. Your provider may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisone, to treat them.
Symptoms usually go away within a week to 10 days.
Complications of viral pharyngitis are extremely uncommon.
Make an appointment with your provider if symptoms last longer than expected, or do not improve with self-care. Always seek medical care if you have a sore throat and have extreme discomfort or difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Most sore throats cannot be prevented because the germs that cause them are in our environment. However, always wash your hands after contact with a person who has a sore throat. Also avoid kissing or sharing cups and eating utensils with people who are sick.
Oropharynx Oropharynx.
Melio FR. Upper respiratory tract infections.
PharyngitisETDF140,220,730,5250,7250,52030,157510,290200,675350,821370Inflammation of pharynx. Can cause chronic sore throat, halitosis, and pharygeal ulcers. See Sore Throat, and Halitosis programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pharyngitis :
Pharyngitis - sore throat. Pharyngitis is caused by swelling in the back of the throat (pharynx) between the tonsils and the voice box (larynx). Most sore throats are caused by colds, the flu, coxsackie virus or mono (mononucleosis). Throat anatomy Bacteria that can cause pharyngitis in some cases: Strep throat is caused by group A streptococcus. Less commonly, bacterial diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause sore throat. Most cases of pharyngitis occur during the colder months. The illness often spreads among family members and close contacts.
The main symptom is a sore throat. Other symptoms may include: Fever Headache Joint pain and muscle aches Skin rashes Swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck.
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and look at your throat. A rapid test or throat culture to test for strep throat may be done. Other laboratory tests may be done, depending on the suspected cause.
Most sore throats are caused by viruses. Antibiotics do not help viral sore throats. Using these medicines when they are not needed leads to antibiotics not working as well when they are needed. Sore throat is treated with antibiotics if: A strep test or culture is positive. Your provider cannot diagnose strep throat by symptoms or a physical exam alone. A culture for chlamydia or gonorrhea is positive. Sore throat caused by the flu (influenza) may be helped by antiviral medicines. The following tips may help your sore throat feel better: Drink soothing liquids. You can either drink warm liquids, such as lemon tea with honey, or cold liquids, such as ice water. You could also suck on a fruit-flavored ice pop. Gargle several times a day with warm salt water (1/2 tsp or 3 grams of salt in 1 cup or 240 milliliters of water). Suck on hard candies or throat lozenges. Young children should not be given these products because they can choke on them. Use of a cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier can moisten the air and soothe a dry and painful throat. Try over-the-counter pain medicines, such as acetaminophen.
Complications may include: Ear infection Sinusitis Abscess near the tonsils.
Call your provider if: You develop a sore throat that does not go away after several days You have a high fever, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, or a rash Seek medical care right away if you have a sore throat and trouble breathing.
Pharyngitis - bacterial; Sore throat.
Throat anatomy Throat anatomy.
Flores AR, Caserta MT. Pharyngitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pharyngitis :
Pharyngitis - viral. Pharyngitis may occur as part of a viral infection that also involves other organs, such as the lungs or bowel. Most sore throats are caused by viruses.
Symptoms of pharyngitis may include: Discomfort when swallowing Fever Joint pain or muscle aches Sore throat Tender swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Your health care provider usually diagnoses pharyngitis by examining your throat. A lab test of fluid from your throat will show that bacteria (such as group A streptococcus , or strep) is not the cause of your sore throat.
There is no specific treatment for viral pharyngitis. You can relieve symptoms by gargling with warm salt water several times a day (use one half teaspoon or 3 grams of salt in a glass of warm water). Taking anti-inflammatory medicine, such as acetaminophen, can control fever. Excessive use of anti-inflammatory lozenges or sprays may make a sore throat worse. It is important NOT to take antibiotics when a sore throat is due to a viral infection. The antibiotics will not help. Using them to treat viral infections helps bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. With some sore throats (such as those caused by infectious mononucleosis ), the lymph nodes in the neck may become very swollen. Your provider may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisone, to treat them.
Symptoms usually go away within a week to 10 days.
Complications of viral pharyngitis are extremely uncommon.
Make an appointment with your provider if symptoms last longer than expected, or do not improve with self-care. Always seek medical care if you have a sore throat and have extreme discomfort or difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Most sore throats cannot be prevented because the germs that cause them are in our environment. However, always wash your hands after contact with a person who has a sore throat. Also avoid kissing or sharing cups and eating utensils with people who are sick.
Oropharynx Oropharynx.
Melio FR. Upper respiratory tract infections.
PhenylketonuriasETDF70,410,730,5850,72500,135000,367500,550300,725340,920320Inborn metabolic error with impaired metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Sufferers must never ingest aspartame.
PhimosisETDF80,240,570,970,2500,103000,222500,345000,497500,725350Condition where penis foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis. May also refer to clitoral phimosis, whereby the clitoral hood cannot be retracted.
PhlebitisCAFL1500,776Vein inflammation.
Veins
PhlebitisETDF50,370,870,2250,33500,75850,105830,275540,475350,857770Vein inflammation.
Phlebotomus FeverETDF30,250,2780,35930,115710,237500,495000,734250,852590,915350Also called Pappataci Fever. Viral febrile arboviral infection caused by sandfly bites.
Phobic DisordersETDF20,230,650,16950,73500,120530,355540,607590,816510,979930Anxiety disorders characterised by fear of objects or situations.
Phoma DestructivaCAFL163,815,621Homeopathic.
Phoma DestructlvaVEGA163Homeopathic.
PhosphorusXTRA861.72,928.95,19766.11Essential element.

Encyclopedia Entry for Phosphorus :
Phosphorus blood test. A blood sample is needed.
Your health care provider may tell you to temporarily stop taking medicines that may affect the test. These medicines include water pills (diuretics), antacids, and laxatives. DO NOT stop taking any medicine before talking to your provider.
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away.
Phosphorus is a mineral the body needs to build strong bones and teeth. It is also important for nerve signaling and muscle contraction. This test is ordered to see how much phosphorus is in your blood. Kidney, liver, and certain bone diseases can cause abnormal phosphorus levels.
Normal values range from: Adults: 2.8 to 4.5 mg/dL Children: 4.0 to 7.0 mg/dL Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.
A higher than normal level (hyperphosphatemia) may be due to many different health conditions. Common causes include: Diabetic ketoacidosis (life-threatening condition that may occur in people with diabetes) Hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid glands do not make enough of their hormone) Kidney failure Liver disease Too much vitamin D Too much phosphate in your diet Use of certain medicines such as laxatives that have phosphate in them A lower than normal level (hypophosphatemia) may be due to: Alcoholism Hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the body) Primary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid glands make too much of their hormone) Too little dietary intake of phosphate Very poor nutrition Too little vitamin D, resulting in bone problems such as rickets (childhood) or osteomalacia (adult).
There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Fainting or feeling lightheaded Multiple punctures to locate veins Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin) Excessive bleeding Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken).
Phosphorus - serum; HPO4 -2 ; PO4 -3 ; Inorganic phosphate; Serum phosphorus.
Blood test Blood test.
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Phosphorus (inorganic phosphate) - serum.

Encyclopedia Entry for Phosphorus :
Phosphorus in diet. The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in how the body uses carbohydrates and fats. It is also needed for the body to make protein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues. Phosphorus also helps the body make ATP, a molecule the body uses to store energy. Phosphorus works with the B vitamins. It also helps with the following: Kidney function Muscle contractions Normal heartbeat Nerve signaling.
The main food sources are the protein food groups of meat and milk. A diet that includes the right amounts of meal plan calcium and protein will also provide enough phosphorus. Whole-grain breads and cereals contain more phosphorus than cereals and breads made from refined flour. However, the phosphorus is stored in a form that is not absorbed by humans. Fruits and vegetables contain only small amounts of phosphorus.
Phosphorus is so readily available in the food supply so deficiency is rare. Excessively high levels of phosphorus in the blood, although rare, can combine with calcium to form deposits in soft tissues such as muscle. High levels of phosphorus in blood only occur in people with severe kidney disease or severe dysfunction of their calcium regulation.
According to Institute of Medicine recommendations, the recommended dietary intakes of phosphorus are as follows: 0 to 6 months: 100 milligrams per day (mg/day)* 7 to 12 months: 275 mg/day* 1 to 3 years: 460 mg/day 4 to 8 years: 500 mg/day 9 to 18 years: 1,250 mg Adults: 700 mg/day Pregnant or lactating women: Younger than 18: 1,250 mg/day Older than 18: 700 mg/day *AI or Adequate Intake.
Diet - phosphorus.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academies Press. Washington, DC, 1997. PMID: 23115811 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23115811. Mason JB. Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients.
PhotophobiaETDF500,570,870,12330,42500,152500,287500,392310,810500,901040Discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure.

Encyclopedia Entry for Photophobia :
Photophobia. Photophobia is common. For many people, the problem is not due to any disease. Severe photophobia may occur with eye problems. It can cause bad eye pain, even in low light.
Causes may include: Acute iritis or uveitis (inflammation inside the eye) Burns to the eye Corneal abrasion Corneal ulcer Drugs such as amphetamines, atropine, cocaine , cyclopentolate, idoxuridine, phenylephrine, scopolamine, trifluridine, tropicamide, and vidarabine Excessive wearing of contact lenses, or wearing poorly-fitting contact lenses Eye disease, injury, or infection (such as chalazion , episcleritis , glaucoma ) Eye testing when the eyes have been dilated Meningitis Migraine headache Recovery from eye surgery.
Things you can do to ease light sensitivity include: Avoid sunlight Close your eyes Wear dark glasses Darken the room If eye pain is severe, see your health care provider about the cause of light sensitivity. Proper treatment may cure the problem. Get medical help right away if your pain is moderate to severe, even in low-light conditions.
Call your provider if: Light sensitivity is severe or painful. (For example, you need to wear sunglasses indoors.) Sensitivity occurs with headaches, red eye or blurred vision or does not go away in a day or two.
The provider will perform a physical exam , including an eye exam. You may be asked the following questions: When did the light sensitivity begin? How bad is the pain? Does it hurt all the time or just sometimes? Do you need to wear dark glasses or stay in dark rooms? Did a doctor recently dilate your pupils? What medicines do you take? Have you used any eye drops? Do you use contact lenses? Have you used soaps, lotions, cosmetics, or other chemicals around your eyes? Does anything make the sensitivity better or worse? Have you been injured? What other symptoms do you have? Tell your provider if you have any of these symptoms: Pain in the eye Nausea or dizziness Headache or neck stiffness Blurred vision Sore or wound in eye Redness, itching, or swelling Numbness or tingling elsewhere in the body Changes in hearing The following tests may be done: Corneal scraping Lumbar puncture (most often done by a neurologist) Pupil dilation Slit-lamp exam.
Light sensitivity; Vision - light sensitive; Eyes - sensitivity to light.
External and internal eye anatomy External and internal eye anatomy.
Ehlers W, Suchecki J, Steinemann TL, Donshik P. Contact lens-related complications.
Photosensitivity DisordersETDF130,240,1700,34870,62250,102750,232500,425540,725350,869710Notable or increased reactivity to light that can result in serious discomfort, disease, or injury.
Pilonidal CystETDF130,570,6750,71250,101150,347500,579500,690000,775870,816900Painful cyst or abscess near or on the natal cleft of the buttocks that often contains hair and skin debris.
Pineal Function Normalize StimulateXTRA480Other uses: magnesium, zinc.
Pineal Function Stimulate NormalizeXTRA662,480Of the endocrine organs, the function of the pineal gland was the last discovered. Located deep in the center of the brain, the pineal gland was once known as the third eye.
Pineal Gland BalanceXTRA20,537,662The pineal gland, conarium, or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.
PingueculaCAFL746,755,1375,6965,626,948A common type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pinguecula :
Pinguecula. The exact cause is unknown. Long-term sunlight exposure and eye irritation may be factors. Arc-welding is a major job-related risk.
A pingueculum looks like a small, yellowish bump on the conjunctiva near the cornea. It can appear on either side of the cornea. However, it more often occurs on the nose (nasal) side. The growth may increase in size over many years.
An eye exam is often enough to diagnose this disorder.
The only treatment needed in most cases is eye drops. Keeping the eye moist with artificial tears may help prevent the area from becoming inflamed. Temporary use of mild steroid eye drops can also be helpful. Rarely, the growth may need to be removed for comfort or for cosmetic reasons.
This condition is noncancerous ( benign ) and the outlook is good.
The pingueculum may grow over the cornea and block vision. When this happens, the growth is called a pterygium. These two conditions occur under similar conditions. However, they are thought to be separate diseases.
Call your health care provider if the pingueculum changes in size, shape, or color, or if you would like to have it removed.
Things you can do that may help prevent a pingueculum or keep the problem from getting worse include: Keeping the eye well lubricated Wearing good quality sunglasses Avoiding eye irritants.
Eye anatomy Eye anatomy.
Shtein RM, Sugar A. Pterygium and conjunctival degenerations.
PingueculaVEGA746,755,6965A common type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pinguecula :
Pinguecula. The exact cause is unknown. Long-term sunlight exposure and eye irritation may be factors. Arc-welding is a major job-related risk.
A pingueculum looks like a small, yellowish bump on the conjunctiva near the cornea. It can appear on either side of the cornea. However, it more often occurs on the nose (nasal) side. The growth may increase in size over many years.
An eye exam is often enough to diagnose this disorder.
The only treatment needed in most cases is eye drops. Keeping the eye moist with artificial tears may help prevent the area from becoming inflamed. Temporary use of mild steroid eye drops can also be helpful. Rarely, the growth may need to be removed for comfort or for cosmetic reasons.
This condition is noncancerous ( benign ) and the outlook is good.
The pingueculum may grow over the cornea and block vision. When this happens, the growth is called a pterygium. These two conditions occur under similar conditions. However, they are thought to be separate diseases.
Call your health care provider if the pingueculum changes in size, shape, or color, or if you would like to have it removed.
Things you can do that may help prevent a pingueculum or keep the problem from getting worse include: Keeping the eye well lubricated Wearing good quality sunglasses Avoiding eye irritants.
Eye anatomy Eye anatomy.
Shtein RM, Sugar A. Pterygium and conjunctival degenerations.
PinwormsETDF70,520,750,3970,8500,13610,22500,265830,425340,879500Common GI parasitic worm, with Anal Itching. Also see Enterobius Vermicularis, Enterobiasis, Parasites Enterobiasis, and Threadworm programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pinworms :
Pinworms. Pinworms are the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children are most often affected. Pinworm eggs are spread directly from person to person. They can also be spread by touching bedding, food, or other items that are contaminated with the eggs. Typically, children are infected by touching pinworm eggs without knowing it and then putting their fingers in their mouth. They swallow the eggs, which eventually hatch in the small intestine. The worms mature in the colon. Female worms then move to the child's anal area, especially at night, and deposit more eggs. This may cause intense itching. The area may even become infected. When the child scratches the anal area, the eggs can get under the child's fingernails. These eggs can be transferred to other children, family members, and items in the house.
Symptoms of pinworm infection include: Difficulty sleeping due to the itching that occurs during the night Intense itching around the anus Irritability due to itching and interrupted sleep Irritated or infected skin around the anus, from constant scratching Irritation or discomfort of the vagina in young girls (if an adult worm enters the vagina rather than the anus) Loss of appetite and weight (uncommon, but can occur in severe infections).
Pinworms can be spotted in the anal area, mainly at night when the worms lay their eggs there. Your health care provider may have you do a tape test. A piece of cellophane tape is pressed against the skin around the anus, and removed. This should be done in the morning before bathing or using the toilet, because bathing and wiping may remove eggs. The provider will stick the tape to a slide and look for eggs using a microscope.
Anti-worm medicines are used to kill the pinworms (not their eggs). Your provider will likely recommend one dose of medicine that is available over-the-counter and by prescription. More than one household member is likely to be infected, so the entire household is often treated. Another dose is usually repeated after 2 weeks. This treats worms that hatched since the first treatment. To control the eggs: Clean toilet seats daily Keep fingernails short and clean Wash all bed linens twice a week Wash hands before meals and after using the toilet Avoid scratching the infected area around the anus. This can contaminate your fingers and everything else that you touch. Keep your hands and fingers away from your nose and mouth unless they are freshly washed. Be extra careful while family members are being treated for pinworms.
Pinworm infection is fully treatable with anti-worm medicine.
Call for an appointment with your provider if: You or your child has symptoms of pinworm infection You have seen pinworms on your child.
Wash hands after using the bathroom and before preparing food. Wash bedding and underclothing frequently, particularly those of any affected family members.
Enterobiasis; Oxyuriasis; Threadworm; Seatworm; Enterobius vermicularis; E vermicularis; Helminthic infection.
Pinworm eggs Pinworm eggs Pinworm, close-up of the head Pinworm - close-up of the head Pinworms Pinworms.
Bogitsh BJ, Carter CE. Intestinal nematodes.
PituitaryXTRA13In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pituitary :
Pituitary apoplexy. The pituitary is a small gland at the base of the brain. The pituitary produces many of the hormones that control essential body processes. Pituitary apoplexy can be caused by bleeding into the pituitary or by blocked blood flow to the pituitary. Apoplexy means bleeding into an organ or loss of blood flow to an organ. Pituitary apoplexy is commonly caused by bleeding inside a noncancerous ( benign ) tumor of the pituitary. These tumors are very common. The pituitary is damaged when the tumor suddenly enlarges and either bleeds into the pituitary or blocks blood supply to the pituitary. The larger the tumor, the higher the risk for pituitary apoplexy. When pituitary bleeding occurs in a woman during or right after childbirth, it is called Sheehan syndrome. This is a very rare condition. Risk factors for pituitary apoplexy in non-pregnant people without a tumor include: Bleeding disorders Diabetes Head injury Radiation to the pituitary gland Use of a breathing machine Pituitary apoplexy in these situations is very rare.
Pituitary apoplexy usually has a short period of symptoms (acute), which can be life threatening. Symptoms often include: Severe headache (worst of your life) Paralysis of the eye muscles, causing double vision ( ophthalmoplegia ) or problems opening an eyelid Loss of peripheral vision or loss of all vision in one or both eyes Low blood pressure, nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting from acute adrenal insufficiency Personality changes due to sudden narrowing of one of the arteries in the brain (anterior cerebral artery) Less commonly, pituitary dysfunction may appear more slowly. In Sheehan syndrome, for example, the first symptom may be a failure to produce milk caused by a lack of the hormone prolactin. Over time, problems with other pituitary hormones may develop, causing symptoms of the following conditions: Growth hormone deficiency Adrenal insufficiency (if not already present or treated) Hypogonadism (body's sex glands produce little or no hormones) Hypothyroidism (thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone) In rare cases, when the posterior (back part) of the pituitary is involved, symptoms may include: Failure of the uterus to contract to give birth to a baby (in women) Failure to produce breast milk (in women) Frequent urination and severe thirst (diabetes insipidus).
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Tests that may be ordered include: Eye exams MRI or CT scan Blood tests will be done to check levels of: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Cortisol FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) Growth hormone LH (luteinizing hormone) Prolactin TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Sodium Osmolarity in blood and urine.
Acute apoplexy may require surgery to relieve pressure on the pituitary and improve vision symptoms. Severe cases need emergency surgery. If vision is not affected, surgery is often not necessary. Immediate treatment with adrenal replacement hormones (glucocorticoids) may be needed. These hormones are often given through the vein (by IV). Other hormones may eventually be replaced, including: Growth hormone Sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) Thyroid hormone Vasopressin (ADH).
Acute pituitary apoplexy can be life threatening. The outlook is good for people who have long-term (chronic) pituitary deficiency that is diagnosed and treated.
Complications of untreated pituitary apoplexy can include: Adrenal crisis (condition that occurs when there is not enough cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands ) Vision loss If other missing hormones are not replaced, symptoms of hypothyroidism and hypogonadism may develop.
Call your provider if you have any symptoms of chronic pituitary insufficiency. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of acute pituitary apoplexy, including: Eye weakness or vision loss Sudden, severe headache Low blood pressure (which can cause fainting) Nausea Vomiting If you develop these symptoms and you have already been diagnosed with a pituitary tumor, seek medical help right away.
Pituitary infarction; Pituitary tumor apoplexy.
Endocrine glands Endocrine glands.
Melmed S, Kleinberg D. Pituitary masses and tumors.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pituitary :
Pituitary tumor. Most pituitary tumors are noncancerous ( benign ). Up to 20% of people have pituitary tumors. Many of these tumors do not cause symptoms and are never diagnosed during the person's lifetime. The pituitary is part of the endocrine system. The pituitary helps control the release of hormones from other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, sex glands (testes or ovaries), and adrenal glands. The pituitary also releases hormones that directly affect body tissues, such as bones and the breast milk glands. The pituitary hormones include: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Pituitary gland Watch this video about: Pituitary gland As a pituitary tumor grows, the normal hormone-releasing cells of the pituitary may be damaged. This results in the pituitary gland not producing enough of its hormones. This condition is called hypopituitarism. The causes of pituitary tumors are unknown. Some tumors are part of a hereditary disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN I). The pituitary gland can be affected by brain tumors that develop in the same part of the brain, resulting in similar symptoms.
Some pituitary tumors produce too much of one or more hormones. As a result, symptoms of one or more of the following conditions can occur: Hyperthyroidism (thyroid gland makes too much of its hormones; this is an extremely rare condition of pituitary tumors) Cushing syndrome (body has a higher than normal level of the hormone cortisol) Gigantism (abnormal growth due to higher than normal level of growth hormone during childhood) or acromegaly (higher than normal level of growth hormone in adults) Nipple discharge and irregular or absent menstrual periods in women Decreased sexual function in men Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger pituitary tumor may include: Changes in vision such as double vision, visual field loss (loss of peripheral vision), drooping eyelids or changes in color vision Headache Lack of energy Nasal drainage of clear fluid Nausea and vomiting Problems with the sense of smell In rare cases, these symptoms occur suddenly and can be severe ( pituitary apoplexy ).
Your health care provider will perform a physical examination. The provider will note any problems with double vision and visual field, such as a loss of side (peripheral) vision or the ability to see in certain areas. The exam will check for signs of too much cortisol (Cushing syndrome) or too much growth hormone (acromegaly). Tests to check endocrine function may be ordered, including: Cortisol levels: dexamethasone suppression test , urine cortisol test FSH level Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level LH level Prolactin level Testosterone/estradiol levels Thyroid hormone levels: free T4 test , TSH test Tests that help confirm the diagnosis include the following: Visual fields MRI of head.
Surgery to remove the tumor is often needed, especially if the tumor is pressing on the nerves that control vision (optic nerves). Most of the time, pituitary tumors can be surgically removed through the nose and sinuses. If the tumor cannot be removed this way, it is removed through the skull. Radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor in people who cannot have surgery. It may also be used if the tumor returns after surgery. In some cases, medicines are prescribed to shrink certain types of tumors.
These resources can provide more information on pituitary tumors: National Cancer Institute -- www.cancer.gov/types/pituitary Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org The Pituitary Society -- www.pituitarysociety.org.
If the tumor can be surgically removed, the outlook is fair to good, depending on whether the entire tumor is removed.
The most serious complication is blindness. This can occur if the optic nerve is seriously damaged. The tumor or its removal may cause lifelong hormone imbalances. The affected hormones may need to be replaced, and you may need to take medicine for the rest of your life. Tumors and surgery can sometimes damage the posterior pituitary (back part of the gland). This can lead to diabetes insipidus , a condition with symptoms of frequent urination and extreme thirst.
Call your provider if you develop any symptoms of a pituitary tumor.
Tumor - pituitary; Pituitary adenoma.
Endocrine glands Endocrine glands The pituitary gland Pituitary gland.
Dorsey JF, Hollander AB, Alonso-Basanta M, et al. Cancer of the central nervous system.
Pituitary DiseasesETDF370,970,2750,15030,71500,196500,275870,419340,612740,858570Disorders of pituitary gland including Hypothyroidism, Hyperpituitarism, Diabetes Insipidus, tumors, and adenomas.
Pituitary Function NormalizeXTRA635Also see Hypophyseal Disturbances.Other use: normalize colon function.
Pituitary GlandXTRA1.05Other uses: growth hormone, hair/hair colour restoration.
Pituitary Gland DysfunctionCAFL1.5,6.8,20Also see Hypophyseal Disturbances.
Pituitary HGH Production StimulateXTRA645Also see Hypophyseal Disturbances.
PityriasisETDF200,320,2880,5250,132500,237500,496500,626070,875340,927000Flaking or scaling of skin.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pityriasis :
Pityriasis versicolor- Tinea versicolor- Malassezia furfur (fungus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pityriasis :
Pityriasis alba. The cause is unknown but may be linked to atopic dermatitis (eczema). The disorder is most common in children and teens. It is more noticeable in children with dark skin.
The problem areas on the skin (lesions) often start as slightly red and scaly patches that are round or oval. They usually appear on the face, upper arms, neck, and upper middle of the body. After these lesions go away, the patches turn light-colored (hypopigmented). The patches do not tan easily. Because of this, they may get red quickly in the sun.
The health care provider can usually diagnose the condition by looking at the skin. Tests, such as potassium hydroxide ( KOH ), may be done to rule out other skin problems. In very rare cases, a skin biopsy is done.
The provider may recommend the following treatments: Moisturizer Mild steroid creams Medicine, called immunomodulators, applied to the skin to reduce inflammation Treatment with ultraviolet light to control the inflammation Medicines by mouth or shots to control the dermatitis, if very severe Laser treatment.
Pityriasis alba usually goes away on its own with patches returning to normal pigment over time.
Patches may get sunburned when exposed to sunlight. Applying sunscreen and using other sun protection can help prevent sunburn.
Call your provider if your child has patches of hypopigmented skin.
Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the chest Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the chest.
Habif TP. Light-related diseases and disorders of pigmentation.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pityriasis :
Pityriasis rosea. Pityriasis rosea is believed to be caused by a virus. It occurs most often in the fall and spring. Although pityriasis rosea may occur in more than one person in a household at a time, it is not thought to spread from one person to another.
Attacks most often last 4 to 8 weeks. Symptoms may disappear by 3 weeks or last as long as 12 weeks. The rash starts with a single large patch called a herald patch. After several days, more skin rashes will appear on the chest, back, arms, and legs. The skin rashes: Are often pink or pale red Are oval in shape May be scaly May follow lines in the skin or appear in a 'Christmas tree' pattern May itch.
Your health care provider can often diagnose pityriasis rosea by the way the rash looks. In rare cases, the following tests are needed: A blood test to be sure it is not a form of syphilis, which can cause a similar rash A skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
If symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Your provider may suggest gentle bathing, mild lubricants or creams, or mild hydrocortisone creams to soothe your skin. Antihistamines taken by mouth may be used to reduce itching. You can buy antihistamines at the store without a prescription. Moderate sun exposure or ultraviolet (UV) light treatment may help make the rash go away more quickly. However, you must be careful to avoid sunburn.
Pityriasis rosea often goes away within 6 to 12 weeks. It usually doesn't come back.
Call for an appointment with your provider if you have symptoms of pityriasis rosea.
Rash - pityriasis rosea; Papulosquamous - pityriasis rosea.
Pityriasis rosea on the chest Pityriasis rosea on the chest.
Habif TP. Psoriasis and other papulosquamous diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pityriasis :
Pityriasis rubra pilaris. There are several subtypes of PRP. The cause is unknown, although genetic factors and an abnormal immune response may be involved. One subtype is associated with HIV/AIDS.
PRP is a chronic skin condition in which orange or salmon-colored scaly patches with thick skin develop on the hands and feet. The scaly areas may cover much of the body. Small islands of normal skin (called islands of sparing) are seen within the areas of the scaly skin. The scaly areas may be itchy. There may be changes in the nails. PRP can be severe. Although it's not life threatening, PRP can greatly reduce quality of life and limit activities of daily living.
The health care provider will examine your skin. Diagnosis is usually made by presence of the unique skin lesions. (A lesion is an abnormal area on the skin). The provider may take samples ( biopsies ) of the affected skin to confirm the diagnosis and rule out conditions that may look like PRP.
Topical creams containing urea, lactic acid, retinoids, and steroids may help. More commonly, treatment includes pills taken by mouth such as isotretinoin, acitretin, or methotrexate. Exposure to ultraviolet light (light therapy) may also help. Drugs that affect the body's immune system are currently being studied and may be effective for PRP.
These resources can provide more information on PRP: National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pityriasis-rubra-pilaris.
Call your provider if you develop symptoms of PRP. Also call if you have the disorder and symptoms worsen.
PRP; Pityriasis pilaris; Lichen ruber acuminatus; Devergie disease.
Pitted keratolysis Pitted keratolysis Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the chest Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the chest Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the feet Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the feet Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the palms Pityriasis rubra pilaris on the palms Pityriasis rubra pilaris - close-up Pityriasis rubra pilaris - close-up.
Eastham AB, Femia AN, Qureshi A, Vleugels RA. Treatment options for pityriasis rubra pilaris including biologic agents: a retrospective analysis from an academic medical center. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(1):92-94. PMID: 23986433 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986433. James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases.
Plagiocephaly NonsynostoticETDF80,240,670,5170,17250,57000,152500,362500,593210,873300Also called flat head syndrome. Asymmetrical in utero flattening of one side or back of skull.
PlagueETDF50,260,570,2500,12850,35340,57500,96500,322060,475870Yersinia Pestis. Bubonic Plague, spread primarily by rats and their fleas.

Encyclopedia Entry for Plague :
Plague - Yersinia pestis (G- rod: facultative-straight: zoonoses)

Encyclopedia Entry for Plague :
Plague. Plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. Rodents, such as rats, carry the disease. It is spread by their fleas. People can get plague when they are bitten by a flea that carries the plague bacteria from an infected rodent. In rare cases, people get the disease when handling an infected animal. Plague lung infection is called pneumonic plague. It can be spread from person to person. When someone with pneumonic plague coughs, tiny droplets carrying the bacteria move through the air. Anyone who breathes in these particles may catch the disease. An epidemic can be started this way. In the Middle Ages in Europe, massive plague epidemics killed millions of people. Plague has not been eliminated. It can still be found in Africa, Asia, and South America. Today, plague is rare in the United States. But it has been known to occur in parts of California, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The three most common forms of plague are: Bubonic plague, an infection of the lymph nodes Pneumonic plague, an infection of the lungs Septicemic plague, an infection of the blood The time between being infected and developing symptoms is typically 2 to 8 days. But the time can be as short as 1 day for pneumonic plague. Risk factors for plague include a recent flea bite and exposure to rodents, especially rabbits, squirrels, or prairie dogs, or scratches or bites from infected domestic cats.
Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills General ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Muscle pain Seizures Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo that is commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (bite or scratch); pain may start before the swelling appears Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 4 days after exposure. They include: Severe cough Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply Fever and chills Headache Frothy, bloody sputum Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain Bleeding due to blood clotting problems Diarrhea Fever Nausea, vomiting.
The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Blood culture Culture of lymph node aspirate (fluid taken from an affected lymph node or bubo) Sputum culture.
People with the plague need to be treated right away. If treatment is not received within 24 hours of when the first symptoms occur, the risk of death increases. Antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin are used to treat plague. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support are usually also needed. People with pneumonic plague must be kept away from caregivers and other patients. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague should be watched carefully and given antibiotics as a preventive measure.
Without treatment, about 50% of persons with bubonic plague die. Almost everyone with septicemic or pneumonic plague dies if not treated right away. Treatment reduces the death rate to 50%.
Call your health care provider if you develop plague symptoms after exposure to fleas or rodents. Contact your provider if you live in or have visited an area where plague occurs.
Rat control and watching for the disease in the wild rodent population are the main measures used to control the risk of epidemics. The plague vaccine is no longer used in the United States.
Bubonic plague; Pneumonic plague; Septicemic plague.
Flea Flea Flea bite - close-up Flea bite - close-up Antibodies Antibodies Bacteria Bacteria.
Gage KL, Mead PS. Plague and other yersinia infections.

Encyclopedia Entry for Plague :
Plague. Source of disease: Yersinia pestis
Planet - JupiterALT183.58Jupiter. Other uses: growth, spirituality, success.
Planet - MarsALT144.72Mars. Other uses: increase activity, energy, humor, freedom.
Planet - NeptuneALT211.44Neptune. Other uses: unconscious mind, imagination, spiritual love, secrets.
Planet - PlutoALT140.25Pluto. Other uses: changes, crisis, power.
Planet - SaturnALT147.85Saturn. Other uses: concentration, separation, sorrow.
Planet - SUNALT126.22SUN. Other uses: guilt, shame, solar plexus chakra (A=440).
Planet - VenusALT221.23Other uses: chakra 3rd eye (A=440), beauty (complexion), harmony and love, sensuality.
Spirit
Planetary OrbitsCAFL141.27,144.72,183.58,221.23,272.2,280.5,295.7,414.7,422.8Brainwave frequencies, from Mercury to Pluto.
Plant PoisoningETDF130,520,1730,7250,15710,35340,272510,512910,775830,815380Some plants can be poisonous if you eat them. Others can hurt you if you get them on your skin. For some plants, all parts of the plant are poisonous.
PlantarisCAFL2008Plantaris muscle and tendon of leg.
PlasmacytomaCAFL275Tumor with plasma cells that occurs in bone marrow, as in Multiple Myeloma, or outside bone marrow, as in tumors of inner organs and lining of nose, mouth, and throat. See Cancer Plasmacytoma. Other use: Fasciola Hepatica.
Respiratory
Plasmodium CynomolgiHC417300-424500Malaria protozoan.
Plasmodium FalciparumHC372300-373800Malaria protozoan.
Plasmodium VivaxHC438150-445100Malaria protozoan.
Plastics DetoxXTRA7755766.6555,67553.6343,54423.7760Dowsed by Newport, BPA frequency from Dr. Jeff Sutherland. Includes Staphylococcus Epidermidis - causes biofilm when BPA is present. Use for activated and dormant Morgellons.
Platelet Storage Pool DeficiencyETDF110,490,780,12500,63000,102500,402500,651200,821520,924370Blood coagulation disorder.
PlatinumXTRA14825Metal element. Short or long-term xposure to salts can cause health problems. Used in chemotherapy and body implants.
Platinum ptXTRA457.64,493.36,20955.11Metal element. Exposure to salts can cause short-term and long-term problems. Used in chemotherapy and body implants.
Pleural DiseasesETDF130,350,5850,17500,87500,137500,457500,695870,850000,919340Disorders affecting the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (visceral and parietal) of each lung, including Pneumothorax, Pleural Effusion, and pleural tumors.
Pleural EffusionETDF170,310,820,7500,117520,237580,357530,495340,533910,661200Excess fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pleural Effusion :
Pleural effusion. The body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura. This is the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. Pleural effusion is an abnormal, excessive collection of this fluid. There are two types of pleural effusion: Transudative pleural effusion is caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space. This is from increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count. Heart failure is the most common cause. Exudative effusion is caused by blocked blood vessels or lymph vessels, inflammation, lung injury, and tumors. Risk factors of pleural effusion may include: Smoking and drinking alcohol Any previous complaint of high blood pressure History of any contact with asbestos.
Symptoms can include any of the following: Chest pain , usually a sharp pain that is worse with cough or deep breaths Cough Fever and chills Hiccups Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Sometimes there are no symptoms.
Your health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The provider will also listen to your lungs with a stethoscope and tap (percuss) your chest and upper back. Chest CT scan or a chest x-ray may be enough for your provider to decide on treatment. Your provider may want to perform tests on the fluid. If so, a sample of fluid is removed with a needle inserted between the ribs. Tests on the fluid will be done to look for: Infection Cancer cells Protein levels Blood tests that may be done include Complete blood count (CBC), to check for signs of infection or anemia Kidney and liver function blood tests If needed, these other tests may be done: Ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) to look for heart failure Lung biopsy to look for cancer Passing a tube through the windpipe to check the airways for problems or cancer ( bronchoscopy ).
The goal of treatment is to: Remove the fluid Prevent fluid from building up again Determine and treat the cause of the fluid buildup Removing the fluid (thoracentesis) may be done if there is a lot of fluid and it is causing chest pressure, shortness of breath, or a low oxygen level. Removing the fluid allows the lung to expand, making breathing easier. The cause of the fluid buildup must also be treated: If it is due to heart failure, you may receive diuretics (water pills) and other medicines to treat heart failure. If it is due to an infection, antibiotics will be given. In people with cancer or infection, the effusion is often treated by using a chest tube to drain the fluid. In some cases, any of the following treatments are done: Chemotherapy Placing medicine into the chest that prevents fluid from building up again after it is drained Radiation therapy Surgery.
The outcome depends on the underlying disease.
Complications of pleural effusion may include: Lung damage Infection that turns into an abscess, called an empyema Air in the chest cavity ( pneumothorax ) after drainage of the effusion Pleural thickening (scarring of the lining of the lung).
Call your provider or go to the emergency room if you have: Symptoms of pleural effusion Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing right after thoracentesis.
Fluid in the chest; Fluid on the lung; Pleural fluid.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system Pleural cavity Pleural cavity.
Broaddus VC, Light RW. Pleural effusion.
Pleural EffusionXTRA787,474,612,361Excess fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pleural Effusion :
Pleural effusion. The body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura. This is the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. Pleural effusion is an abnormal, excessive collection of this fluid. There are two types of pleural effusion: Transudative pleural effusion is caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space. This is from increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count. Heart failure is the most common cause. Exudative effusion is caused by blocked blood vessels or lymph vessels, inflammation, lung injury, and tumors. Risk factors of pleural effusion may include: Smoking and drinking alcohol Any previous complaint of high blood pressure History of any contact with asbestos.
Symptoms can include any of the following: Chest pain , usually a sharp pain that is worse with cough or deep breaths Cough Fever and chills Hiccups Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Sometimes there are no symptoms.
Your health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The provider will also listen to your lungs with a stethoscope and tap (percuss) your chest and upper back. Chest CT scan or a chest x-ray may be enough for your provider to decide on treatment. Your provider may want to perform tests on the fluid. If so, a sample of fluid is removed with a needle inserted between the ribs. Tests on the fluid will be done to look for: Infection Cancer cells Protein levels Blood tests that may be done include Complete blood count (CBC), to check for signs of infection or anemia Kidney and liver function blood tests If needed, these other tests may be done: Ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) to look for heart failure Lung biopsy to look for cancer Passing a tube through the windpipe to check the airways for problems or cancer ( bronchoscopy ).
The goal of treatment is to: Remove the fluid Prevent fluid from building up again Determine and treat the cause of the fluid buildup Removing the fluid (thoracentesis) may be done if there is a lot of fluid and it is causing chest pressure, shortness of breath, or a low oxygen level. Removing the fluid allows the lung to expand, making breathing easier. The cause of the fluid buildup must also be treated: If it is due to heart failure, you may receive diuretics (water pills) and other medicines to treat heart failure. If it is due to an infection, antibiotics will be given. In people with cancer or infection, the effusion is often treated by using a chest tube to drain the fluid. In some cases, any of the following treatments are done: Chemotherapy Placing medicine into the chest that prevents fluid from building up again after it is drained Radiation therapy Surgery.
The outcome depends on the underlying disease.
Complications of pleural effusion may include: Lung damage Infection that turns into an abscess, called an empyema Air in the chest cavity ( pneumothorax ) after drainage of the effusion Pleural thickening (scarring of the lining of the lung).
Call your provider or go to the emergency room if you have: Symptoms of pleural effusion Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing right after thoracentesis.
Fluid in the chest; Fluid on the lung; Pleural fluid.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system Pleural cavity Pleural cavity.
Broaddus VC, Light RW. Pleural effusion.
PleurisyCAFL1550,802,880,787,776,727,125,95,72,20,444,1865,450Inflammation of the lung membrane and abdominal lining. Use Bronchitis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, and General Antiseptic programs.
Lung

Encyclopedia Entry for Pleurisy :
Pleurisy. Pleurisy may develop when you have lung inflammation due to infection, such as a viral infection, pneumonia , or tuberculosis. It may also occur with: Asbestos-related disease Certain cancers Chest trauma Blood clot ( pulmonary embolus ) Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus.
The main symptom of pleurisy is pain in the chest. This pain often occurs when you take a deep breath in or out, or cough. Some people feel the pain in the shoulder. Deep breathing, coughing, and chest movement make the pain worse. Pleurisy can cause fluid to collect inside the chest. As a result, the following symptoms can occur: Coughing Shortness of breath Rapid breathing Pain with deep breaths.
When you have pleurisy, the normally smooth surfaces lining the lung (the pleura) become rough. They rub together with each breath. This results in a rough, grating sound called a friction rub. Your health care provider can hear this sound with the stethoscope. The provider may order the following tests: CBC X-ray of the chest CT scan of the chest Ultrasound of the chest Removal of pleural fluid with a needle ( thoracentesis ).
Treatment depends on the cause of the pleurisy. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. Surgery may be needed to drain infected fluid from the lungs. Viral infections normally run their course without medicines. Taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce pain.
Recovery depends on the cause of the pleurisy.
Health problems that may develop from pleurisy include: Breathing difficulty Fluid buildup between chest wall and lung Complications from the original illness.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of pleurisy. If you have breathing difficulty or your skin turns blue, seek medical care right away.
Early treatment of bacterial respiratory infections can prevent pleurisy.
Pleuritis; Pleuritic chest pain.
Respiratory system overview Respiratory system overview.
Fenster BE, Lee-Chiong TL, Gebhart GF, Matthay RA. Chest pain.
PleurisyETDF80,410,1470,5250,47530,121210,357500,497500,612500,821020Inflammation of the lung membrane and abdominal lining. Use Bronchitis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, and General Antiseptic programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pleurisy :
Pleurisy. Pleurisy may develop when you have lung inflammation due to infection, such as a viral infection, pneumonia , or tuberculosis. It may also occur with: Asbestos-related disease Certain cancers Chest trauma Blood clot ( pulmonary embolus ) Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus.
The main symptom of pleurisy is pain in the chest. This pain often occurs when you take a deep breath in or out, or cough. Some people feel the pain in the shoulder. Deep breathing, coughing, and chest movement make the pain worse. Pleurisy can cause fluid to collect inside the chest. As a result, the following symptoms can occur: Coughing Shortness of breath Rapid breathing Pain with deep breaths.
When you have pleurisy, the normally smooth surfaces lining the lung (the pleura) become rough. They rub together with each breath. This results in a rough, grating sound called a friction rub. Your health care provider can hear this sound with the stethoscope. The provider may order the following tests: CBC X-ray of the chest CT scan of the chest Ultrasound of the chest Removal of pleural fluid with a needle ( thoracentesis ).
Treatment depends on the cause of the pleurisy. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. Surgery may be needed to drain infected fluid from the lungs. Viral infections normally run their course without medicines. Taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce pain.
Recovery depends on the cause of the pleurisy.
Health problems that may develop from pleurisy include: Breathing difficulty Fluid buildup between chest wall and lung Complications from the original illness.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of pleurisy. If you have breathing difficulty or your skin turns blue, seek medical care right away.
Early treatment of bacterial respiratory infections can prevent pleurisy.
Pleuritis; Pleuritic chest pain.
Respiratory system overview Respiratory system overview.
Fenster BE, Lee-Chiong TL, Gebhart GF, Matthay RA. Chest pain.
Pneumococcal InfectionsETDF50,350,2750,30930,75810,187500,405320,715000,803510,905320Lung infections due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
PneumococcusCAFL231,232,683,846,8865See Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs.
PneumococcusVEGA683See Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs.
Pneumococcus Mixed FloraBIO158,174,645,801See Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs.
Pneumococcus Mixed FloraVEGA158,645,801See Streptococcus Pneumoniae programs.
PneumocystisBIO204,340,742Fungally-induced pneumonia usually developing in the immunosuppressed presence of AIDS.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumocystis :
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. This fungus is common in the environment and rarely causes illness in healthy people. However, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weakened immune system due to: Cancer Long-term use of corticosteroids or other medicines that weaken the immune system HIV/AIDS Organ or bone marrow transplant Pneumocystis jiroveci was a rare infection before the AIDS epidemic. Before the use of preventive antibiotics for the condition, most people in the United States with advanced AIDS often developed this infection.
Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with AIDS usually develops slowly over days to weeks or even months, and is less severe. People with pneumocystis pneumonia who do not have AIDS usually get sick faster and are more severely ill. Symptoms include: Cough, often mild and dry Fever Rapid breathing Shortness of breath, especially with activity (exertion).
Your health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. Tests that may be ordered include: Blood gases Bronchoscopy (with lavage) Lung biopsy X-ray of the chest Sputum exam to check for fungus that causes the infection CBC -1,3 glucan level in the blood.
Anti-infection medicines can be given by mouth (orally) or through a vein ( intravenously ), depending on how severe the illness is. People with low oxygen levels and moderate to severe disease are often prescribed corticosteroids as well.
Pneumocystis pneumonia can be life threatening, causing respiratory failure that can lead to death. People with this condition need early and effective treatment. For moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS, the short term use of corticosteroids has decreased the incidence of death.
Complications that may result include: Pleural effusion (extremely rare) Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) Respiratory failure (may require breathing support).
If you have a weakened immune system due to AIDS, cancer, transplantation, or corticosteroid use, call your provider if you develop a cough, fever, or shortness of breath.
Preventive therapy is recommended for: People with HIV/AIDS who have CD4 counts below 200 cells/microliter or 200 cells/cubic millimeter Bone marrow transplant recipients Organ transplant recipients People who take long-term, high-dose corticosteroids People who have had previous episodes of this infection People who take long-term immunomodulatory drugs.
Pneumocystis pneumonia; Pneumocystosis; PCP; Pneumocystis carinii.
Pneumonia in adults - discharge.
Lungs Lungs AIDS AIDS Pneumocystosis Pneumocystosis.
Kovacs JA. Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumocystis :
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Source of disease: Pneumocystis jirovecii
PneumocystisVEGA340,742Fungally-induced pneumonia usually developing in the immunosuppressed presence of AIDS.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumocystis :
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. This fungus is common in the environment and rarely causes illness in healthy people. However, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weakened immune system due to: Cancer Long-term use of corticosteroids or other medicines that weaken the immune system HIV/AIDS Organ or bone marrow transplant Pneumocystis jiroveci was a rare infection before the AIDS epidemic. Before the use of preventive antibiotics for the condition, most people in the United States with advanced AIDS often developed this infection.
Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with AIDS usually develops slowly over days to weeks or even months, and is less severe. People with pneumocystis pneumonia who do not have AIDS usually get sick faster and are more severely ill. Symptoms include: Cough, often mild and dry Fever Rapid breathing Shortness of breath, especially with activity (exertion).
Your health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. Tests that may be ordered include: Blood gases Bronchoscopy (with lavage) Lung biopsy X-ray of the chest Sputum exam to check for fungus that causes the infection CBC -1,3 glucan level in the blood.
Anti-infection medicines can be given by mouth (orally) or through a vein ( intravenously ), depending on how severe the illness is. People with low oxygen levels and moderate to severe disease are often prescribed corticosteroids as well.
Pneumocystis pneumonia can be life threatening, causing respiratory failure that can lead to death. People with this condition need early and effective treatment. For moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS, the short term use of corticosteroids has decreased the incidence of death.
Complications that may result include: Pleural effusion (extremely rare) Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) Respiratory failure (may require breathing support).
If you have a weakened immune system due to AIDS, cancer, transplantation, or corticosteroid use, call your provider if you develop a cough, fever, or shortness of breath.
Preventive therapy is recommended for: People with HIV/AIDS who have CD4 counts below 200 cells/microliter or 200 cells/cubic millimeter Bone marrow transplant recipients Organ transplant recipients People who take long-term, high-dose corticosteroids People who have had previous episodes of this infection People who take long-term immunomodulatory drugs.
Pneumocystis pneumonia; Pneumocystosis; PCP; Pneumocystis carinii.
Pneumonia in adults - discharge.
Lungs Lungs AIDS AIDS Pneumocystosis Pneumocystosis.
Kovacs JA. Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumocystis :
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Source of disease: Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystis Carinii (Lung)HC405750-409150Fungally-induced pneumonia usually developing in the immunosuppressed presence of AIDS.
PneumoniaCAFL20,412,450,660,683,688,727,766,776,787,802,880,975,1238,1550,1862,2688See Pneumonia Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, Bronchial, Pneumocytis Carinii, and Bronchial Pneumonia programs. Always use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Lung

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
PneumoniaETDF50,350,750,930,5710,7500,345830,465340,593500,725000Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
PneumoniaPROV43352000From Patent US 6,321,120 B1

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
PneumoniaRIFE1200000,381901Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
PneumoniaXTRA43352000From Patent No.: US 6,321,120 B1

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
PneumoniaXTRA3414900Hoyland MOR. Also use for Spinal Meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia, viral - respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), CMV (Herpesvirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. You may breathe some of these germs directly into your lungs. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs ( aspiration pneumonia ) Respiratory system Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Atypical pneumonia , often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria. A fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. Viruses , such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia. Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease ( COPD , bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis ) Cigarette smoking Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy , or other brain disorders Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases) Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease , liver cirrhosis , or diabetes mellitus Recent surgery or trauma Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.
The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucous, or even bloody mucus ) Fever , which may be mild or high Shaking chills Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs or exert yourself) Other symptoms include: Confusion , especially in older people Excess sweating and clammy skin Headache Loss of appetite , low energy, and fatigue Malaise (not feeling well) Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough White nail syndrome, or leukonychia White nail syndrome.
The health care provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Tapping on your chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds in your chest. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests that may be ordered include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood from the lungs. Blood and sputum cultures to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia. CBC to check white blood cell count. CT scan of the chest. Bronchoscopy. A flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down to your lungs, in selected cases. Thoracentesis. Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall.
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are treated in the hospital, you will receive: Fluids and antibiotics through your veins Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments (possibly) If you are diagnosed with a bacterial form of pneumonia, it is important that you are started on antibiotics very soon after you are admitted. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. You may receive other medicines, such as antivirals, if you have the flu. You are more likely to be admitted to the hospital if you: Have another serious medical problem Have severe symptoms Are unable to care for yourself at home, or are unable to eat or drink Are older than 65 Have been taking antibiotics at home and are not getting better Many people can be treated at home. If so, your doctor may tell you to take medicines such as antibiotics. When taking antibiotics: DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even when you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. These things may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and breathe in the warm mist. Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your lungs. Tap your chest gently a few times a day while lying with your head lower than your chest. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs so that you can cough it out. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day DO NOT drink alcohol Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
With treatment, most people improve within 2 weeks. Older adults or very sick people may need longer treatment. Those who may be more likely to have complicated pneumonia include: Older adults People whose immune system does not work well People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver In all of the above conditions, pneumonia can lead to death, if it is severe. In rare cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine Fluid around the lung ( pleural effusion ) Infected fluid around the lung ( empyema ) Lung abscesses Your doctor may order another x-ray. This is to make sure your lungs are clear. But it may take many weeks for your x-ray to clear up. You will likely feel better before the x-ray clears up.
Call your provider if you have: Cough that brings up bloody or rust-colored mucus Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe in Fast or painful breathing Night sweats or unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath, shaking chills, or persistent fevers Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (for example, such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.
You can help prevent pneumonia by following the measures below. Wash your hands often, especially: Before preparing and eating food After blowing your nose After going to the bathroom After changing a baby's diaper After coming in contact with people who are sick DO NOT smoke. Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight infection. Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get the following vaccines: Flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus. Pneumococcal vaccine lowers your chances of getting pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines are even more important for older adults and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, people with organ transplants, or other long-term conditions.
Bronchopneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia; CAP.
Bronchiolitis - discharge Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - adult Colds and the flu - what to ask your doctor - child How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor When your baby or infant has a fever.
Respiratory system Respiratory system Pneumonia Pneumonia White nail syndrome White nail syndrome.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - children - community acquired. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and children. Ways your child can get CAP include: Bacteria and viruses living in the nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to the lungs. Your child may breathe some of these germs directly into her lungs. Your child breathes in food, liquids, or vomit from her mouth into her lungs. Risk factors that increase a child's chance of getting CAP include: Being younger than 6 months of age Being born prematurely Birth defects, such as cleft palate Nervous system problems, such as seizures or cerebral palsy Heart or lung disease present at birth Weak immune system (this can occur due to cancer treatment or disease such as HIV/AIDS) Recent surgery or trauma.
Common symptoms of pneumonia in children include: Stuffed up or runny nose, headaches Loud cough Fever , which may be mild or high, with chills and sweating Rapid breathing, with flared nostrils and straining of the muscles between the ribs Wheezing Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when breathing deeply or coughing Low energy and malaise (not feeling well) Vomiting or loss of appetite Symptoms common in children with more severe infections include: Blue lips and finger nails due to too little oxygen in the blood Confusion or very hard to arouse.
The health care provider will listen to your child's chest with a stethoscope. The provider will listen for crackles or abnormal breath sounds. Tapping on the chest wall (percussion) helps the provider listen and feel for abnormal sounds. If pneumonia is suspected, the provider will likely order a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your child's blood from the lungs Blood culture and sputum culture to look for the germ that may be causing the pneumonia CBC to check white blood cell count CT scan of the chest Bronchoscopy -- a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end passed down into the lungs (in rare cases) Removing fluid from the space between the outside lining of the lungs and the chest wall (in rare cases).
The provider must first decide whether your child needs to be in the hospital. If treated in the hospital, your child will receive: Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics through the veins or mouth Oxygen therapy Breathing treatments to help open up the airways Your child is more likely to be admitted to the hospital if he: Has another serious medical problem Has severe symptoms Is unable to eat or drink Is less than 3 to 6 months old Has pneumonia due to a harmful germ Has taken antibiotics at home, but isn't getting better If your child has CAP caused by bacteria, he will be given antibiotics. Antibiotics are not given for pneumonia caused by a virus. This is because antibiotics do not kill viruses. Other medicines, such as antivirals, may be given if your child has the flu. Many children can be treated at home. If so, your child may need to take medicines such as antibiotics or antivirals. When giving antibiotics to your child: Make sure your child does not miss any doses. Make sure your child takes all the medicine as directed. Do not stop giving the medicine, even when your child starts feeling better. Do not give your child cough medicine or cold medicine unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps the body get rid of mucus from the lungs. Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make your child feel like she is choking. These steps may help: Place a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth. Fill a humidifier with warm water and have her breathe in the warm mist. Have your child take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help open up your child's lungs. Make sure your child drinks plenty of liquids, as long as the provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea Drink at least 6 to 10 cups a day Make sure your child gets plenty of rest when she goes home. Have her take naps, if needed.
Most children improve in 7 to 10 days with treatment. Children who have severe pneumonia with complications may need treatment for 2 to 3 weeks. Children at risk for severe pneumonia include: Children whose immune system does not work well Children with lung or heart disease.
In some cases, more serious problems may develop, including: Life-threatening changes in the lungs that require a breathing machine (ventilator) Fluid around the lung , which can become infected Lung abscesses Bacteria in blood (bacteremia) The provider may order another x-ray. This is to make sure that your child's lungs are clear. It may take many weeks for the x-ray to clear up. Your child may feel better for awhile before the x-rays are clear.
Call the provider if your child has the following symptoms: Bad cough Difficulty breathing (wheezing, grunting, rapid breathing) Vomiting Loss of appetite Fever and chills Breathing (respiratory) symptoms that get worse Chest pain that gets worse when coughing or breathing in Signs of pneumonia and a weak immune system (such as with HIV or chemotherapy) Worsening symptoms after starting to get better.
Teach older children to wash their hands often: Before eating food After blowing their nose After going to the bathroom After playing with friends After coming in contact with people who are sick Vaccines may help prevent some types of pneumonia. Be sure to get your child vaccinated with: Pneumococcal vaccine Flu vaccine Pertussis vaccine and Hib vaccine When infants are too young to be immunized, parents or caregivers can get themselves immunized against vaccine-preventable pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia - children; Community-acquired pneumonia - children; CAP - children.
Pneumonia Pneumonia.
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):617-630. PMID: 21890766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890766. Byington CL, Bradley JS. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia - weakened immune system. People whose immune system is not working well are less able to fight off germs. This makes them prone to infections from germs that do not often cause disease in healthy people. They are also more vulnerable to regular causes of pneumonia , which can affect anyone. Your immune system may be weakened or not work well because of: Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy HIV infection Leukemia , lymphoma, and other conditions that harm your bone marrow Autoimmune disorders Medicines (including steroids, and those used to treat cancer and control autoimmune diseases) Organ transplant (including kidney, heart, and lung).
Symptoms may include: Cough (may be dry or produce mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum) Chills with shaking Easy fatigue Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Other symptoms that may occur: Heavy sweating or night sweats Stiff joints (rare) Stiff muscles (rare).
Your health care provider may hear crackles or other abnormal breath sounds when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Decreased volume of breath sounds is a key sign. This finding may mean there is a buildup of fluid between the chest wall and lung ( pleural effusion ). Tests may include: Arterial blood gases Blood chemistries Blood culture Bronchoscopy (in certain cases) Chest CT scan (in certain cases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count Lung biopsy (in certain cases) Serum cryptococcus antigen test Serum galactomannan test Galactomannan test from bronchial alveolar fluid Sputum culture Sputum Gram stain Sputum immunofluorescence tests (or other immune tests) Urine tests (to diagnose Legionnaire disease or Histoplasmosis).
Antibiotics or antifungal medicines may be used, depending on the type of germ that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections. You may need to stay in the hospital during the early stages of the illness. Oxygen and treatments to remove fluid and mucus from the respiratory system are often needed.
Factors that may lead to a worse outcome include: The pneumonia that is caused by a fungus. The person has a very weak immune system.
Complications may include: Respiratory failure (a condition in which a patient can't take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide without the use of a machine to deliver breaths.) Sepsis Spread of the infection Death.
Call your provider if you have a weakened immune system and you have symptoms of pneumonia.
If you have a weakened immune system, you may receive daily antibiotics to prevent some types of pneumonia. Ask your provider if you should receive the influenza (flu) and pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccines. Practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water: After being outdoors After changing a diaper After doing housework After going to the bathroom After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After using the telephone Before handling food or eating Other things you can do to reduce your exposure to germs include: Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle plants or flowers (they can carry germs).
Pneumonia in immunodeficient patient; Pneumonia - immunocompromised host; Cancer - pneumonia; Chemotherapy - pneumonia; HIV - pneumonia.
Pneumococci organism Pneumococci organism Lungs Lungs The lungs The lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Chan KM, Gomersall CD. Pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in adults - discharge. In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients.
You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. Your cough will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. Your energy level may take 2 weeks or more to return to normal. You will need to take time off work. For a while, you might not be able to do other things that you are used to doing.
Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your nose and mouth. Filling a humidifier with warm water and breathing in the warm mist. Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. While lying down, tap your chest gently a few times a day. This helps bring up mucus from the lungs. If you smoke, now is the time to quit. DO NOT allow smoking in your home. Drink plenty of liquids, as long as your provider says it is OK. Drink water, juice, or weak tea. Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) a day. DO NOT drink alcohol. Get plenty of rest when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps during the day.
Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. DO NOT miss any doses. Take the medicine until it is gone, even if you start to feel better. DO NOT take cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Coughing helps your body get rid of mucus from your lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how much to take and how often to take them.
To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumonia vaccine. Wash your hands often. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.
Your doctor may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. Never change how much oxygen is flowing without asking your doctor. Always have a back-up supply of oxygen at home or with you when you go out. Keep the phone number of your oxygen supplier with you at all times. Learn how to use oxygen safely at home. Never smoke near an oxygen tank.
Call your provider if your breathing is: Getting harder Faster than before Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath Also call your provider if you have any of the following: Need to lean forward when sitting to breathe more easily Have chest pain when you take a deep breath Headaches more often than usual Feel sleepy or confused Fever returns Coughing up dark mucus or blood Fingertips or the skin around your fingernails is blue.
Bronchopneumonia adults - discharge; Lung infection adults - discharge.
Ellison RT, Donowitz GR. Acute pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia in children - discharge. In the hospital, the providers helped your child breathe better. They also gave your child medicine to help get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure your child got enough liquids.
Your child will probably still have some symptoms of pneumonia after leaving the hospital. Coughing will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to a week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child.
Breathing warm, moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. Other things that may help include: Placing a warm, wet washcloth loosely over your child's nose and mouth Filling a humidifier with warm water and having your child breathe in the warm mist DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. To bring up mucus from the lungs, tap your child's chest gently a few times a day. This can be done as your child is lying down. Make sure everyone washes their hands with warm water and soap or an alcohol-based hand cleanser before they touch your child. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT allow anyone to smoke in the house, the car, or anywhere near your child. Ask your child's provider about vaccines to prevent other infections, such as: Flu vaccine Pneumonia vaccine Also, make sure all your child's vaccines are up to date.
Make sure your child drinks enough. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer whole milk if your child is older than 12 months. Some drinks may help relax the airway and loosen the mucus, such as: Warm tea Lemonade Apple juice Chicken broth for children over age 1 Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Offer small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again.
Antibiotics help most children with pneumonia get better. Your doctor may tell you to give antibiotics to your child. DO NOT miss any doses. Have your child finish all the antibiotics, even if your child starts to feel better. DO NOT give your child cough or cold medicines unless your doctor says it is OK. Your child's coughing helps get rid of mucus from the lungs. Your provider will tell you if it is OK to use acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for fever or pain. If these medicines are OK to use, your provider will tell you how often to give them to your child. Do not give aspirin to your child.
Call your child's provider if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Skin, nails, gums, or lips are a blue or gray color The area around your child's eyes is a blue or gray color Very tired or fatigued Not moving around much Has a limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing Does not feel like eating or drinking Irritable Has trouble sleeping.
Lung infection - children discharge; Bronchopneumonia - children discharge.
Kelly MS, Sandora TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia :
Pneumonia. Source of disease: multiple
Pneumonia BronchialCAFL550,802,880,787,776,727,452,1474,578Inflammation of bronchii and lungs.
Lung
Pneumonia GeneralCAFL5000,2688,1862,1550,1238,975,880,802,787,780,778,776,774,772,770,768,766,727,688,683,660,450,412,20See Pneumonia Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, Bronchial, Pneumocytis Carinii, and Bronchial Pneumonia programs. Use Streptococcus Pneumoniae program.
Lung
Pneumonia General VCAFL6007,5423,5421,5420,5419,2688,2581,2356,967,877,838,765,748,746,568,542,532,522,520,440See Pneumonia Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, Bronchial, Pneumocytis Carinii, and Bronchial Pneumonia programs. Use Streptococcus Pneumoniae program.
Lung
Pneumonia WalkingCAFL660,688,777,975,2688Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Lung

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumonia Walking :
Pneumonia Walking. Caused by Pneumonia Mycoplasma. Also use Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
PneumothoraxETDF240,700,7500,12330,5500,42500,172500,493020,622530,819340Abnormal accumulation of air or gas in pleural spaces. Also see Pleural Diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pneumothorax :
Pneumothorax - infants. A pneumothorax occurs when some of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in a baby's lung become overinflated and burst. This causes air to leak into the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural space). The most common cause of pneumothorax is respiratory distress syndrome. This is a condition that occurs in babies who are born too early (premature). The baby's lungs lack the slippery substance (surfactant) that helps them stay open (inflated). Therefore, the tiny air sacs are not able to expand as easily. If the baby needs a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator), extra pressure on the baby's lungs, from the machine can sometimes burst the air sacs. Meconium aspiration syndrome is another cause of pneumothorax in newborns. Before or during birth, the baby may breathe in the first bowel movement, called meconium. This may obstruct the airways and cause breathing problems. If the baby needs a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator), extra pressure on the baby's lungs from the machine can sometimes burst the air sacs. Other causes include pneumonia (infection of the lung) or underdeveloped lung tissue. Less commonly, an otherwise healthy infant can develop an air leak when he or she takes the first few breaths after birth. This occurs because of the pressure needed to expand the lungs for the first time. There may be genetic factors which lead to this problem.
Many infants with pneumothorax do not have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include: Bluish skin color ( cyanosis ) Fast breathing Flaring of the nostrils Grunting with breathing Irritability Restlessness Use of other chest and abdominal muscles to aid breathing (retractions).
The health care provider may have difficulty hearing breath sounds when listening to the infant's lungs with a stethoscope. The heart or lung sounds may seem as if they are coming from a different part of the chest than is normal. Tests for pneumothorax include: Chest x-ray Light probe placed against the baby's chest, also known as 'transillumination' (pockets of air will show up as lighter areas).
Babies without symptoms may not need treatment. The health care team will monitor your baby's breathing, heart rate, oxygen level, and skin color. Supplemental oxygen will be provided if needed. If your baby is having symptoms, the provider will place a needle or thin tube called a catheter into the baby's chest to remove the air that has leaked into the chest space. Since treatment will also depend on the lung issues that led to the pneumothorax, it may last for days to weeks.
Some air leaks will go away within a few days without treatment. Infants who have the air removed with a needle or catheter often do well after treatment if there are no other lung problems.
As air builds up in the chest, it can push the heart toward the other side of the chest. This puts pressure on both the lung that hasn't collapsed and the heart. This condition is called tension pneumothorax. It is a medical emergency.
A pneumothorax is often discovered shortly after birth. Call your provider if your infant has symptoms of pneumothorax.
The providers in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) should watch your infant carefully for signs of an air leak.
Pulmonary air leak; Pneumothorax - neonatal.
Pneumothorax Pneumothorax.
Crowley MA. Neonatal respiratory disorders.
PneumovirusCAFL278,336,712Causes Bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. See Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia.
Respiratory
POEMS SyndromeETDF40,220,620,13520,5500,40000,175830,432410,565360,709830Rare syndrome with plasma-cell proliferative disorder (usually myeloma), polyneuropathy, and effects on many other organ systems. See Myeloproliferative Disorders and Polyneuropathies.
Poikiloderma of CivatteETDF110,490,780,12500,43000,122500,272500,545340,612500,829340Reddish brown discoloration on sides of the neck, usually both, essentially due to dilation of blood vessels.
Poland SyndromeETDF190,260,600,11090,37500,250000,425340,571000,868000,938000Rare birth defect with underdevelopment or absence of chest muscle on one side of body, and also usually webbed fingers.
PolioBIO742,1500,2632Poliomyelitis. Also called Infantile Paralysis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio or Poliomyelitis - Polioviruses types I, II, and III (picornavirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Vaccination can protect people from polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. It is spread mainly by person-to-person contact. It can also be spread by consuming food or drinks that are contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Most people infected with polio have no symptoms, and many recover without complications. But sometimes people who get polio develop paralysis (cannot move their arms or legs). Polio can result in permanent disability. Polio can also cause death, usually by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing. Polio used to be very common in the United States. It paralyzed and killed thousands of people every year before polio vaccine was introduced in 1955. There is no cure for polio infection, but it can be prevented by vaccination. Polio has been eliminated from the United States. But it still occurs in other parts of the world. It would only take one person infected with polio coming from another country to bring the disease back here if we were not protected by vaccination. If the effort to eliminate the disease from the world is successful, some day we won't need polio vaccine. Until then, we need to keep getting our children vaccinated. 2. POLIO VACCINE Inactivated Polio Vaccine ( IPV ) can prevent polio. Children Most people should get IPV when they are children. Doses of IPV are usually given at 2, 4, 6 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years of age. The schedule might be different for some children (including those traveling to certain countries and those who receive IPV as part of a combination vaccine). Your health care provider can give you more information. Adults Most adults do not need IPV because they were already vaccinated against polio as children. But some adults are at higher risk and should consider polio vaccination, including: people traveling to certain parts of the world, laboratory workers who might handle polio virus, and health care workers treating patients who could have polio. These higher-risk adults may need 1 to 3 doses of IPV, depending on how many doses they have had in the past. There are no known risks to getting IPV at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of IPV, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Some people who get IPV get a sore spot where the shot was given. IPV has not been known to cause serious problems, and most people do not have any problems with it. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/. 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines.
Vaccine information statement: polio vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ipv.html. Accessed July 27, 2016.


Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio. Polio is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by: Direct person-to-person contact Contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth Contact with infected feces The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease (incubation) ranges from 5 to 35 days (average 7 to 14 days). Most people do not develop symptoms. Risks factors include: Lack of immunization against polio Travel to an area that has had a polio outbreak As a result of a global vaccination campaign over the past 25 years, polio has largely been eliminated. The disease still exists in some countries in Africa and Asia, with outbreaks occurring in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. For an updated list of these countries, visit the website: www.polioeradication.org.
There are three basic patterns of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Most people have subclinical infection, or may not have any symptoms. SUBCLINICAL INFECTION SYMPTOMS General discomfort or uneasiness ( malaise ) Headache Red throat Slight fever Sore throat Vomiting People with subclinical polio infection might not have symptoms, or mild symptoms may last 72 hours or less. Clinical poliomyelitis affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and is divided into nonparalytic and paralytic forms. It may occur after recovery from a subclinical infection.
During a physical examination, the health care provider may find: Abnormal reflexes Back stiffness Difficulty lifting the head or legs when lying flat on the back Stiff neck Trouble bending the neck Tests that may be done include: Cultures of throat washings, stools, or spinal fluid Spinal tap and examination of the spinal fluid ( CSF examination ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Test for levels of antibodies to the polio virus.
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection runs its course. There is no specific treatment for this viral infection. People with severe cases may need lifesaving measures, especially help with breathing. Symptoms are treated based on how severe they are. Treatment may include: Antibiotics for urinary tract infections Moist heat (heating pads, warm towels) to reduce muscle pain and spasms Painkillers to reduce headache, muscle pain, and spasms (narcotics are not usually given because they increase the risk of breathing trouble) Physical therapy, braces or corrective shoes, or orthopedic surgery to help recover muscle strength and function.
The outlook depends on the form of the disease (subclinical, or paralytic) and the body area affected. Most of the time, complete recovery is likely if the spinal cord and brain are not involved. Brain or spinal cord involvement is a medical emergency that may result in paralysis or death (usually from respiratory problems). Disability is more common than death. Infection that is located high in the spinal cord or in the brain increases the risk of breathing problems.
Health problems that may result from polio include: Aspiration pneumonia Cor pulmonale (a form of heart failure found on the right side of the circulation system) Lack of movement Lung problems Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) Paralytic ileus (loss of intestinal function) Permanent muscle paralysis, disability, deformity Pulmonary edema (abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs) Shock Urinary tract infections Post-polio syndrome is a complication that develops in some people, usually 30 or more years after they are first infected. Muscles that were already weak may get weaker. Weakness may also develop in muscles that were not affected before.
Call your provider if: Someone close to you has developed poliomyelitis and you haven't been vaccinated. You develop symptoms of poliomyelitis. Your child's polio immunization (vaccine) is not up to date.
Polio immunization ( vaccine ) effectively prevents poliomyelitis in most people (immunization is over 90% effective).
Poliomyelitis; Infantile paralysis; Post-polio syndrome.
Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis.
Jorgensen S, Arnold WD. Motor neuron diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliomyelitis. Source of disease: Poliovirus
PolioCAFL135,283,742,776,1500,2632,1850Poliomyelitis. Also called Infantile Paralysis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio or Poliomyelitis - Polioviruses types I, II, and III (picornavirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Vaccination can protect people from polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. It is spread mainly by person-to-person contact. It can also be spread by consuming food or drinks that are contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Most people infected with polio have no symptoms, and many recover without complications. But sometimes people who get polio develop paralysis (cannot move their arms or legs). Polio can result in permanent disability. Polio can also cause death, usually by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing. Polio used to be very common in the United States. It paralyzed and killed thousands of people every year before polio vaccine was introduced in 1955. There is no cure for polio infection, but it can be prevented by vaccination. Polio has been eliminated from the United States. But it still occurs in other parts of the world. It would only take one person infected with polio coming from another country to bring the disease back here if we were not protected by vaccination. If the effort to eliminate the disease from the world is successful, some day we won't need polio vaccine. Until then, we need to keep getting our children vaccinated. 2. POLIO VACCINE Inactivated Polio Vaccine ( IPV ) can prevent polio. Children Most people should get IPV when they are children. Doses of IPV are usually given at 2, 4, 6 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years of age. The schedule might be different for some children (including those traveling to certain countries and those who receive IPV as part of a combination vaccine). Your health care provider can give you more information. Adults Most adults do not need IPV because they were already vaccinated against polio as children. But some adults are at higher risk and should consider polio vaccination, including: people traveling to certain parts of the world, laboratory workers who might handle polio virus, and health care workers treating patients who could have polio. These higher-risk adults may need 1 to 3 doses of IPV, depending on how many doses they have had in the past. There are no known risks to getting IPV at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of IPV, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Some people who get IPV get a sore spot where the shot was given. IPV has not been known to cause serious problems, and most people do not have any problems with it. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/. 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines.
Vaccine information statement: polio vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ipv.html. Accessed July 27, 2016.


Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio. Polio is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by: Direct person-to-person contact Contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth Contact with infected feces The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease (incubation) ranges from 5 to 35 days (average 7 to 14 days). Most people do not develop symptoms. Risks factors include: Lack of immunization against polio Travel to an area that has had a polio outbreak As a result of a global vaccination campaign over the past 25 years, polio has largely been eliminated. The disease still exists in some countries in Africa and Asia, with outbreaks occurring in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. For an updated list of these countries, visit the website: www.polioeradication.org.
There are three basic patterns of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Most people have subclinical infection, or may not have any symptoms. SUBCLINICAL INFECTION SYMPTOMS General discomfort or uneasiness ( malaise ) Headache Red throat Slight fever Sore throat Vomiting People with subclinical polio infection might not have symptoms, or mild symptoms may last 72 hours or less. Clinical poliomyelitis affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and is divided into nonparalytic and paralytic forms. It may occur after recovery from a subclinical infection.
During a physical examination, the health care provider may find: Abnormal reflexes Back stiffness Difficulty lifting the head or legs when lying flat on the back Stiff neck Trouble bending the neck Tests that may be done include: Cultures of throat washings, stools, or spinal fluid Spinal tap and examination of the spinal fluid ( CSF examination ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Test for levels of antibodies to the polio virus.
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection runs its course. There is no specific treatment for this viral infection. People with severe cases may need lifesaving measures, especially help with breathing. Symptoms are treated based on how severe they are. Treatment may include: Antibiotics for urinary tract infections Moist heat (heating pads, warm towels) to reduce muscle pain and spasms Painkillers to reduce headache, muscle pain, and spasms (narcotics are not usually given because they increase the risk of breathing trouble) Physical therapy, braces or corrective shoes, or orthopedic surgery to help recover muscle strength and function.
The outlook depends on the form of the disease (subclinical, or paralytic) and the body area affected. Most of the time, complete recovery is likely if the spinal cord and brain are not involved. Brain or spinal cord involvement is a medical emergency that may result in paralysis or death (usually from respiratory problems). Disability is more common than death. Infection that is located high in the spinal cord or in the brain increases the risk of breathing problems.
Health problems that may result from polio include: Aspiration pneumonia Cor pulmonale (a form of heart failure found on the right side of the circulation system) Lack of movement Lung problems Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) Paralytic ileus (loss of intestinal function) Permanent muscle paralysis, disability, deformity Pulmonary edema (abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs) Shock Urinary tract infections Post-polio syndrome is a complication that develops in some people, usually 30 or more years after they are first infected. Muscles that were already weak may get weaker. Weakness may also develop in muscles that were not affected before.
Call your provider if: Someone close to you has developed poliomyelitis and you haven't been vaccinated. You develop symptoms of poliomyelitis. Your child's polio immunization (vaccine) is not up to date.
Polio immunization ( vaccine ) effectively prevents poliomyelitis in most people (immunization is over 90% effective).
Poliomyelitis; Infantile paralysis; Post-polio syndrome.
Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis.
Jorgensen S, Arnold WD. Motor neuron diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliomyelitis. Source of disease: Poliovirus
PolioVEGA742,1580,2632Poliomyelitis. Also called Infantile Paralysis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio or Poliomyelitis - Polioviruses types I, II, and III (picornavirus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Vaccination can protect people from polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. It is spread mainly by person-to-person contact. It can also be spread by consuming food or drinks that are contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Most people infected with polio have no symptoms, and many recover without complications. But sometimes people who get polio develop paralysis (cannot move their arms or legs). Polio can result in permanent disability. Polio can also cause death, usually by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing. Polio used to be very common in the United States. It paralyzed and killed thousands of people every year before polio vaccine was introduced in 1955. There is no cure for polio infection, but it can be prevented by vaccination. Polio has been eliminated from the United States. But it still occurs in other parts of the world. It would only take one person infected with polio coming from another country to bring the disease back here if we were not protected by vaccination. If the effort to eliminate the disease from the world is successful, some day we won't need polio vaccine. Until then, we need to keep getting our children vaccinated. 2. POLIO VACCINE Inactivated Polio Vaccine ( IPV ) can prevent polio. Children Most people should get IPV when they are children. Doses of IPV are usually given at 2, 4, 6 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years of age. The schedule might be different for some children (including those traveling to certain countries and those who receive IPV as part of a combination vaccine). Your health care provider can give you more information. Adults Most adults do not need IPV because they were already vaccinated against polio as children. But some adults are at higher risk and should consider polio vaccination, including: people traveling to certain parts of the world, laboratory workers who might handle polio virus, and health care workers treating patients who could have polio. These higher-risk adults may need 1 to 3 doses of IPV, depending on how many doses they have had in the past. There are no known risks to getting IPV at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of IPV, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Some people who get IPV get a sore spot where the shot was given. IPV has not been known to cause serious problems, and most people do not have any problems with it. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/. 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines.
Vaccine information statement: polio vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ipv.html. Accessed July 27, 2016.


Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Polio. Polio is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by: Direct person-to-person contact Contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth Contact with infected feces The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease (incubation) ranges from 5 to 35 days (average 7 to 14 days). Most people do not develop symptoms. Risks factors include: Lack of immunization against polio Travel to an area that has had a polio outbreak As a result of a global vaccination campaign over the past 25 years, polio has largely been eliminated. The disease still exists in some countries in Africa and Asia, with outbreaks occurring in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. For an updated list of these countries, visit the website: www.polioeradication.org.
There are three basic patterns of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Most people have subclinical infection, or may not have any symptoms. SUBCLINICAL INFECTION SYMPTOMS General discomfort or uneasiness ( malaise ) Headache Red throat Slight fever Sore throat Vomiting People with subclinical polio infection might not have symptoms, or mild symptoms may last 72 hours or less. Clinical poliomyelitis affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and is divided into nonparalytic and paralytic forms. It may occur after recovery from a subclinical infection.
During a physical examination, the health care provider may find: Abnormal reflexes Back stiffness Difficulty lifting the head or legs when lying flat on the back Stiff neck Trouble bending the neck Tests that may be done include: Cultures of throat washings, stools, or spinal fluid Spinal tap and examination of the spinal fluid ( CSF examination ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Test for levels of antibodies to the polio virus.
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection runs its course. There is no specific treatment for this viral infection. People with severe cases may need lifesaving measures, especially help with breathing. Symptoms are treated based on how severe they are. Treatment may include: Antibiotics for urinary tract infections Moist heat (heating pads, warm towels) to reduce muscle pain and spasms Painkillers to reduce headache, muscle pain, and spasms (narcotics are not usually given because they increase the risk of breathing trouble) Physical therapy, braces or corrective shoes, or orthopedic surgery to help recover muscle strength and function.
The outlook depends on the form of the disease (subclinical, or paralytic) and the body area affected. Most of the time, complete recovery is likely if the spinal cord and brain are not involved. Brain or spinal cord involvement is a medical emergency that may result in paralysis or death (usually from respiratory problems). Disability is more common than death. Infection that is located high in the spinal cord or in the brain increases the risk of breathing problems.
Health problems that may result from polio include: Aspiration pneumonia Cor pulmonale (a form of heart failure found on the right side of the circulation system) Lack of movement Lung problems Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) Paralytic ileus (loss of intestinal function) Permanent muscle paralysis, disability, deformity Pulmonary edema (abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs) Shock Urinary tract infections Post-polio syndrome is a complication that develops in some people, usually 30 or more years after they are first infected. Muscles that were already weak may get weaker. Weakness may also develop in muscles that were not affected before.
Call your provider if: Someone close to you has developed poliomyelitis and you haven't been vaccinated. You develop symptoms of poliomyelitis. Your child's polio immunization (vaccine) is not up to date.
Polio immunization ( vaccine ) effectively prevents poliomyelitis in most people (immunization is over 90% effective).
Poliomyelitis; Infantile paralysis; Post-polio syndrome.
Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis.
Jorgensen S, Arnold WD. Motor neuron diseases.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliovirus. Enterovirus. Human, mammals. Fecal-oral, Associated with Poliomyelitis

Encyclopedia Entry for Polio :
Poliomyelitis. Source of disease: Poliovirus
Polio Secondary ComplicationsCAFL1550,802,428,1500,880,787,727Poliomyelitis. Also called Infantile Paralysis.
PoliomyelitisETDF20,120,750,37930,105170,213710,465000,597500,724370,825340Polio. Also called Infantile Paralysis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Poliomyelitis :
Poliomyelitis. Source of disease: Poliovirus
Polyarteritis NodosaETDF80,320,730,3870,19120,159320,285000,654030,724340,933910Systemic vasculitis of small- or medium-sized muscular arteries, usually involving renal and visceral vessels but not pulmonary circulation.
Kidney

Encyclopedia Entry for Polyarteritis Nodosa :
Polyarteritis nodosa. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to organs and tissues. The cause of polyarteritis nodosa is unknown. The condition occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries. The tissues that are fed by the affected arteries DO NOT get the oxygen and nourishment they need. Damage occurs as a result. More adults than children get this disease. People with active hepatitis B or hepatitis C may develop this disease.
Symptoms are caused by damage to affected organs. The skin, joints, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, and nervous system are often affected. Symptoms include: Abdominal pain Decreased appetite Fatigue Fever Joint aches Muscle aches Unintentional weight loss Weakness If nerves are affected, you may have numbness, pain, burning, and weakness. Damage to the nervous system may cause strokes or seizures.
No specific lab tests are available to diagnose polyarteritis nodosa. You will have a physical exam. Lab tests that can help make the diagnosis include: Complete blood count (CBC), creatinine, tests for hepatitis B and C, and urinalysis. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP). Serum protein electrophoresis, cryoglobulins. Serum complement levels. Arteriogram tissue biopsy. Other blood tests may be done to rule out similar conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (ANA) or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (ANCA). Test for HIV.
Treatment involves medicines to suppress inflammation and the immune system. These may include steroids, such as prednisone. Similar medicines, such as azathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate that allow for reducing the dose of steroids are often used as well. Cyclophosphamide is used in severe cases. For polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis, treatment may involve plasmapheresis and antiviral medicines.
Current treatments with steroids and other drugs that suppress the immune system (such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide) can improve symptoms and the chance of long-term survival. The most serious complications most often involve the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Without treatment, the outlook is poor.
Complications may include: Heart attack Intestinal necrosis and perforation Kidney failure Stroke.
Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of this disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment may improve the chance of a good outcome.
There is no known prevention. However, early treatment can prevent some damage and symptoms.
Periarteritis nodosa; PAN; Systemic necrotizing vasculitis.
Microscopic polyarteritis 2 Microscopic polyarteritis 2 Circulatory system Circulatory system.
Luqmani R. Polyarteritis nodosa and related disorders.
PolyarthritisCAFL512Any type of Arthritis involving five or more joints at the same time. See Arthritis programs.
Joints
Polychondritis RelapsingETDF40,120,950,19300,121440,201330,485830,653020,807500,973340Multi-systemic condition with inflammation and deterioration of cartilage. Can cause joint deformity and be life-threatening if respiratory tract, heart valves, or blood vessels are involved.
Polycystic Kidney DiseasesETDF160,550,950,7500,12710,37500,125000,175340,434250,567700Genetic disorder in which abnormal cysts develop and grow in the kidneys.
Polycystic Ovary SyndromeETDF40,500,970,2750,12850,20000,37500,122530,325870,840020Symptoms due to high male hormone level in women, including irregular, heavy, or no periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, trouble conceiving, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome :
Polycystic ovary syndrome. PCOS is linked to changes in hormone levels that make it harder for the ovaries to release fully-grown (mature) eggs. The reasons for these changes are unclear. The hormones affected are: Estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones that help a woman's ovaries release eggs Androgen, a male hormone that is found in small amounts in women Normally, one or more eggs are released during a woman's cycle. This is known as ovulation. In most cases, this release of eggs occurs about 2 weeks after the start of a menstrual period. In PCOS, mature eggs are not released. Instead, they stay in the ovaries with a small amount of fluid (cyst) around them. There can be many of these. However, not all women with the condition will have ovaries with this appearance. These problems with the release of eggs can contribute to infertility. The other symptoms of this disorder are due to the high levels of male hormones. Most of the time, PCOS is diagnosed in women in their 20s or 30s. However, it may also affect teenage girls. The symptoms often begin when a girl's periods start. Women with this disorder often have a mother or sister who has similar symptoms.
Symptoms of PCOS include changes in the menstrual cycle, such as: Not getting a period after you have had one or more normal ones during puberty ( secondary amenorrhea ) Irregular periods that may come and go, and be very light to very heavy Other symptoms of PCOS include: Extra body hair that grows on the chest, belly, face, and around the nipples Acne on the face, chest, or back Skin changes, such as dark or thick skin markings and creases around the armpits, groin, neck, and breasts The development of male characteristics is not typical of PCOS and may indicate another problem. The following changes may indicate another problem apart from PCOS: Thinning hair on the head at the temples, called male pattern baldness Enlargement of the clitoris Deepening of the voice Decrease in breast size.
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. This will include a pelvic exam. The exam may show: Enlarged ovaries with many small cysts noted on ultrasound Enlarged clitoris (very rare) The following health conditions are common in women with PCOS: Insulin resistance and diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol Weight gain and obesity Your provider will check your weight and body mass index (BMI) and measure your belly size. Blood tests can be done to check hormone levels. These tests may include: Estrogen level FSH level LH level Male hormone ( testosterone ) level Other blood tests that may be done include: Fasting glucose (blood sugar) and other tests for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance Lipid level Pregnancy test (serum hCG) Prolactin level Thyroid function tests Your provider may also order ultrasound of your pelvis to look at your ovaries.
Weight gain and obesity are common in women with PCOS. Losing even a small amount of weight can help treat: Hormone changes Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol Your provider may prescribe birth control pills to make your periods more regular. These pills may also help reduce abnormal hair growth and acne if you take them for several months. A diabetes medicine called Glucophage (metformin) may also be prescribed to: Make your periods regular Prevent type 2 diabetes Help you lose weight Other medicines that may be prescribed to help make your periods regular and help you get pregnant are: LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs Clomiphene citrate or letrozole, which may allow your ovaries to release eggs and improve your chance of pregnancy These medicines work better if your body mass index (BMI) is 30 or less (below the obese range). Your provider may also suggest other treatments for abnormal hair growth. Some are: Spironolactone or flutamide pills Eflornithine cream Effective methods of hair removal include electrolysis and laser hair removal. However, many treatments may be needed. Treatments are expensive and the results are often not permanent. A pelvic laparoscopy may be done to remove or alter an ovary to treat infertility. This improves the chances of releasing an egg. The effects are temporary.
With treatment, women with PCOS are very often able to get pregnant. During pregnancy, there is an increased risk of: Miscarriage High blood pressure Gestational diabetes.
Women with PCOS are more likely to develop: Endometrial cancer Infertility Diabetes Obesity-related complications.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of this disorder.
Polycystic ovaries; Polycystic ovary disease; Stein-Leventhal syndrome; Polyfollicular ovarian disease; PCOS.
Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Pelvic laparoscopy Pelvic laparoscopy Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Stein-Leventhal syndrome Stein-Leventhal syndrome Uterus Uterus Follicle development Follicle development.
Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis.
Polycythemia VeraETDF140,220,730,13020,55370,121200,271010,694000,715700,824370Neoplasm in which bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, and possibly white cells and platelets, causing thickening of blood.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polycythemia Vera :
Polycythemia vera. PV is a disorder of the bone marrow. It mainly causes too many red blood cells to be produced. The numbers of white blood cells and platelets may also be higher than normal. PV is a rare disorder that occurs more often in men than in women. It is not usually seen in people under age 40. The problem is often linked to a gene defect called JAK2V617F. The cause of this gene defect is unknown.
With PV, there are too many red blood cells in the body. This results in very thick blood, which can't flow through small blood vessels normally, leading to symptoms such as: Trouble breathing when lying down Bluish skin Dizziness Feeling tired all the time Excess bleeding, such as bleeding into the skin Full feeling in the left upper abdomen (due to enlarged spleen) Headache Itchiness , especially after a warm bath Red skin coloring, especially of the face Shortness of breath Symptoms of blood clots in veins near the skin surface (phlebitis) Vision problems.
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. You may also have the following tests: Bone marrow biopsy Complete blood count with differential Comprehensive metabolic panel Erythropoietin level Genetic test for the JAK2V617F mutation Oxygen saturation of the blood Red blood cell mass Vitamin B12 level PV may also affect the results of the following tests: ESR Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Platelet aggregation test Serum uric acid.
The goal of treatment is to reduce the thickness of the blood and prevent bleeding and clotting problems. A method called phlebotomy is used to decrease blood thickness. One unit of blood (about 1 pint, or 1/2 liter) is removed each week until the number of red blood cells drops. The treatment is continued as needed. Medicines that may be used include: Hydroxyurea to reduce the number of red blood cells made by the bone marrow. This drug may be used when the numbers of other blood cell types are also high. Interferon to lower blood counts. Anagrelide to lower platelet counts. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) to reduce the number of red blood cells and reduce an enlarged spleen. This drug is prescribed when hydroxyurea and other treatments have failed. Taking aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots may be an option for some people. But, aspirin increases the risk of stomach bleeding. Ultraviolet-B light therapy can reduce the severe itching some people experience.
PV usually develops slowly. Most people do not have symptoms related to the disease at the time of diagnosis. The condition is often diagnosed before severe symptoms occur.
Complications of PV may include: Acute myelogenous leukemia ( AML ) Bleeding from the stomach or other parts of the intestinal tract Gout (painful swelling of a joint) Heart failure Myelofibrosis (disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue) Thrombosis (blood clotting, which can cause a stroke , heart attack , or other body damage).
Call your provider if symptoms of PV develop.
Primary polycythemia; Polycythemia rubra vera; Myeloproliferative disorder; Erythremia; Splenomegalic polycythemia; Vaquez's disease; Osler's disease; Polycythemia with chronic cyanosis; Erythrocytosis megalosplenica; Cryptogenic polycythemia.
Kremyanskaya M, Najfeld V, Mascarenhas J, Hoffman R. The polycythemias.
Polyendocrinopathies AutoimmuneETDF50,260,570,2500,13390,85340,157500,525830,757770,975340Heterogeneous group of rare diseases with autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organ, although other organs can be affected.
PolyhydramniosETDF180,550,1000,5250,27500,42500,72500,195870,420020,719340Excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac, seen in about 1% of pregnancies.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polyhydramnios :
Polyhydramnios. Amniotic fluid is the liquid that surrounds the baby in the womb (uterus). It comes from the baby's kidneys, and it goes into the uterus from the baby's urine. The fluid is absorbed when the baby swallows it and through breathing motions. While in the womb, the baby floats in the amniotic fluid. It surrounds and cushions the infant during pregnancy. The amount of amniotic fluid is greatest at 34 to 36 weeks of pregnancy. Then the amount slowly decreases until the baby is born. The amniotic fluid: Allows baby to move in the womb, promoting muscle and bone growth Helps baby's lungs to develop Protects the baby from heat loss by keeping the temperature constant Cushions and protects the baby from sudden blows from outside the womb.
Polyhydramnios can occur if the baby does not swallow and absorb amniotic fluid in normal amounts. This can happen if the baby has certain health problems, including: Gastrointestinal disorders, such as duodenal atresia , esophageal atresia , gastroschisis , and diaphragmatic hernia Brain and nervous system problems, such as anencephaly and myotonic dystrophy Achondroplasia Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome It can also happen if the mother has poorly controlled diabetes. Polyhydramnios also may occur if too much fluid is produced. This may be due to: Certain lung disorders in the baby Multiple pregnancy (for example, twins or triplets) Hydrops fetalis in the baby Sometimes, no specific cause is found.
Call your health care provider if you are pregnant and notice that your belly is getting large very quickly.
Your provider measures the size of your belly at every visit. This shows the size of your womb. If your womb is growing faster than expected, or it is larger than normal for your baby's gestational age , the provider may: Have you come back sooner than normal to check it again Do an ultrasound If your provider finds a birth defect, you may need amniocentesis to test for a genetic defect. Mild polyhydramnios that shows up later in pregnancy often doesn't cause serious problems. Severe polyhydramnios may be treated with medicine or by having extra fluid removed. Women with polyhydramnios are more likely to go into early labor. The baby will need to be delivered in a hospital. That way, the providers can immediately check the health of the mother and baby and give treatment if needed.
Pregnancy - polyhydramnios; Hydramnios - polyhydramnios.
Polyhydramnios Polyhydramnios.
Buhimschi CS, Norman JE. Pathogenesis of spontaneous preterm birth.
Polymyalgia RheumaticaETDF170,550,950,5710,13930,137500,262500,497500,626070,822530Syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, but which may occur all over.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polymyalgia Rheumatica :
Polymyalgia rheumatica. Polymyalgia rheumatica most often occurs in people over 50 years old. The cause is unknown. PMR may occur before or with giant cell arteritis (GCA; also called temporal arteritis ). This is a condition in which blood vessels that supply blood to the head and eye become inflamed. PMR can sometimes be hard to tell apart from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an older person. This occurs when tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody are negative.
The most common symptom is pain and stiffness in both shoulders and the neck. The pain and stiffness are worse in the morning. This pain most often progresses to the hips. Fatigue is also present. People with this condition find it increasingly hard to get out of bed and to move around. Other symptoms include: Appetite loss, which leads to weight loss Depression Fever.
Lab tests alone can't diagnose PMR. Most people with this condition have high markers of inflammation, such as the sedimentation rate ( ESR ) and C-reactive protein. Other test results for this condition include: Abnormal levels of proteins in the blood Abnormal level of white blood cells Anemia (low blood count) These tests may also be used to monitor your condition.
Without treatment, PMR does not get better. However, low doses of corticosteroids (such as prednisone) can ease symptoms within a day or two. The dose can then be slowly reduced to a very low level. Treatment needs to continue for 1 to 2 years. In some people, even longer treatment with low doses of prednisone is needed. Corticosteroids can cause many side effects. You need to be watched closely if you are taking these medicines.
For most people, PMR goes away with treatment after 1 to 2 years. You might be able to stop taking medicines after this point, but check with your health care provider first. More severe symptoms can make it harder for you to work or take care of yourself at home.
Call your provider if you have weakness or stiffness in your shoulder and neck that does not go away. Also contact your provider if you have symptoms such as fever and headache.
There is no known prevention.
PMR.
Hellmann DB. Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and Takayasu's arteritis.
PolymyositisETDF70,930,2950,17500,78890,182390,332500,537500,732010,896520Chronic inflammation of the muscles (Inflammatory Myopathy) related to Dermatomyositis and inclusion body Myositis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Polymyositis :
Polymyositis - adult. Polymyositis affects the skeletal muscles. It is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to an autoimmune reaction or infection. Polymyositis can affect people at any age. It is most common in adults between ages 50 and 60, and in older children. It affects women twice as often as men. It is more common in African Americans than white people.
Polymyositis is a systemic disease. This means it affects the whole body. Muscle weakness and tenderness can be signs of polymyositis. A rash is a sign of a similar condition, dermatomyositis. Common symptoms include: Muscle weakness in the shoulders and hips. This can make it hard to raise the arms over the head, get up from a sitting position, or climb stairs. Difficulty swallowing. Muscle pain. Problems with the voice (caused by weak throat muscles). Shortness of breath. You may also have: Fatigue Fever Joint pain Loss of appetite Morning stiffness Weight loss.
Tests may include: Autoimmune antibodies and inflammation tests CPK Serum aldolase Electromyography MRI of affected muscles Muscle biopsy Myoglobin in the urine People with this condition also must be watched carefully for signs of cancer.
The main treatment is the use of corticosteroid medicines. The dose of medicine is slowly tapered off as muscle strength improves. This takes about 4 to 6 weeks. You will stay on a low dose of a corticosteroid medicine after that. Medicines to suppress the immune system may be used to replace the corticosteroids. These drugs may include azathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate. For disease that remains active in spite of corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin has been tried with mixed results. Biologic drugs also may be used. Rituximab appears to be the most promising. It is important to rule out other conditions in people who do not respond to treatment. A repeat muscle biopsy may be needed to make this diagnosis. If the condition is associated with a tumor , it may improve if the tumor is removed.
Response to treatment varies, based on the complications. As many as 1 in 5 people may die within 5 years of developing the condition. Many people, especially children, recover from the illness and do not need ongoing treatment. For most adults, however, immunosuppressant drugs are needed to control the disease. In adults, death may result from: Malnutrition Pneumonia Respiratory failure Severe, long-term muscle weakness The major causes of death are cancer and lung disease.
Complications may include: Calcium deposits in the affected muscles, especially in children with the disease Cancer Heart disease, lung disease , or abdominal complications.
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of this disorder. Seek emergency treatment if you have shortness of breath and difficulty swallowing.
Superficial anterior muscles Superficial anterior muscles.
Amato AA. Disorders of skeletal muscle.
PolyneuropathiesETDF130,830,3730,17850,105340,217250,445000,587500,795340,953000Damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of body, with weakness, numbness, 'pins and needles,' and burning pain.
Polyomavirus InfectionsETDF130,520,6750,71250,105150,347500,572500,690000,775870,826900Family of viruses including Simian Virus 40, JC virus, BK virus, and Merkel Cell virus.
Polyomavirus InfectionsKHZ130,500,6750,71250,105150,347500,572500,690000,775870,826900Family of viruses including Simian Virus 40, JC virus, BK virus, and Merkel Cell virus.
Polyp GeneralCAFL522,146,2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,727,690,666,650,625,600,465,444,20Abnormal growth of tissue from mucous membrane.
Polyp UterineCAFL689Abnormal growth of tissue from mucous membrane.
PolyradiculopathyETDF110,490,780,12500,43000,122500,262500,555340,692500,819340Injury or damage to nerve roots near spinal cord.
Popliteal CystETDF170,350,8850,57500,117500,237520,357500,691020,810500,915700Benign swelling of the semimembranosus or other synovial bursa behind the knee joint. Found in Lyme Disease.
PorphyriaBIO698Several rare disorders of the nervous system and skin.

Encyclopedia Entry for Porphyria :
Porphyria. Normally, the body makes heme in a multi-step process. Porphyrins are made during several steps of this process. People with porphyria are lacking certain enzymes needed for this process. This causes abnormal amounts of porphyrins or related chemicals to build up in the body. There are many different forms of porphyria. The most common type is porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Drugs, infection, alcohol, and hormones such as estrogen may trigger attacks of certain types of porphyria. Porphyria is inherited. This means the disorder is passed down through families.
Porphyria causes three major symptoms: Abdominal pain or cramping (only in some forms of the disease) Sensitivity to light that can cause rashes, blistering, and scarring of the skin (photodermatitis) Problems with the nervous system and muscles (seizures, mental disturbances, nerve damage) Attacks can occur suddenly. They often start with severe abdominal pain followed by vomiting and constipation. Being out in the sun can cause pain, sensations of heat, blistering, and skin redness and swelling. Blisters heal slowly, often with scarring or skin color changes. The scarring may be disfiguring. Urine may turn red or brown after an attack. Other symptoms include: Muscle pain Muscle weakness or paralysis Numbness or tingling Pain in the arms or legs Pain in the back Personality changes Attacks can sometimes be life-threatening, producing: Low blood pressure Severe electrolyte imbalances Shock.
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam, which includes listening to your heart. You may have a fast heart rate (tachycardia). The provider may find that your deep tendon reflexes (knee jerks or others) do not work properly. Blood and urine tests may reveal kidney problems or other problems. Some of the other tests that may be done include: Blood gases Comprehensive metabolic panel Porphyrin levels and levels of other chemicals linked to this condition (checked in the blood or urine ) Ultrasound of the abdomen Urinalysis.
Some of the medicines used to treat a sudden (acute) attack of porphyria may include: Hematin given through a vein ( intravenously ) Pain medicine Propranolol to control the heartbeat Sedatives to help you feel calm and less anxious Other treatments may include: Beta-carotene supplements to lessen photosensitivity Chloroquine in low doses to reduce levels of porphyrins Fluids and glucose to boost carbohydrate levels, which helps limit the production of porphyrins Removal of blood (phlebotomy) to reduce levels of porphyrins Depending on the type of porphyria you have, your provider may tell you to: Avoid all alcohol Avoid drugs that may trigger an attack Avoid injuring the skin Avoid sunlight as much as possible and use sunscreen when outside Eat a high-carbohydrate diet.
Porphyria is a life-long disease with symptoms that come and go. Some forms of the disease cause more symptoms than others. Getting proper treatment and staying away from triggers can help lengthen the time between attacks.
Complications may include: Coma Gallstones Paralysis Respiratory failure (due to weakness of chest muscles) Scarring of the skin.
Get medical help as soon as you have signs of an acute attack. Talk to your provider about your risk for this condition if you have a long history of undiagnosed abdominal pain, muscle and nerve problems, and sensitivity to sunlight.
Genetic counseling may benefit people who want to have children and who have a family history of any type of porphyria.
Porphyria cutanea tarda; Acute intermittent porphyria; Hereditary coproporphyria; Congenital erythropoietic porphyria; Erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Porphyria cutanea tarda on the hands Porphyria cutanea tarda on the hands.
Fuller SJ, Wiley JS. Heme biosynthesis and its disorders: porphyrias and sideroblastic anemias.
Porphyria ErythropoieticETDF80,410,2830,15250,67250,221010,471020,597520,722300,822570Enzyme deficiency in red blood cells.
PorphyriasETDF150,250,3970,27500,110530,215870,467500,715340,802410,952200Several rare disorders of the nervous system and skin.
Porphyromonas GingivalisXTRA867From Dr. Richard Loyd. Common dental bacteria.
Postcommissurotomy SyndromeETDF30,330,1220,11090,62080,201510,372480,417520,625300,731210program of distressing symptoms arising after mitral valve surgeries.
Potassium kXTRA99.34,107.09,18230.47Essential element.
PrionsXTRA0.07,0.12,0.75,0.93,15.09,24.4,417.5,505,791.5,995.15Misfolded proteinaceous material that can pass its defective structure on to other correctly formed proteins.
Prions 3ETDF656,956,957,958,959,960From Dr. Richard Loyd. Misfolded proteinaceous material that can pass its defective structure on to other correctly formed proteins. Also use for transmissible dementias.
Problem-solving 2XTRA5Problem solving skills are highly sought after by employers as many companies rely on their employees to identify and solve problems. A lot of the work in problem solving involves understanding what the underlying issues of the problem really are - not the symptoms.
Mind
ProctocolitisETDF490,27000,17000,38000,87000,96200,150000,434000,592000,850000Inflammation of rectum and colon. Causes include Chlamydia Trachomatis, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, HSV, and Campylobacter spp.
ProgeriaETDF40,120,950,12850,32500,50000,235310,603500,747500,823300Rare genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aging manifest at a very early age.

Encyclopedia Entry for Progeria :
Progeria. Progeria is a rare condition. It is remarkable because its symptoms strongly resemble normal human aging, but it occurs in young children. In most cases, it is not passed down through families. It is rarely seen in more than one child in a family.
Symptoms include: Growth failure during the first year of life Narrow, shrunken or wrinkled face Baldness Loss of eyebrows and eyelashes Short stature Large head for size of face ( macrocephaly ) Open soft spot (fontanelle) Small jaw ( micrognathia ) Dry, scaly, thin skin Limited range of motion Teeth - delayed or absent formation.
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and order laboratory tests. This may show: Insulin resistance Skin changes similar to that seen in scleroderma (the connective tissue becomes tough and hardened) Generally normal cholesterol and triglyceride levels Cardiac stress testing may reveal signs of early atherosclerosis of blood vessels. Genetic testing can detect changes in the gene ( LMNA ) that causes progeria.
There is no specific treatment for progeria. Aspirin and statin medicines may be used to protect against a heart attack or stroke.
Progeria Research Foundation, Inc. -- www.progeriaresearch.org.
Progeria causes early death. People with the condition most often only live to their teenage years (average lifespan of 14 years). However, some can live into their early 20s. The cause of death is very often related to the heart or a stroke.
Complications may include: Heart attack ( myocardial infarction) Stroke.
Call your provider if your child does not appear to be growing or developing normally.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome; HGPS.
Coronary artery blockage Coronary artery blockage.
Gordon LB. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.
Progesterone Normalize LevelXTRA763,1446,1443,763Female hormone.
PrognathismETDF80,240,920,1800,2250,127500,255310,693200,893500,926070Protruding lower jaw, considered a disorder only if it affects chewing, speech, or social function.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prognathism :
Prognathism. Prognathism may cause malocclusion (misalignment of the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth). It can give a person an angry, or fighter's appearance. Prognathism may be a symptom of other syndromes or conditions.
An extended (protruding) jaw can be part of a person's normal face shape that is present at birth. It can also be caused by inherited conditions, such as Crouzon syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome. It may develop over time in children or adults as the result of conditions such as gigantism or acromegaly.
A dentist or orthodontist may be able to treat abnormal alignment of the jaw and teeth. Your primary health care provider should also be involved to check for underlying medical disorders that can be associated with prognathism. Call a provider if: You or your child have difficulty talking, biting, or chewing related to the abnormal jaw alignment. You have concerns about jaw alignment.
The provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions regarding your medical history. Questions may include: Is there any family history of an unusual jaw shape? Is there difficulty talking, biting, or chewing? What other symptoms do you have? Diagnostic tests may include: Skull x-ray (panoramic and cephalometric) Dental x-rays Imprints of the bite (a plaster mold is made of the teeth) This condition may be treated with surgery. An oral surgeon, plastic facial surgeon, or ENT specialist may perform this surgery.
Extended chin.
Prognathism Prognathism Malocclusion of teeth Malocclusion of teeth.
Goldstein JA, Baker SB. Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery.
Program Finale 4XTRA465A good program to end every Spooky session with. Other uses: fungal/yeast infections, swollen lymph nodes in neck.
Propionibacterium AcnesHC383750-389000Bacterial cause of Acne, which can also cause chronic Blepharitis and Endophthalmitis.
Propionibacterium Acnes 1XTRA11992.19,12156.25,12093.75,951.22,964.23,959.27Bacterial cause of Acne, which can also cause chronic Blepharitis and Endophthalmitis.
Propionibacterium Acnes 2XTRA5996.1,6046.89,19267.59,959.27Bacterial cause of Acne, which can also cause chronic Blepharitis and Endophthalmitis.
Propionibacterium Acnes 3XTRA5996.1-6078.1,6046.89Bacterial cause of Acne, which can also cause chronic Blepharitis and Endophthalmitis.
Propionibacterium Acnes 4XTRA19267.59,959.27Bacterial cause of Acne, which can also cause chronic Blepharitis and Endophthalmitis.
ProsopagnosiaETDF240,730,870,7500,30000,67500,95900,92500,524370,650000Impairment of ability to recognize faces, including one's own.
Prostate AdenominumPROV442,688,1875,748,766,920Homeopathic remedy for prostate tumor.
Prostate ComplaintsCAFL9.39,20,72,73,95,125,465,666,690,727,880,2008,2127See Prostatitis and other prostate programs. Use Streptococcus General, and Propionibacterium Acnes, and practise metals avoidance.
Prostate EnlargedETDF830,1870,5630,152300,328920,424210,482130,502930,553700,591420See Prostatitis and other prostate programs. Use Streptococcus General, and Propionibacterium Acnes, and practise metals avoidance.
Prostate EnlargedPROV2250,2128,2050,920,690,666See Prostatitis and other prostate programs. Use Streptococcus General, and Propionibacterium Acnes, and practise metals avoidance.
Prostate Problems GeneralPROV2720,2128,2008,880,802,787,728,727,690,666,465,408,125,95,72,20,9See Streptococcus, and Propionibacterium Acnes programs, and practise metals avoidance.
Prostate TumorCAFL666,690,727,2008,2127Malignant. See Cancer Prostate programs.
Prostatic DiseasesETDF130,570,830,2250,5710,32500,97500,332410,372000,520000Disorders include Prostate Cancer, Prostatitis, and Prostate Hyperplasia.
ProstatitisCAFL100,410,522,146,2720,2050,2489,2170,2127,2008,1550,802,787,776,727,690,666,465,125,95,72,20,444,522,9.1Inflammation of prostate.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prostatitis :
Prostatitis, bacterial(*) - most common : Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., (G- rods), Enterococcus feacalis (G+ coccus)

Encyclopedia Entry for Prostatitis :
Prostatitis - bacterial - self-care. If you have acute prostatitis, your symptoms started quickly. You may still feel ill, with fever, chills, and flushing (skin redness). It may hurt a lot when you urinate for the first few days. The fever and pain should begin improving over the first 36 hours. If you have chronic prostatitis, your symptoms are likely to begin slowly and be less severe. Symptoms will probably improve slowly over many weeks.
It is likely you will have antibiotics to take home. Follow the directions on the bottle carefully. Take the antibiotics at the same time every day. For acute prostatitis, antibiotics are taken for 2 to 6 weeks. Chronic prostatitis is treated with antibiotics for 4 to 12 weeks or longer. Finish all the antibiotics, even if you start feeling better. It is harder for antibiotics to get into prostate tissue to treat the infection. Taking all of your antibiotics will reduce the chance of the condition returning. Antibiotics may cause side effects. These include nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and other symptoms. Report these to your doctor. DO NOT just stop taking your pills.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, may help with pain or discomfort. Ask your doctor if you can take these. Warm baths may relieve some of your perineal and lower back pain. Avoid substances that irritate the bladder, such as alcohol, caffeinated beverages, citrus juices, and hot or spicy foods. Drink plenty of fluids, 64 or more ounces (2 or more liters) per day, if your doctor says this is OK. This helps flush bacteria from the bladder. It can also help prevent constipation. To reduce discomfort with bowel movements, you may also: Get some exercise every day. Start slowly and build up at least 30 minutes a day. Eat foods with high fiber , such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables. Try tool softeners or fiber supplements.
See your health care provider for an exam after you finish taking antibiotics to make sure that the infection is gone. If you do not improve or you are having problems with your treatment, talk to your doctor sooner.
Call your provider if: You are unable to pass urine at all, or it is very difficult to pass urine. Fever, chills, or pain do not begin to improve after 36 hours, or they are getting worse.
McGowan CC, Krieger J. Prostatitis, epididymitis, and orchitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prostatitis :
Prostatitis - bacterial. Any bacteria that can cause a urinary tract infection can cause acute bacterial prostatitis. Infections spread through sexual contact can cause prostatitis. These include chlamydia and gonorrhea. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are more likely to occur from: Certain sexual practices, such as having anal sex without wearing a condom Having many sexual partners In men over age 35, E coli and other common bacteria most often cause prostatitis. This type of prostatitis may begin in the: Epididymis, a small tube that sits on top of the testes. Urethra, the tube that carries urine from your bladder and out through the penis. Acute prostatitis may also be caused by problems with the urethra or prostate, such as: Blockage that reduces or prevent the flow of urine out of the bladder Foreskin of the penis that cannot be pulled back (phimosis) Injury to the area between the scrotum and anus (perineum) Urinary catheter , cystoscopy , or prostate biopsy (removing a piece of tissue to look for cancer) Men age 50 or older who have an enlarged prostate have a higher risk for prostatitis. The prostate gland may become blocked. This makes it easier for bacteria to grow. Symptoms of chronic prostatitis can be similar to symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland.
Symptoms can start quickly, and can include: Chills Fever Flushing of the skin Lower stomach tenderness Body aches Symptoms of chronic prostatitis are similar, but not as severe. They often begin more slowly. Some people have no symptoms between episodes of prostatitis. Urinary symptoms include: Blood in the urine Burning or pain with urination Difficulty starting to urinate or emptying the bladder Foul-smelling urine Weak urine stream Other symptoms that may occur with this condition: Pain or aching in the abdomen above the pubic bone, in the lower back, in the area between the genitals and anus, or in the testicles Pain with ejaculation or blood in the semen Pain with bowel movements If prostatitis occurs with an infection in or around the testicles ( epididymitis or orchitis ), you may also have symptoms of that condition.
During a physical exam, your health care provider may find: Enlarged or tender lymph nodes in your groin Fluid released from your urethra Swollen or tender scrotum The provider may perform a digital rectal exam to examine your prostate. During this exam, the provider inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum. The exam should be done very gently to reduce the risk of spreading bacteria into the blood stream. The exam may reveal that the prostate is: Large and soft (with a chronic prostate infection) Swollen, or tender (with an acute prostate infection) Urine samples may be collected for urinalysis and urine culture. Prostatitis may affect the results of the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ), a blood test to screen for prostate cancer.
Antibiotics are often used to treat prostate infections. For acute prostatitis, you will take antibiotics for 2 to 6 weeks. For chronic prostatitis, you will take antibiotics for at least 2 to 6 weeks. Because the infection can come back, you may need to take medicine for up to 12 weeks. Often, the infection will not go away, even after taking antibiotics for a long time. Your symptoms may come back when you stop the medicine. If your swollen prostate gland makes it hard to empty your bladder, you may need a tube to empty it. The tube may be inserted through your abdomen ( suprapubic catheter ) or through your penis (indwelling catheter). To care for prostatitis at home : Urinate often and completely. Take warm baths to relieve pain. Take stool softeners to make bowel movements more comfortable. Avoid substances that irritate your bladder, such as alcohol, caffeinated foods and drinks, citrus juices, and hot or spicy foods. Drink more fluid (64 to 128 ounces or 2 to 4 liters per day) to urinate often and help flush bacteria out of your bladder. Get checked by your provider after you finish taking your antibiotic treatment to make sure the infection is gone.
Acute prostatitis should go away with medicine and minor changes to your diet and behavior. It may come back or turn into chronic prostatitis.
Complications may include: Abscess Inability to urinate (urinary retention) Spread of bacteria from the prostate to the bloodstream ( sepsis ) Chronic pain or discomfort Inability to have sex (sexual dysfunction).
Call your provider if you have symptoms of prostatitis.
Not all types of prostatitis can be prevented. Practice safe sex behaviors.
Chronic prostatitis - bacterial; Acute prostatitis.
Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive anatomy.
Ferri FF. Prostatitis.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prostatitis :
Prostatitis - nonbacterial. Possible causes of nonbacterial prostatitis include: A past bacterial prostatitis infection Bicycle riding Less common types of bacteria Irritation caused by a backup of urine flowing into the prostate Irritation from chemicals Nerve problem involving the lower urinary tract Parasites Pelvic floor muscle problem Sexual abuse Viruses Life stresses and emotional factors may play a part in the problem. Most men with chronic prostatitis have the nonbacterial form.
Symptoms may include: Blood in the semen Blood in the urine Pain in the genital area and lower back Pain with bowel movements Pain with ejaculation Problems with urinating.
Most of the time, a physical exam is normal. However, the prostate may be swollen or tender. Urine tests may show white or red blood cells in the urine. A semen culture may show a higher number of white blood cells and low sperm count with poor movement. Urine culture or culture from the prostate does not show bacteria.
Treatment for nonbacterial prostatitis is difficult. The problem is hard to cure, so the goal is to control symptoms. Several types of medicines may be used to treat the condition. These include: Long-term antibiotics to make sure that the prostatitis is not caused by bacteria. However, people who are not helped by antibiotics should stop taking these medicines. Drugs called alpha-adrenergic blockers help relax the muscles of the prostate gland. It often takes about 6 weeks before these medicines start working. Many people do not get relief from these medicines. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which may relieve symptoms for some men. Muscle relaxers like diazepam or cyclobenzaprine can help to reduce spasms in the pelvic floor. Some people have found some relief from pollen extract (Cernitin) and allopurinol. But research does not confirm their benefit. Stool softeners may help reduce discomfort with bowel movements. Surgery, called transurethral resection of the prostate , may be done in rare cases if medicine does not help. In most cases, this surgery is not done on younger men. It may cause retrograde ejaculation. This can lead to sterility, impotence , and incontinence. Other treatments that may be tried include: Warm baths to ease some of the pain Prostate massage, acupuncture, and relaxation exercises Dietary changes to avoid bladder and urinary tract irritants Pelvic floor physical therapy .
Many people respond to treatment. However, others do not get relief, even after trying many things. Symptoms often come back and may not be treatable.
Untreated symptoms of nonbacterial prostatitis may lead to sexual and urinary problems. These problems can affect your lifestyle and emotional well-being.
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of prostatitis.
NBP; Prostatodynia; Pelvic pain syndrome; CPPS; Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis; Chronic genitourinary pain.
Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive anatomy.
Carter C. Urinary tract disorders.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prostatitis :
Prostatitis. Inflammation of prostate. Can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis.
Information from Marcello Allegretti.
Prostatitis 1CAFL2050,2250Inflammation of prostate.
Prosthesis ImplantationETDF100,520,870,3200,15890,32750,132000,437500,525830,725310An artificial device used to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or heart valve, or replacement of a missing body part with such a device.
ProsthodonticsETDF170,720,1650,16850,55250,127500,455870,565000,752000,975310Dental prostheses.
Prostnogonimus Macrorchis EggHC396850-404750Prosthogonimus macrorchis is an avian parasite found in regions of the United States and Canada near the Great Lakes. Prosthogonimus macrorchis is known for causing a reduction or termination in egg production in domestic fowl.
ProteinuriaETDF50,410,870,57500,78000,132300,351500,652310,825870,915830Excess serum proteins in urine, causing it to foam on micturition.
ProteusCAFL424,434,834Urinary tract pathogen.
Proteus MirabilisHC320550-326000Bacteria which can produce high levels of urease, hydrolyzing urea to ammonia (common in Lyme), thus making urine more alkaline, which can cause Kidney Stones - see programs for this and Kidney Calculi. Also see Ammonia Remove, and Urea Cycle Disorders.
Proteus Mirabilis 1XTRA20034.38,20375,20250,794.55,808.07,803.12Bacteria which can produce high levels of urease, hydrolyzing urea to ammonia (common in Lyme), thus making urine more alkaline, which can cause Kidney Stones - see programs for this and Kidney Calculi. Also see Ammonia Remove, and Urea Cycle Disorders.
Proteus Mirabilis 2XTRA326000,16131.01,803.12Bacteria which can produce high levels of urease, hydrolyzing urea to ammonia (common in Lyme), thus making urine more alkaline, which can cause Kidney Stones - see programs for this and Kidney Calculi. Also see Ammonia Remove, and Urea Cycle Disorders.
Proteus SyndromeETDF60,250,870,12300,55710,85000,187500,442500,696500,875310Rare congenital disorder causing skin overgrowth and atypical bone development, often accompanied by tumors over half the body.
Proteus VulgarisHC408750-416450Urinary tract pathogen.
Protomyxzoa RheumaticaXTRA1583,515,515-521Experimental. Protozoan found in Lyme and Morgellons.
Protomyxzoa Rheumatica Spectrum SweepXTRA517.544-518.456X=23, Spectrum=.579%. Out2 = Out1 x -1 + 1036 Hz. Use Spooky Boost to combine both outputs, or connect another Spooky Remote to Out 2. Do not use with Spooky Central. Protozoan found in Lyme and Morgellons.
ProtozoaCAFL432,753,5776Group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
ProtozoaVEGA432,753Group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Protozoan InfectionsETDF20,230,850,5710,55830,172500,317500,663500,725310,853020Disorders caused by unicellular eukaryotic organisms, including Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Trichomoniasis, Chagas Disease, Leishmaniasis, and others.
Prune Belly SyndromeETDF80,520,30650,24500,117300,335000,536420,611000,804280,941020Congenital disorder of urinary system, with abdominal wall muscle anomalies, cryptorchidism, and urinary tract abnormalities among others.

Encyclopedia Entry for Prune Belly Syndrome :
Prune belly syndrome. The exact causes of prune belly syndrome are unknown. The condition affects mostly boys. While in the womb, the developing baby's abdomen swells with fluid. Often, the cause is a problem in the urinary tract. The fluid disappears after birth, leading to a wrinkled abdomen that looks like a prune. This appearance is more noticeable due to the lack of abdominal muscles.
Weak abdominal muscles can cause: Constipation Delay in sitting and walking Difficulties coughing Urinary tract problems can cause difficulty urinating.
A woman who is pregnant with a baby who has prune belly syndrome may not have enough amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds the fetus). This can cause the infant to have lung problems from being compressed in the womb. An ultrasound done during pregnancy may show that the baby has a swollen bladder or enlarged kidney. In some cases, a pregnancy ultrasound may also help determine if the baby has: Heart problems Abnormal bones or muscles Stomach and intestinal problems Underdeveloped lungs The following tests may be performed on the baby after birth to diagnose the condition: Blood tests Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Ultrasound Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) X-ray CT scan .
Early surgery is recommended to fix weak abdominal muscles, urinary tract problems, and undescended testicles. The baby may be given antibiotics to treat or help prevent urinary tract infections.
The following resources can provide more information on prune belly syndrome: Prune Belly Syndrome Network -- www.prunebelly.org National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/prune-belly-syndrome.
Prune belly syndrome is a serious and often life-threatening problem. Many infants with this condition are either stillborn or die within the first few weeks of life. The cause of death is from severe lung or kidney problems, or from a combination of birth problems. Some newborns survive and can develop normally. Others continue to have many medical and developmental problems.
Complications depend on the related problems. The most common are: Constipation Bone deformities ( clubfoot , dislocated hip, missing limb, finger, or toe, funnel chest ) Disease of the urinary tract (may need dialysis and a kidney transplant) Undescended testicles can lead to infertility or cancer.
Prune belly syndrome is usually diagnosed before birth or when the baby is born. If you have a child with diagnosed prune belly syndrome, call your health care provider at the first sign of a urinary tract infection or other urinary symptoms. If a pregnancy ultrasound shows that your baby has a swollen bladder or enlarged kidneys, talk to a specialist in high-risk pregnancy or perinatology.
There is no known way to prevent this condition. If the baby is diagnosed with a urinary tract obstruction before birth, in rare cases, surgery during the pregnancy may help prevent the problem from progressing to prune belly syndrome.
Eagle-Barrett syndrome; Triad syndrome.
Caldamone AA, Denes FT. Prune-belly syndrome.
PruritusETDF60,490,9650,57500,219510,370400,472500,625310,725870,871000Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. Certain systemic diseases have long been known to cause pruritus that ranges in intensity from a mild annoyance to an intractable, disabling condition.
Pruritus VulvaeETDF160,350,950,5500,27500,47500,357300,478500,527000,717000Genital itch (vulval).
Pseudo-Gaucher DiseaseETDF60,250,870,12330,5310,125830,287500,442500,696500,825310Genetic disorder in which glucocerebroside accumulates in cells and certain organs, with bruising, fatigue, anemia, low blood platelet count, and enlargement of liver and spleen.
PseudomonasBIO174,482,5311Drug-resistant bacteria often found in wounds, burns, and infections of urinary tract.
PseudomonasVEGA5311,482Drug-resistant bacteria often found in wounds, burns, and infections of urinary tract.
Pseudomonas AeruginosaHC331250-334600Drug-resistant pathogen commonly acquired in hospitals. Causes Pneumonia, Septic Shock, UTIs, GI tract, skin, and soft tissue infections. Also see Pseudomonas Pyocanea, and Pyocyaneus.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa WoundXTRA20703.13,20912.5,20812.5,821.09,829.38,825.41Drug-resistant pathogen commonly acquired in hospitals. Causes Pneumonia, Septic Shock, UTIs, GI tract, skin, and soft tissue infections. Also see Pseudomonas Pyocanea, and Pyocyaneus.
Pseudomonas FluorescensCAFL175.5,248.5,351.4,468.5,2810.9,11243.6Usually affects the immunocompromised. Used as a biocontrol agent.
Pseudomonas InfectionsETDF60,230,8850,45250,115300,215310,437500,662500,825340,917030Diseases caused by Pseudomonas spp.
Pseudomonas MalleiCAFL687,857,875,1273,501,743,774Causes Glanders, a blue pus infection of the respiratory system and mouth. Occasionally transmitted to humans by equines. See Glanders, Farcy, Mellei, and Melioidosis programs.
Pseudomonas PyocyaneaCAFL437Also called Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Homeopathic nosode.
Pseudomyxoma PeritoneiETDF80,520,650,2500,10530,35830,224370,675870,727000,867000Also called Gelatinous Ascites. Caused by cancerous cells (mucinous adenocarcinoma) that produce abundant mucin.
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei 1XTRA80,4160,10400,35000,21060,35830,20590,39907,38400,36800SRH4. Also called Gelatinous Ascites.
Pseudotumor CerebriETDF60,490,680,7500,102500,231700,472500,625690,705700,857200Neurological disorder with increased intracranial pressure in the absence of a tumor or other disorders.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pseudotumor Cerebri :
Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. The condition occurs more often in women than men, especially in young obese women 20 to 40 years old. It is rare in infants, but can occur in children. Before puberty, it occurs equally in boys and girls. The cause is unknown. Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. These medicines include: Amiodarone Birth control pills such as levonorgestrel (Norplant) Cyclosporine Cytarabine Growth hormone Isotretinoin Levothyroxine (children) Lithium carbonate Minocycline Nalidixic acid Nitrofurantoin Phenytoin Steroids (starting or stopping them) Sulfa antibiotics Tamoxifen Tetracycline Certain drugs that contain Vitamin A, such as cis-retinoic acid (Accutane) The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome Behcet disease Chronic kidney failure Endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease , Cushing disease , hypoparathyroidism , polycystic ovary syndrome Following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children Iron deficiency anemia Obesity Obstructive sleep apnea Pregnancy Sarcoidosis (inflammation of the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin, or other tissues) Systemic lupus erythematosis Turner syndrome.
Symptoms may include any of the following: Headaches, throbbing, daily, irregular and worse in the morning Neck pain Blurred vision Buzzing sound in the ears (tinnitus) Dizziness Double vision (diplopia) Nausea, vomiting Vision problems such as flashing or even loss of vision Low back pain, radiating along both legs Headaches may get worse during physical activity, especially when you tighten the stomach muscles during coughing or straining.
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Signs of this condition include: Bulging anterior fontanelle in infants Increased head size Swelling of the optic nerve in the back of the eye (papilledema) Inward turning of the eye toward the nose (sixth cranial, or abducens, nerve palsy) Even though there is increased pressure in the skull, there is no change in alertness. Tests that may be done include: Funduscopic examination CT scan of the head Eye exam, including visual field testing MRI of the head with MR venography Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) Diagnosis is made when other health conditions are ruled out. These include conditions that may cause increased pressure in the skull, such as: Hydrocephalus Tumor Venous sinus thrombosis.
Treatment is aimed at the cause of the pseudotumor. The main goal of treatments is to preserve vision and reduce the severity of headaches. A lumbar puncture can help relieve pressure in the brain and prevent vision problems. Repeat lumbar punctures are helpful for pregnant women in order to delay surgery until after delivery. Other treatments may include: Fluid or salt restriction Medicines such as corticosteroids, acetazolamide, furosemide, and topiramate Shunting procedures to relieve pressure from spinal fluid buildup Surgery to relieve pressure on the optic nerve Weight loss Treatment of the underlying disease, such as vitamin A overdose People will need to have their vision closely monitored. There can be vision loss, which is sometimes permanent. Follow-up MRI or CT scans may be done to rule out problems such as tumors or hydrocephalus (buildup of fluid inside the skull). In some cases, the pressure inside the brain remains high for many years. Symptoms can return in some people. A small number of people have symptoms that slowly get worse and lead to blindness.
Sometimes the condition disappears on its own within 6 months. Symptoms can return in some people. A small number of people have symptoms that slowly get worse and lead to blindness.
Vision loss is a serious complication of this condition.
Call your provider if you or your child has any of the symptoms listed above.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension; Benign intracranial hypertension.
Central nervous system Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Miller NR. Pseudotumor cerebri.
Pseudoxanthoma ElasticumETDF160,350,950,5500,27500,47500,350000,425310,571000,859000Genetic disease causing fragmentation and mineralization of elastic fibers in some tissues.
PsittacosisBIO583,1217Bacterial disease of parrots and other birds transmissible to man and causing atypical pneumonia. See Ornithosis, and Parrot Fever programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular)

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Psittacosis infection develops when you breathe in (inhale) the bacteria. People between 30 to 60 years are commonly affected. People at high risk for this disease include: Bird owners Pet shop employees People who work in poultry processing plants Veterinarians Typical birds involved are parrots, parakeets, and budgerigars, although other birds have also caused the disease. Psittacosis is a rare disease. Very few cases are reported each year in the United States.
The incubation period of psittacosis is of 5 to 15 days. The incubation period is the time it takes for symptoms to appear after being exposed to the bacteria. Symptoms may include: Blood-tinged sputum Dry cough Fatigue Fever and chills Headache Joint aches Muscle aches (most often in the head and neck) Shortness of breath.
The health care provider will hear abnormal lung sounds such as crackles and decreased breath sounds when listening to the chest with a stethoscope. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer (rising titer over time is a sign of infection) Blood culture Sputum culture X-ray of the chest Complete blood count.
The infection is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline is used first. Other antibiotics that may be given include: Macrolides Fluoroquinolones Other tetracycline antibiotics Note: Tetracycline and doxycycline by mouth are usually not given to children until after all their permanent teeth have started to grow in, because they can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. These medicines are also not given to pregnant women. Other antibiotics are used in these situations.
A full recovery is expected if you do not have any other conditions that affect your health.
Complications of psittacosis may include: Brain involvement Decreased lung function as a result of the pneumonia Heart valve infection Inflammation of the liver ( hepatitis ).
Antibiotics are needed to treat this infection. If you develop symptoms of psittacosis, call your provider.
Avoid exposure to birds that may carry these bacteria, such as parrots. Medical problems that lead to a weak immune system increase your risk for this disease and should be treated appropriately.
Ornithosis; Parrot pneumonia.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Geisler WM. Diseases caused by Chlamydiae.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Source of disease: Chlamydophila psittaci
PsittacosisETDF40,230,1970,25710,132500,332500,415020,675230,858590,915380Bacterial disease of parrots and other birds transmissible to man and causing atypical pneumonia. See Ornithosis, and Parrot Fever programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular)

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Psittacosis infection develops when you breathe in (inhale) the bacteria. People between 30 to 60 years are commonly affected. People at high risk for this disease include: Bird owners Pet shop employees People who work in poultry processing plants Veterinarians Typical birds involved are parrots, parakeets, and budgerigars, although other birds have also caused the disease. Psittacosis is a rare disease. Very few cases are reported each year in the United States.
The incubation period of psittacosis is of 5 to 15 days. The incubation period is the time it takes for symptoms to appear after being exposed to the bacteria. Symptoms may include: Blood-tinged sputum Dry cough Fatigue Fever and chills Headache Joint aches Muscle aches (most often in the head and neck) Shortness of breath.
The health care provider will hear abnormal lung sounds such as crackles and decreased breath sounds when listening to the chest with a stethoscope. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer (rising titer over time is a sign of infection) Blood culture Sputum culture X-ray of the chest Complete blood count.
The infection is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline is used first. Other antibiotics that may be given include: Macrolides Fluoroquinolones Other tetracycline antibiotics Note: Tetracycline and doxycycline by mouth are usually not given to children until after all their permanent teeth have started to grow in, because they can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. These medicines are also not given to pregnant women. Other antibiotics are used in these situations.
A full recovery is expected if you do not have any other conditions that affect your health.
Complications of psittacosis may include: Brain involvement Decreased lung function as a result of the pneumonia Heart valve infection Inflammation of the liver ( hepatitis ).
Antibiotics are needed to treat this infection. If you develop symptoms of psittacosis, call your provider.
Avoid exposure to birds that may carry these bacteria, such as parrots. Medical problems that lead to a weak immune system increase your risk for this disease and should be treated appropriately.
Ornithosis; Parrot pneumonia.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Geisler WM. Diseases caused by Chlamydiae.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Source of disease: Chlamydophila psittaci
PsittacosisVEGA1217Bacterial disease of parrots and other birds transmissible to man and causing atypical pneumonia. See Ornithosis, and Parrot Fever programs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular)

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Psittacosis infection develops when you breathe in (inhale) the bacteria. People between 30 to 60 years are commonly affected. People at high risk for this disease include: Bird owners Pet shop employees People who work in poultry processing plants Veterinarians Typical birds involved are parrots, parakeets, and budgerigars, although other birds have also caused the disease. Psittacosis is a rare disease. Very few cases are reported each year in the United States.
The incubation period of psittacosis is of 5 to 15 days. The incubation period is the time it takes for symptoms to appear after being exposed to the bacteria. Symptoms may include: Blood-tinged sputum Dry cough Fatigue Fever and chills Headache Joint aches Muscle aches (most often in the head and neck) Shortness of breath.
The health care provider will hear abnormal lung sounds such as crackles and decreased breath sounds when listening to the chest with a stethoscope. Tests that may be done include: Antibody titer (rising titer over time is a sign of infection) Blood culture Sputum culture X-ray of the chest Complete blood count.
The infection is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline is used first. Other antibiotics that may be given include: Macrolides Fluoroquinolones Other tetracycline antibiotics Note: Tetracycline and doxycycline by mouth are usually not given to children until after all their permanent teeth have started to grow in, because they can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. These medicines are also not given to pregnant women. Other antibiotics are used in these situations.
A full recovery is expected if you do not have any other conditions that affect your health.
Complications of psittacosis may include: Brain involvement Decreased lung function as a result of the pneumonia Heart valve infection Inflammation of the liver ( hepatitis ).
Antibiotics are needed to treat this infection. If you develop symptoms of psittacosis, call your provider.
Avoid exposure to birds that may carry these bacteria, such as parrots. Medical problems that lead to a weak immune system increase your risk for this disease and should be treated appropriately.
Ornithosis; Parrot pneumonia.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Geisler WM. Diseases caused by Chlamydiae.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psittacosis :
Psittacosis. Source of disease: Chlamydophila psittaci
PsoriasisCAFL2180,2128,2008,2489,1552,880,800,786,728,664,304,96,112,100,60,104,64,152,2170,2720Autoimmune disease with patches of red, itchy, and scaly skin .See Parasites General, Ascaris, and Roundworm programs. Use Hypothyroid and Nanobacter programs. Do ozone therapy every 2nd day for 30 days. Reduce dietary starch drastically.
Skin

Encyclopedia Entry for Psoriasis :
Psoriasis - resources. Resources - psoriasis.
Support group counselors Support group counselors.


Encyclopedia Entry for Psoriasis :
Psoriasis. Psoriasis is very common. Anyone can develop it, but it most often begins between ages 15 and 35, or as people get older. Psoriasis isn't contagious. This means it doesn't spread to other people. Psoriasis seems to be passed down through families. Normal skin cells grow deep in the skin and rise to the surface about once a month. When you have psoriasis, this process takes place in days rather than in 3 to 4 weeks. This results in dead skin cells building up on the skin's surface, forming the collections of scales. The following may trigger an attack of psoriasis or make it harder to treat: Infections from bacteria or viruses, including strep throat and upper respiratory infections Dry air or dry skin Injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, insect bites, and other skin rashes Some medicines, including antimalaria drugs, beta-blockers, and lithium Stress Too little sunlight Too much sunlight (sunburn) Psoriasis may be worse in people who have a weak immune system, including people with HIV/AIDS. Some people with psoriasis also have arthritis ( psoriatic arthritis ). In addition, people with psoriasis have an increased risk of fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disorders, such as heart disease and stroke.
Psoriasis can appear suddenly or slowly. Many times, it goes away and then comes back. The main symptom of the condition is irritated, red, flaky plaques of skin. Plaques are most often seen on the elbows, knees, and middle of the body. But they can appear anywhere, including on the scalp, palms, soles of the feet, and genitalia. The skin may be: Itchy Dry and covered with silver, flaky skin (scales) Pink-red in color Raised and thick Other symptoms may include: Joint or tendon pain or aching Nail changes , including thick nails, yellow-brown nails, dents in the nail, and a lifting of the nail from the skin underneath Severe dandruff on the scalp Psoriasis on the knuckles There are five main types of psoriasis: Erythrodermic -- The skin redness is very intense and covers a large area. Guttate -- Small, pink-red spots appear on the skin. This form is often linked to strep infections, especially in children. Inverse -- Skin redness and irritation occur in the armpits, groin, and in between overlapping skin rather than the more common areas of the elbows and knees. Plaque -- Thick, red patches of skin are covered by flaky, silver-white scales. This is the most common type of psoriasis. Pustular -- Yellow pus-filled blisters (pustules) are surrounded by red, irritated skin.
Your health care provider can usually diagnose this condition by looking at your skin. Sometimes, a skin biopsy is done to rule out other possible conditions. If you have joint pain, your provider may order imaging studies.
The goal of treatment is to control your symptoms and prevent infection. Three treatment options are available: Skin lotions, ointments, creams, and shampoos -- These are called topical treatments. Pills or injections that affect the body's immune response, not just the skin -- These are called systemic, or body-wide, treatments. Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to treat psoriasis. TREATMENTS USED ON THE SKIN (TOPICAL) Most of the time, psoriasis is treated with medicines that are placed directly on the skin or scalp. These may include: Cortisone creams and ointments Other anti-inflammatory creams and ointments Creams or ointments that contain coal tar or anthralin Creams to remove the scaling (usually salicylic acid or lactic acid) Dandruff shampoos (over-the-counter or prescription) Moisturizers Prescription medicines containing vitamin D or vitamin A (retinoids) SYSTEMIC (BODY-WIDE) TREATMENTS If you have very severe psoriasis, your provider will likely recommend medicines that suppress the immune system's faulty response. These medicines include methotrexate or cyclosporine. Retinoids, such as acetretin, can also be used. Newer drugs, called biologics, are used when other treatments do not work. Biologics approved for the treatment of psoriasis include: Adalimumab (Humira) Abatacept (Orencia) Apremilast (Otezla) Brodalumab (Siliq) Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) Etanercept (Enbrel) Infliximab (Remicade) Ixekizumab (Taltz) Golimumab (Simponi) Guselkumab (Tremfya) Ustekinumab (Stelara) Secukinumab (Cosentyx) PHOTOTHERAPY Some people may choose to have phototherapy, which is safe and can be very effective: This is treatment in which your skin is carefully exposed to ultraviolet light. It may be given alone or after you take a drug that makes the skin sensitive to light. Phototherapy for psoriasis can be given as ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light. OTHER TREATMENTS If you have an infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics. HOME CARE Following these tips at home may help: Taking a daily bath or shower -- Try not to scrub too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack. Oatmeal baths may be soothing and may help to loosen scales. You can use over-the-counter oatmeal bath products. Or, you can mix 1 cup (240 mL) of oatmeal into a tub (bath) of warm water. Keeping your skin clean and moist, and avoiding your specific psoriasis triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups. Sunlight may help your symptoms go away. Be careful not to get sunburned. Relaxation and anti-stress techniques -- The link between stress and flares of psoriasis is not well understood.
Some people may benefit from a psoriasis support group. The National Psoriasis Foundation is a good resource: www.psoriasis.org.
Psoriasis can be a lifelong condition that can be usually controlled with treatment. It may go away for a long time and then return. With proper treatment, it will not affect your overall health. But be aware that there is a strong link between psoriasis and other health problems, such as heart disease.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of psoriasis or if your skin irritation continues despite treatment. Tell your provider if you have joint pain or fever with your psoriasis attacks. If you have symptoms of arthritis, talk to your dermatologist or rheumatologist. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have a severe outbreak that covers all or most of your body.
There is no known way to prevent psoriasis. Keeping the skin clean and moist and avoiding your psoriasis triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups. Providers recommend daily baths or showers for people with psoriasis. Avoid scrubbing too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack.
Plaque psoriasis; Psoriasis vulgaris; Guttate psoriasis; Pustular psoriasis.
Psoriasis on the knuckles Psoriasis on the knuckles.
Gordon KB, Blauvelt A, Papp KA, et al; UNCOVER-1 Study Group, UNCOVER-2 Study Group, UNCOVER-3 Study Group. Phase 3 trials of ixekizumab in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):345-356. PMID: 27299809 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299809. Habif TP. Psoriasis and other papulosquamous diseases.
PsoriasisETDF50,550,1780,5970,85150,117150,453200,692230,824370,951000Autoimmune disease with patches of red, itchy, and scaly skin .See Parasites General, Ascaris, and Roundworm programs. Use Hypothyroid and Nanobacter programs. Do ozone therapy every 2nd day for 30 days. Reduce dietary starch drastically.

Encyclopedia Entry for Psoriasis :
Psoriasis - resources. Resources - psoriasis.
Support group counselors Support group counselors.


Encyclopedia Entry for Psoriasis :
Psoriasis. Psoriasis is very common. Anyone can develop it, but it most often begins between ages 15 and 35, or as people get older. Psoriasis isn't contagious. This means it doesn't spread to other people. Psoriasis seems to be passed down through families. Normal skin cells grow deep in the skin and rise to the surface about once a month. When you have psoriasis, this process takes place in days rather than in 3 to 4 weeks. This results in dead skin cells building up on the skin's surface, forming the collections of scales. The following may trigger an attack of psoriasis or make it harder to treat: Infections from bacteria or viruses, including strep throat and upper respiratory infections Dry air or dry skin Injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, insect bites, and other skin rashes Some medicines, including antimalaria drugs, beta-blockers, and lithium Stress Too little sunlight Too much sunlight (sunburn) Psoriasis may be worse in people who have a weak immune system, including people with HIV/AIDS. Some people with psoriasis also have arthritis ( psoriatic arthritis ). In addition, people with psoriasis have an increased risk of fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disorders, such as heart disease and stroke.
Psoriasis can appear suddenly or slowly. Many times, it goes away and then comes back. The main symptom of the condition is irritated, red, flaky plaques of skin. Plaques are most often seen on the elbows, knees, and middle of the body. But they can appear anywhere, including on the scalp, palms, soles of the feet, and genitalia. The skin may be: Itchy Dry and covered with silver, flaky skin (scales) Pink-red in color Raised and thick Other symptoms may include: Joint or tendon pain or aching Nail changes , including thick nails, yellow-brown nails, dents in the nail, and a lifting of the nail from the skin underneath Severe dandruff on the scalp Psoriasis on the knuckles There are five main types of psoriasis: Erythrodermic -- The skin redness is very intense and covers a large area. Guttate -- Small, pink-red spots appear on the skin. This form is often linked to strep infections, especially in children. Inverse -- Skin redness and irritation occur in the armpits, groin, and in between overlapping skin rather than the more common areas of the elbows and knees. Plaque -- Thick, red patches of skin are covered by flaky, silver-white scales. This is the most common type of psoriasis. Pustular -- Yellow pus-filled blisters (pustules) are surrounded by red, irritated skin.
Your health care provider can usually diagnose this condition by looking at your skin. Sometimes, a skin biopsy is done to rule out other possible conditions. If you have joint pain, your provider may order imaging studies.
The goal of treatment is to control your symptoms and prevent infection. Three treatment options are available: Skin lotions, ointments, creams, and shampoos -- These are called topical treatments. Pills or injections that affect the body's immune response, not just the skin -- These are called systemic, or body-wide, treatments. Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to treat psoriasis. TREATMENTS USED ON THE SKIN (TOPICAL) Most of the time, psoriasis is treated with medicines that are placed directly on the skin or scalp. These may include: Cortisone creams and ointments Other anti-inflammatory creams and ointments Creams or ointments that contain coal tar or anthralin Creams to remove the scaling (usually salicylic acid or lactic acid) Dandruff shampoos (over-the-counter or prescription) Moisturizers Prescription medicines containing vitamin D or vitamin A (retinoids) SYSTEMIC (BODY-WIDE) TREATMENTS If you have very severe psoriasis, your provider will likely recommend medicines that suppress the immune system's faulty response. These medicines include methotrexate or cyclosporine. Retinoids, such as acetretin, can also be used. Newer drugs, called biologics, are used when other treatments do not work. Biologics approved for the treatment of psoriasis include: Adalimumab (Humira) Abatacept (Orencia) Apremilast (Otezla) Brodalumab (Siliq) Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) Etanercept (Enbrel) Infliximab (Remicade) Ixekizumab (Taltz) Golimumab (Simponi) Guselkumab (Tremfya) Ustekinumab (Stelara) Secukinumab (Cosentyx) PHOTOTHERAPY Some people may choose to have phototherapy, which is safe and can be very effective: This is treatment in which your skin is carefully exposed to ultraviolet light. It may be given alone or after you take a drug that makes the skin sensitive to light. Phototherapy for psoriasis can be given as ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light. OTHER TREATMENTS If you have an infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics. HOME CARE Following these tips at home may help: Taking a daily bath or shower -- Try not to scrub too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack. Oatmeal baths may be soothing and may help to loosen scales. You can use over-the-counter oatmeal bath products. Or, you can mix 1 cup (240 mL) of oatmeal into a tub (bath) of warm water. Keeping your skin clean and moist, and avoiding your specific psoriasis triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups. Sunlight may help your symptoms go away. Be careful not to get sunburned. Relaxation and anti-stress techniques -- The link between stress and flares of psoriasis is not well understood.
Some people may benefit from a psoriasis support group. The National Psoriasis Foundation is a good resource: www.psoriasis.org.
Psoriasis can be a lifelong condition that can be usually controlled with treatment. It may go away for a long time and then return. With proper treatment, it will not affect your overall health. But be aware that there is a strong link between psoriasis and other health problems, such as heart disease.
Call your provider if you have symptoms of psoriasis or if your skin irritation continues despite treatment. Tell your provider if you have joint pain or fever with your psoriasis attacks. If you have symptoms of arthritis, talk to your dermatologist or rheumatologist. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have a severe outbreak that covers all or most of your body.
There is no known way to prevent psoriasis. Keeping the skin clean and moist and avoiding your psoriasis triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups. Providers recommend daily baths or showers for people with psoriasis. Avoid scrubbing too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack.
Plaque psoriasis; Psoriasis vulgaris; Guttate psoriasis; Pustular psoriasis.
Psoriasis on the knuckles Psoriasis on the knuckles.
Gordon KB, Blauvelt A, Papp KA, et al; UNCOVER-1 Study Group, UNCOVER-2 Study Group, UNCOVER-3 Study Group. Phase 3 trials of ixekizumab in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):345-356. PMID: 27299809 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299809. Habif TP. Psoriasis and other papulosquamous diseases.
Psoriasis Ankylosing SpondylitisCAFL3000,95,1550,802,880,787,776,727,650,625,600,28,1.2,10,35,28,7.69,110,100,60,428,680Chronic inflammatory disease of spinal and sacroiliac joints. Also see Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Spondylitis Ankylosing programs. Use Nanobacter program.
Spine Pelvis
PsorinumBIO786Homeopathic nosode for psoriasis. Useful for persistent skin itch, especially post-scabies.
PsorinumCAFL786,767Homeopathic nosode for psoriasis. Useful for persistent skin itch, especially post-scabies.
Psychotic DisordersETDF570,680,870,2500,5710,32500,92500,322530,519340,653690Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not. Symptoms may include false beliefs (delusions) and seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear (hallucinations).
PterygiumETDF80,2180,17930,71500,121800,217500,431690,615850,791520,923310A Pinguecula (Penqueculum?) is called a Pterygium if it invades the cornea of the eye.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pterygium :
Pterygium. The exact cause is unknown. It is more common in people who have a lot of exposure to sunlight and wind, such as people who work outdoors. Risk factors are exposure to sunny, dusty, sandy, or windblown areas. Farmers, fishermen, and people living near the equator are often affected. Pterygium is rare in children.
The main symptom of a pterygium is a painless area of raised white tissue that has blood vessels on the inner or outer edge of the cornea. Sometimes the pterygium has no symptoms. However, it may become inflamed and cause burning, irritation, or a feeling like there's something foreign in the eye. Vision may be affected if the growth extends far enough onto the cornea.
A physical exam of the eyes and eyelids confirms the diagnosis. Special tests are not needed most of the time.
In most cases, treatment involves only wearing sunglasses and using artificial tears. Using artificial tears to keep the eyes moist may help prevent a pterygium from becoming inflamed and getting bigger. Mild steroid eye drops can be used to calm inflammation if it occurs. Surgery can be used to remove the growth for cosmetic reasons or if it blocks vision.
Most pterygia cause no problems and do not need surgical treatment. If a pterygium affects the cornea, removing it can have good results.
Ongoing inflammation can cause a pterygium to grow farther onto the cornea. A pterygium can return after it is removed.
People with pterygium should be seen by an ophthalmologist each year. This will enable the condition to be treated before it affects vision. Call your ophthalmologist if you have had a pterygium in the past and your symptoms return.
Taking steps to protect the eyes from ultraviolet light may help prevent this condition. This includes wearing sunglasses and a hat with a brim.
Eye anatomy Eye anatomy.
Folberg R. The eye.
Puerperal DisordersETDF140,890,1920,5850,67100,135500,432500,525310,734250,878500Disorders arising during the postnatal period (about six weeks).
Puerperal InfectionETDF140,890,1920,5850,52200,135500,434500,525310,734250,878500Bacterial infection of female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage, commonly by Streptococcus Pyogenes and anaerobic Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, E Coli, and Clostridium spp.
Pullularia PullulansCAFL432,873,1364,684,739,750Homeopathic allergy remedy.
Lung
Pullularia PullulansVEGA1364Homeopathic allergy remedy.
Pulmonary Alveolar ProteinosisETDF50,410,920,1970,207500,315930,587500,625310,776290,826070Rare lung disease in which abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant occurs within the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis :
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In some cases, the cause of PAP is unknown. In others, it occurs with lung infection or an immune problem. It also can occur with cancers of the blood system, and after exposure to high levels of environmental substances, such as silica or aluminum dust. People between 30 and 50 years old are most often affected. PAP is seen in men more often than in women. A form of the disorder is present at birth (congenital).
Symptoms of PAP may include any of the following: Shortness of breath Cough Fatigue Fever, if there is lung infection Bluish skin ( cyanosis ) in severe cases Weight loss Sometimes, there are no symptoms.
The health care provider will listen to the lungs with a stethoscope and may hear crackles (rales) in the lungs. Often, the physical examination is normal. The following tests may be done: Bronchoscopy with saline wash of the lungs (lavage) Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest Lung function tests Open lung biopsy (surgical biopsy).
Treatment involves washing out the protein substance from the lung (whole-lung lavage) from time to time. Some people may need a lung transplant. Avoiding dusts that might have caused the condition is also recommended. Another treatment that may be tried is a blood-stimulating drug called granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is lacking in some people with alveolar proteinosis.
These resources can provide more information on PAP: National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pulmonary-alveolar-proteinosis PAP Foundation -- www.papfoundation.org.
Some people with PAP go into remission. Others have a decline in lung infection ( respiratory failure ) that gets worse, and they may need a lung transplant.
Call your provider if you develop serious breathing symptoms. Shortness of breath that gets worse over time may signal that your condition is developing into a medical emergency.
PAP; Alveolar proteinosis; Pulmonary alveolar phospholipoproteinosis; Alveolar lipoproteinosis phospholipidosis.
Interstitial lung disease - adults - discharge.
Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Levine SM. Alveolar filling disorders.
Pulmonary AtresiaETDF150,410,680,980,7520,11810,89510,417430,671980,905700Congenital malformation of pulmonary valve where the valve orifice fails to develop, obstructing outflow of blood from heart to lungs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pulmonary Atresia :
Pulmonary atresia. As with most congenital heart diseases, there is no known cause of pulmonary atresia. The condition is linked with another type of congenital heart defect called a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Pulmonary atresia may occur with or without a ventricular septal defect (VSD). If the person does not have a VSD, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). If the person has both problems, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with VSD. This is an extreme form of tetralogy of Fallot. Although both conditions are called pulmonary atresia, they are actually different defects. This article discusses pulmonary atresia without a VSD. People with PA/IVS may also have a poorly developed tricuspid valve. They may also have an underdeveloped or very thick right ventricle, and abnormal blood vessels feeding the heart. Less commonly, structures in the left ventricle, aortic valve, and right atrium are involved.
Symptoms most often occur in the first few hours of life, although it may take up to a few days. Symptoms may include: Bluish colored skin (cyanosis) Fast breathing Fatigue Poor eating habits (babies may get tired while nursing or sweat during feedings) Shortness of breath.
The health care provider will use a stethoscope to listen to the heart and lungs. People with a PDA have a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. The following tests may be ordered: Chest x-ray Echocardiogram Electrocardiogram (ECG) Heart catheterization Pulse oximetry -- shows the amount of oxygen in the blood.
A medicine called prostaglandin E1 is usually used to help the blood move (circulate) into the lungs. This medicine keeps a blood vessel open between the pulmonary artery and aorta. The vessel is called a PDA. Multiple treatments are possible, but depend on the extent of the heart abnormalities that accompany the pulmonary valve defect. Potential invasive treatments include: Biventricular repair -- This surgery separates the blood flow to the lungs from the circulation to the rest of the body by creating two pumping ventricles. Univentricular palliation -- This surgery separates the blood flow to the lungs from the circulation to the rest of the body by constructing one pumping ventricle. Heart transplant.
Most cases can be helped with surgery. How well a baby does depends on: Size and connections of the pulmonary artery (the artery that takes blood to the lungs) How well the heart is beating How well the other heart valves are formed or how much they are leaking Outcome varies because of the different forms of this defect. A baby may need only a single procedure or could need three or more surgeries and have only a single working ventricle.
Complications may include: Delayed growth and development Seizures Stroke Infectious endocarditis Heart failure Death.
Call your provider if the baby has: Problems breathing Skin, nails or lips that appear blue (cyanosis).
There is no known way to prevent this condition. All pregnant women should get routine prenatal care. Many congenital defects can be found on routine ultrasound exams. If the defect is found before birth, medical specialists (such as a pediatric cardiologist, cardiothoracic surgeon, and neonatologist) can be present at the birth, and ready to help as needed. This preparation can mean the difference between life and death for some babies.
Pulmonary atresia - intact ventricular septum; PA/IVS; Congenital heart disease - pulmonary atresia; Cyanotic heart disease - pulmonary atresia; Valve - disorder pulmonary atresia.
Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view.
Fraser CD, Kane LC. Congenital heart disease.
Pulmonary CancerETDF230,410,720,870,5500,13010,81530,410410,527210,915910Lung cancer/carcinoma. See appropriate Cancer programs.
Pulmonary Disease Chronic ObstructiveKHZ370,410,620,970,7500,15310,87500,419430,773980,845700Also see Emphysema, Pulmonary Emphysema, Chronic Airflow Obstruction, COAD, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chemtrails, and Parasites programs.
Pulmonary DiseasesETDF160,210,420,970,7540,11810,67580,415430,671980,905700Disorders involving the respiratory tract.
Pulmonary EdemaETDF750,410,820,970,7500,19890,37530,125310,375930,519340Fluid accumulation in air spaces and parenchyma of lungs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pulmonary Edema :
Pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. This fluid reduces normal oxygen movement through the lungs. These two factors combine to cause shortness of breath. The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged. Congestive heart failure that leads to pulmonary edema may be caused by: Heart attack, or any disease of the heart that weakens or stiffens the heart muscle ( cardiomyopathy ) Leaking or narrowed heart valves (mitral or aortic valves) Sudden, severe high blood pressure (hypertension) Pulmonary edema may also be caused by: Certain medicines High altitude exposure Kidney failure Narrowed arteries that bring blood to the kidneys Lung damage caused by poisonous gas or severe infection Major injury.
Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include: Coughing up blood or bloody froth Difficulty breathing when lying down (orthopnea) Feeling of 'air hunger' or 'drowning' (This feeling is called 'paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea' if it causes you to wake up 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep and struggle to catch your breath.) Grunting, gurgling, or wheezing sounds with breathing Problems speaking in full sentences because of shortness of breath Other symptoms may include: Anxiety or restlessness Decrease in level of alertness Leg or abdominal swelling Pale skin Sweating (excessive).
The health care provider will perform a thorough physical exam. The provider will listen to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope to check for: Abnormal heart sounds Crackles in your lungs, called rales Increased heart rate (tachycardia) Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Other things that may be seen during the exam include: Leg or abdominal swelling Abnormalities of your neck veins (which can show that there is too much fluid in your body) Pale or blue skin color (pallor or cyanosis) Possible tests include: Blood chemistries Blood oxygen levels(oximetry or arterial blood gases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count (CBC) Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) to see if there are problems with the heart muscle Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) to look for signs of a heart attack or problems with the heart rhythm.
Pulmonary edema is almost always treated in the emergency room or hospital. You may need to be in an intensive care unit (ICU). Oxygen is given through a face mask or tiny plastic tubes are placed in the nose. A breathing tube may be placed into the windpipe (trachea) so you can be connected to a breathing machine (ventilator) if you cannot breathe well on your own. The cause of edema should be identified and treated quickly. For example, if a heart attack has caused the condition, it must be treated right away. Medicines that may be used include: Diuretics that remove excess fluid from the body Medicines that strengthen the heart muscle, control the heartbeat, or relieve pressure on the heart Other medicines when heart failure is not the cause of the pulmonary edema.
The outlook depends on the cause. The condition may get better quickly or slowly. Some people may need to use a breathing machine for a long time. If not treated, this condition can be life threatening.
Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have breathing problems.
Take all your medicines as directed if you have a disease that can lead to pulmonary edema or a weakened heart muscle. Following a healthy diet that is low in salt and fat, and controlling your other risk factors can reduce the risk of developing this condition.
Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Felker GM, Teerlink JR. Diagnosis and management of acute heart failure.
Pulmonary EdemaKHZ750,410,820,970,7500,19890,37530,125310,375930,519340,682020,750000,898000Fluid accumulation in air spaces and parenchyma of lungs.

Encyclopedia Entry for Pulmonary Edema :
Pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. This fluid reduces normal oxygen movement through the lungs. These two factors combine to cause shortness of breath. The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged. Congestive heart failure that leads to pulmonary edema may be caused by: Heart attack, or any disease of the heart that weakens or stiffens the heart muscle ( cardiomyopathy ) Leaking or narrowed heart valves (mitral or aortic valves) Sudden, severe high blood pressure (hypertension) Pulmonary edema may also be caused by: Certain medicines High altitude exposure Kidney failure Narrowed arteries that bring blood to the kidneys Lung damage caused by poisonous gas or severe infection Major injury.
Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include: Coughing up blood or bloody froth Difficulty breathing when lying down (orthopnea) Feeling of 'air hunger' or 'drowning' (This feeling is called 'paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea' if it causes you to wake up 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep and struggle to catch your breath.) Grunting, gurgling, or wheezing sounds with breathing Problems speaking in full sentences because of shortness of breath Other symptoms may include: Anxiety or restlessness Decrease in level of alertness Leg or abdominal swelling Pale skin Sweating (excessive).
The health care provider will perform a thorough physical exam. The provider will listen to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope to check for: Abnormal heart sounds Crackles in your lungs, called rales Increased heart rate (tachycardia) Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Other things that may be seen during the exam include: Leg or abdominal swelling Abnormalities of your neck veins (which can show that there is too much fluid in your body) Pale or blue skin color (pallor or cyanosis) Possible tests include: Blood chemistries Blood oxygen levels(oximetry or arterial blood gases) Chest x-ray Complete blood count (CBC) Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) to see if there are problems with the heart muscle Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) to look for signs of a heart attack or problems with the heart rhythm.
Pulmonary edema is almost always treated in the emergency room or hospital. You may need to be in an intensive care unit (ICU). Oxygen is given through a face mask or tiny plastic tubes are placed in the nose. A breathing tube may be placed into the windpipe (trachea) so you can be connected to a breathing machine (ventilator) if you cannot breathe well on your own. The cause of edema should be identified and treated quickly. For example, if a heart attack has caused the condition, it must be treated right away. Medicines that may be used include: Diuretics that remove excess fluid from the body Medicines that strengthen the heart muscle, control the heartbeat, or relieve pressure on the heart Other medicines when heart failure is not the cause of the pulmonary edema.
The outlook depends on the cause. The condition may get better quickly or slowly. Some people may need to use a breathing machine for a long time. If not treated, this condition can be life threatening.
Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have breathing problems.
Take all your medicines as directed if you have a disease that can lead to pulmonary edema or a weakened heart muscle. Following a healthy diet that is low in salt and fat, and controlling your other risk factors can reduce the risk of developing this condition.
Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema.
Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system.
Felker GM, Teerlink JR. Diagnosis and management of acute heart failure.
Pulmonary EmbolismETDF350,410,920,970,7500,13420,71500,205410,476290,515700Blockage of artery in the lungs by something from elsewhere in the body.
Pulmonary EmbolismKHZ350,410,920,970,7500,13420,71500,205410,476290,515700,691270,754190,995210Blockage of artery in the lungs by something from elsewhere in the body.
Pulmonary EmphysemaKHZ550,410,620,1970,7500,15930,67500,209310,345690,502510,595290,776870,901500Also see Emphysema, Chronic Airflow Obstruction, COAD, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chemtrails, and Parasites programs.
Pulmonary FibrosisKHZ650,410,620,4970,7500,15310,87500,325930,385900,504370,651630,764890,912500Respiratory disease in which scars are formed in the lung by connective tissues, leading to serious breathing problems. Use Parasites Roundworm programs. See Fibrosis of Lung, and General Antiseptic programs.
Pupil DisordersETDF20,240,1570,9850,201750,364000,423010,697300,875930,979530Conditions of the pupil of the eye.
PurpuraETDF130,230,650,18200,57500,108020,305310,606300,719940,822530Red or purple spots on skin that do not blanch with manual pressure, caused by bleeding beneath skin.

Encyclopedia Entry for Purpura :
Purpura. Purpura occurs when small blood vessels leak blood under the skin. Purpura measure between 4 and 10 mm (millimeters) in diameter. When purpura spots are less than 4 mm in diameter, they are called petechiae. Purpura spots larger than 1 cm (centimeter) are called ecchymoses. Platelets help the blood clot. A person with purpura may have normal platelet counts (non-thrombocytopenic purpuras) or low platelet counts (thrombocytopenic purpuras).
Non-thrombocytopenic purpuras may be due to: Amyloidosis (disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs) Blood clotting disorders Congenital cytomegalovirus (condition in which an infant is infected with a virus called cytomegalovirus before birth) Congenital rubella syndrome Drugs that affect platelet function or clotting factors Fragile blood vessels seen in older people (senile purpura) Hemangioma (abnormal buildup of blood vessels in the skin or internal organs) Inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis), such as Henoch-Sch nlein purpura , which causes a raised type of purpura Pressure changes that occur during vaginal childbirth Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) Steroid use Certain infections Injury Thrombocytopenic purpura may be due to: Drugs that reduce the platelet count Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (a bleeding disorder) Immune neonatal thrombocytopenia (can occur in infants whose mothers have ITP) Meningococcemia (bloodstream infection).
Call your health care provider for an appointment if you have signs of purpura.
The provider will examine your skin and ask about your medical history and symptoms, including: Is this the first time you have had such spots? When did they develop? What color are they? Do they look like bruises? What medicines do you take? What other medical problems have you had? Does anyone in your family have similar spots? What other symptoms do you have? A skin biopsy may be done. Blood and urine tests may be ordered to determine the cause of the purpura.
Blood spots; Skin hemorrhages.
Henoch-Schonlein purpura on the lower legs Henoch-Schonlein purpura on the lower legs Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant's foot Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant's legs Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant Henoch-Schonlein purpura on an infant's legs Henoch-Schonlein purpura on the legs Henoch-Schonlein purpura on the legs Meningococcemia on the calves Meningococcemia on the calves Meningococcemia on the leg Meningococcemia on the leg Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Rocky mountain spotted fever on the foot Meningococcemia associated purpura Meningococcemia associated purpura.
Kitchens CS. Purpura and other hematovascular disorders.
Purpura Schoenlein-HenochETDF60,500,600,3870,212500,323000,502100,690090,722920,951000Disease of skin and other organs most common in children. In skin, it causes palpable purpura (small hemorrhages); often with kidney problems, joint and abdominal pain.
Purpura ThrombocytopenicETDF40,500,600,9070,73500,283500,502500,635000,805310,975900Purpura associated with reduction in circulating blood platelets from a variety of causes.
Purpura Thrombotic ThrombocytopenicETDF50,500,1900,112870,312500,405500,652500,726070,802060,923200Rare disorder of blood coagulation, causing many microscopic clots to form in small blood vessels.
Pyelitis ProteusCAFL434,594,776Bacteria commonly found in hospitals.
Kidney
Pyelitis Proteus 2XTRA594Bacteria commonly found in hospitals. Other use: Cimifuga (healing herb), mold.
PyelonephritisETDF50,350,750,930,5250,7500,442500,793500,875690,951170Inflammation of kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis. Also see Cysto Pyelo Nephritis.
Kidney

Encyclopedia Entry for Pyelonephritis :
Pyelonephritis(*) - similar to cystitis
PyodermaCAFL123,132,967,974,1556,1489,663See Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Rare skin disorder of unknown cause. Small pustules develop into large ulcers at various body sites. Use Parasites General, and General Antiseptic programs.
Skin
Pyoderma GangrenosumETDF30,320,730,950,14000,75310,185000,310500,625310,971000Rare skin disorder of unknown cause. Small pustules develop into large ulcers at various body sites. Use Parasites General, and General Antiseptic programs.
Pyoderma GangrenosumXTRA123,132,663,967,974,1489,1556Rare skin disorder of unknown cause. Small pustules develop into large ulcers at various body sites. Use Parasites General, and General Antiseptic programs.
PyorrheaCAFL2720,2489,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,880,787,776,727,465,444,522,146Infection of periodontium causing inflammation of gums and bone loss. Although it may be controlled or eliminated with treatment, infection always returns whenever subject experiences stress or poor diet until dental mercury is removed. Also see Gingivitis.
Teeth
Pyrogenium 62CAFL151,429,594,622,872,497,498General homeopathic remedy for pus.
Pyrogenium 62VEGA429General homeopathic remedy for pus.
Pyrogenium Ex OvoCAFL231,1244,1210,1216Homeopathic.
Pyrogenium FishCAFL287,304Homeopathic.
Pyrogenium MayoBIO1625Homeopathic.
Pyrogenium SuitsCAFL341,356,673Homeopathic.

ALT consists of programs based on Ayurvedic knowledge and practice, solfeggios, and planetary frequencies.

BFB a collection of biofeedback scan results.

BIO is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.

CAFL is the Consolidated Annotated Frequency List, amassed over years from the experience of Rife experimenters.

CUST consists of programs added by Spooky team members, plus those in your own personal database.

ETDFL is a collection of programs researched in bio resonance clinics in Germany.

HC is Dr. Hulda Clark’s database. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.

KHZ is a collection of higher frequencies from Dr. Hulda Clark. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.

PROV has produced consistent results in virtually all subjects it was used with.

RIFE is a collection of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s original frequencies.

VEGA is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.

XTRA is a collection of programs from various sources, all chosen for their reputation for effectiveness.