| Name | Type | Frequencies | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oat Smut | CAFL | 806 | Fungal grain disease where parts of the fruited ears change to black powder. |
| Ochoa Syndrome | ETDF | 190,370,910,3200,52570,45200,177320,281190,398620,408200 | Congenital condition with urinary obstructive problems and inverted facial expressions - smiling looks like crying. Related to Hydronephrosis. |
| Ocular Motility Disorders | ETDF | 170,320,950,5500,32500,47500,162120,232030,397500,679930 | Problems include Diplopia, Nystagmus, poor Vision Acuity, and Strabismus. |
| Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome | ETDF | 70,370,950,7520,28100,123980,407910,627280,736220,816610 | Rare genetic disorder with congenital Cataracts, Hypotonia and areflexia, intellectual disability, proximal tubular Acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and proteinuria - see appropriate programs. |
| Oculomotor Nerve Diseases | ETDF | 130,400,730,830,5750,7250,142500,557500,792500,891000 | Paralysis of nerve due to trauma, Demyelinating Diseases, high intracranial pressure, brain Cancer, Hemorrhage, or microvascular diseases such as Diabetes - see appropriate programs. |
| Odontogenic Tumors | ETDF | 130,520,620,13520,5870,52500,72500,153670,375290,453720 | Neoplasms arising out odontogenic (tooth-forming) tissues or cells - also see Cancer programs. |
| Olfaction Disorders | ETDF | 110,490,570,13390,5250,20000,60000,35520,93500,315700 | Derangement of sense of smell. Includes Anosmia, and Hyperosmia. |
| Oliguria | ETDF | 170,350,830,7500,15910,47500,87500,392500,475520,575290 | Low output of urine which may be due to dehydration, Kidney Failure, Urinary Tract Infections, or other serious problems - see appropriate programs. |
| Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies | ETDF | 80,410,800,57190,105500,212500,385000,426160,675520,875290 | Degeneration of neurons in cerebellum, pons, and inferior olives of brain, causing Ataxia. Associated with Prions, and present in Machado-Joseph Disease and Multiple System Atrophy - see appropriate programs. |
| Onchocerca Volvulus (Tumor) | HC | 435300-442100 | Nematode that causes Onchocerciasis. Larvae form tumor-like nodules in subcutaneous tissue. |
| Onchocerciasis | ETDF | 150,250,850,7500,8000,125910,465520,622060,875290,927000 | Infection by Onchocerca Volvulus. Encyclopedia Entry for Onchocerciasis : Onchocerciasis (river blindness): Onchocerciasis is caused by the larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm that lives in the human body for years. It is endemic in Africa, where nearly all of the 18 million people infected with the disease live. Of those infected, over 6.5 million have developed dermatitis and 270,000 have gone blind. Symptoms include visual impairment, rashes, lesions, intense itching, skin depigmentation, and lymphadenitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Onchocerciasis : Onchocerciasis (River blindness). Source of disease: Onchocerca volvulus |
| Onchocerciasis 2 | XTRA | 2250,13600,15000,40000,31477,39660,10300,36469,35444 | Infection by Onchocerca Volvulus. |
| Onchomycosis | ETDF | 70,400,900,12850,20140,67110,135520,325000,475520,612530 | Infection of nail by mold, usually Trichophyton Rubrum, Trichophyton Nagel, Trichophyton Mentagrophytes, Trichophyton Tonsurans, Epidermophyton Floccosum, Candida Parapsilosis, and Ringworm (Microsporum Gypseum). Also see Dermatomycoses. |
| Oospora | CAFL | 9599,5346 | Spores of fertilized oospheres in some algae, fungi, and oomycetes. May be implicated in Morgellons Disease. |
| Ophthalmoplegia | ETDF | 350,750,1750,15290,113250,245910,372500,452000,525520,779500 | Weakness or paralysis of certain eye muscles. |
| Ophthalmoplegia Progressive Supranuclear | ETDF | 180,220,3520,17810,57630,291110,522800,608110,771420,795020 | Gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain, with many different symptoms. |
| Opisthorchis Felineus | XTRA | 1298491.57243 | Cat liver fluke that can infect humans and other mammals. |
| Optic Atrophies Hereditary | ETDF | 70,570,600,11090,75290,137500,375520,456500,517500,687620 | Progressive optic nerve damage with symmetric bilateral central visual loss. |
| Optic Nerve Diseases | KHZ | 10,180,700,2250,5290,47500,275520,425290,571000,813000 | Causes can include Glaucoma, Optic Neuritis, tumors, trauma, and other eye problems. |
| Optic Neuritis | ETDF | 70,460,620,970,2750,132280,265000,533630,657770,834250 | Demyelinating inflammation of optic nerve which can cause complete or partial blindness, most often due to Multiple Sclerosis, or Diabetes Mellitus. Encyclopedia Entry for Optic Neuritis : Optic neuritis. The exact cause of optic neuritis is unknown. The optic nerve carries visual information from your eye to the brain. The nerve can swell when it becomes suddenly inflamed. The swelling can damage nerve fibers. This can cause short or long-term loss of vision. Conditions that have been linked with optic neuritis include: Autoimmune diseases , including lupus , sarcoidosis , and Beh et disease Cryptococcosis , a fungal infection Bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme disease , and meningitis Viral infections, including viral encephalitis , measles , rubella , chickenpox , herpes zoster , mumps , and mononucleosis Respiratory infections, including mycoplasma pneumonia and other common upper respiratory tract infections Multiple sclerosis. Symptoms may include: Loss of vision in one eye over an hour or a few hours Changes in the way the pupil reacts to bright light Loss of color vision Pain when you move the eye. A complete medical exam can help rule out related diseases. Tests may include: Color vision testing MRI of the brain , including special images of the optic nerve Visual acuity testing Visual field testing Examination of the optic disc using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Vision often returns to normal within 2 to 3 weeks with no treatment. Corticosteroids given through a vein (IV) or taken by mouth (oral) may speed up recovery. However, the final vision is no better with steroids than without. Oral steroids may actually increase the chance of recurrence. Further tests may be needed to find the cause of the neuritis. The condition causing the problem can then be treated. People who have optic neuritis without a disease such as multiple sclerosis have a good chance of recovery. Optic neuritis caused by multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune diseases has a poorer outlook. However, vision in the affected eye may still return to normal. Complications may include: Body-wide side effects from corticosteroids Vision loss Some people who have an episode of optic neuritis will develop nerve problems in other places in the body or develop multiple sclerosis. Call your health care provider right away if you have a sudden loss of vision in one eye, especially if you have eye pain. If you have been diagnosed with optic neuritis, call your health care provider if: Your vision decreases. The pain in the eye gets worse. Your symptoms do not improve within 2 to 3 weeks. Retro-bulbar neuritis; Multiple sclerosis - optic neuritis; Optic nerve - optic neuritis. Multiple sclerosis - discharge. External and internal eye anatomy External and internal eye anatomy. Calabresi PA. Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system. |
| Oral Lesions | CAFL | 2720,2489,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,880,787,727,465,444,522,146 | Chronic cases will always recur until metal dentalwork is replaced with uranium-free porcelain. See Herpes Simplex i, and use Stomatitis programs. |
| Orbital Cellulitis | ETDF | 30,500,850,5250,77250,112780,407500,511880,725370,825000 | Inflammation and severe swelling due to infection of eye tissues, usually by Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, or Beta Streptococcus. Encyclopedia Entry for Orbital Cellulitis : Orbital cellulitis. Orbital cellulitis is a dangerous infection, which can cause lasting problems. Orbital cellulitis is different than periorbital cellulitis , which is an infection of the eyelid or skin around the eye. In children, it often starts out as a bacterial sinus infection from Haemophilus influenza. The infection used to be more common in young children, under the age of 7. It is now rare due to a vaccine that helps prevent this infection. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and beta-hemolytic streptococci may also cause orbital cellulitis. Orbital cellulitis infections in children may get worse very quickly and can lead to blindness. Medical care is needed right away. Symptoms may include: Painful swelling of upper and lower eyelid, and possibly the eyebrow and cheek Bulging eyes Decreased vision Pain when moving the eye Fever, often 102 F (38.8 C) or higher General ill feeling Difficult eye movements, perhaps with double vision Shiny, red or purple eyelid. Tests commonly done include: CBC (complete blood count) Blood culture Spinal tap in affected children who are very sick Other tests may include: X-ray of the sinuses and surrounding area CT scan or MRI of the sinuses and orbit Culture of eye and nose drainage Throat culture. In most cases, a hospital stay is needed. Treatment most often includes antibiotics given through a vein. Surgery may be needed to drain the abscess , or relieve pressure in the space around the eye. An orbital cellulitis infection can get worse very quickly. A person with this condition must be checked every few hours. With prompt treatment, the person can recover fully. Complications may include: Cavernous sinus thrombosis (formation of a blood clot in a cavity at the base of the brain) Hearing loss Septicemia or blood infection Meningitis Optic nerve damage and loss of vision. Orbital cellulitis is a medical emergency that needs to be treated right away. Call your health care provider if there are signs of eyelid swelling, especially with a fever. Getting scheduled HiB vaccine shots will prevent the infection in most children. Young children who share a household with a person who has this infection may need to take antibiotics to avoid getting sick. Prompt treatment of a sinus or dental infection may prevent it from spreading and becoming orbital cellulitis. Eye anatomy Eye anatomy Haemophilus influenza organism Haemophilus influenza organism. Durand ML. Periocular infections. Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. |
| Orchitis | CAFL | 2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,1500,880,832,787,776,727,690,666,650,625,600,125,95,72,20,9 | Inflammation of testes due to TB, Mumps, Gonorrhea, Cancer, bacteria, etc. See causative condition if known. See Gonads inflammation, Testicle Fluid, Testicular Diseases, and Hydrocele programs. Testicle Encyclopedia Entry for Orchitis : Orchitis. Orchitis may be caused by an infection. Many types of bacteria and viruses can cause this condition. The most common virus that causes orchitis is mumps. It most often occurs in boys after puberty. Orchitis most often develops 4 to 6 days after the mumps begins. Orchitis may also occur along with infections of the prostate or epididymis. Orchitis may be caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. The rate of sexually transmitted orchitis or epididymitis is higher in men ages 19 to 35. Risk factors for sexually transmitted orchitis include: High-risk sexual behaviors Multiple sexual partners Personal history of gonorrhea or another STI Sexual partner with a diagnosed STI Risk factors for orchitis not due to an STI include: Being older than age 45 Long-term use of a Foley catheter Not being vaccinated against the mumps Problems of the urinary tract that were present at birth (congenital) Repeated urinary tract infections Surgery of the urinary tract (genitourinary surgery). Symptoms include: Pain in the testicle Blood in the semen Discharge from penis Fever Groin pain Pain with intercourse or ejaculation Pain with urination (dysuria) Scrotal swelling Tender, swollen groin area on affected side Tender, swollen, heavy feeling in the testicle. A physical exam may show: Enlarged or tender prostate gland Tender and enlarged lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal) area on the affected side Tender and enlarged testicle on the affected side Redness or tenderness of scrotum Tests may include: Complete blood count ( CBC ) Testicular ultrasound Tests to screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea (urethral smear) Urinalysis Urine culture (clean catch) -- may need several samples, including initial stream, midstream, and after prostate massage. Treatment may include: Antibiotics, if the infection is caused by bacteria. (In the case of gonorrhea or chlamydia, sexual partners must also be treated.) Anti-inflammatory medicines. Pain medicines. Bed rest with the scrotum elevated and ice packs applied to the area. Getting the right diagnosis and treatment for orchitis caused by bacteria can most often allow the testicle to recover normally. You will need further testing to rule out testicular cancer if the testicle does not completely return to normal after treatment. Mumps orchitis cannot be treated, and the outcome can vary. Men who have had mumps orchitis can become sterile. Some boys who get orchitis caused by mumps will have shrinking of the testicles (testicular atrophy). Orchitis may also cause infertility. Other potential complications include: Chronic epididymitis Death of testicle tissue (testicular infarction) Fistula on the skin of the scrotum (cutaneous scrotal fistula) Scrotal abscess Acute pain in the scrotum or testicles can be caused by twisting of the testicular blood vessels (torsion). This is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgery. A swollen testicle with little or no pain may be a sign of testicular cancer. If this is the case, you should have a testicular ultrasound. See your health care provider for an exam if you have testicle problems. Get emergency medical help if you have sudden pain in the testicle. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: Get vaccinated against mumps. Practice safer sex behaviors to decrease your risk for STIs. Epididymo - orchitis; Testis infection. Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive system Male reproductive system. Mason WH. Mumps. |
| Ornithonyssus Bird Mite | XTRA | 13703.12,13718.75 | Ornithonyssus is a mite genus of the family Macronyssidae. |
| Ornithonyssus Bird Mite 1 | XTRA | 13703.12,2173.86 | Ornithonyssus is a mite genus of the family Macronyssidae. |
| Ornithonyssus Bird Mite 2 | XTRA | 13718.75,2176.34 | Ornithonyssus is a mite genus of the family Macronyssidae. |
| Ornithonyssus Bird Mite_1 | HC | 877000 | Ornithonyssus is a mite genus of the family Macronyssidae. |
| Ornithonyssus Bird Mite_2 | HC | 878000 | Ornithonyssus is a mite genus of the family Macronyssidae. |
| Ornithosis | BIO | 331,583,1217 | Also called Psittacosis, or Parrot Fever. Infectious pneumonia transmitted by certain birds. Encyclopedia Entry for Ornithosis : Ornithosis - Parrot fever - Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular) |
| Ornithosis | CAFL | 233,331,332,583,859,1217 | Also called Psittacosis, or Parrot Fever. Infectious pneumonia transmitted by certain birds. Parrots Encyclopedia Entry for Ornithosis : Ornithosis - Parrot fever - Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular) |
| Ornithosis | VEGA | 583 | Also called Psittacosis, or Parrot Fever. Infectious pneumonia transmitted by certain birds. Encyclopedia Entry for Ornithosis : Ornithosis - Parrot fever - Psittacosis - Chlamydia psittaci (G- intracellular) |
| Osmium | XTRA | 14800 | Toxic metal element. |
| Osteitis | CAFL | 770,724,736,743 | Inflammation of bone - causes include bacteria, 'dry socket,' and Paget's Disease of Bone. Bone Encyclopedia Entry for Osteitis : Osteitis fibrosa. The parathyroid glands are 4 tiny glands in the neck. These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and is important for healthy bones. Too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism) can lead to increased bone breakdown, which can cause bones to become weaker and more fragile. Many people with hyperparathyroidism develop osteoporosis. Not all bones respond to PTH in the same way. Some develop abnormal areas where the bone is very soft and has almost no calcium in it. This is osteitis fibrosa. In rare cases, parathyroid cancer causes osteitis fibrosa. Osteitis fibrosa may cause bone pain or tenderness. There may be fractures (breaks) in the arms, legs, or spine, or other bone problems. Hyperparathyroidism itself may cause any of the following: Nausea Constipation Fatigue Frequent urination Weakness. Blood tests show a high level of calcium, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase (a bone chemical). Phosphorus level in the blood may be low. X-rays may show thin bones, fractures, bowing, and cysts. Teeth x-rays may also be abnormal. A bone x-ray may be done. People with hyperparathyroidism are more likely to have osteopenia (thin bones) or osteoporosis (very thin bones) than to have full-blown osteitis fibrosa. Most of the bone problems from osteitis fibrosa can be reversed with surgery to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland(s). Some people may choose not to have surgery, and instead be followed with blood tests and bone measurements. If surgery is not possible, medicines can sometimes be used to lower calcium level. Complications of osteitis fibrosa include any of the following: Bone fractures Deformities of bone Pain Problems due to hyperparathyroidism, such as kidney stones and kidney failure. Call your health care provider if you have bone pain, tenderness, or symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Routine blood tests done during a medical checkup or for another health problem usually detect a high calcium level before severe damage is done. Osteitis fibrosa cystica; Hyperparathyroidism - osteitis fibrosa. Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands. Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteitis : Osteitis. Inflammation of bone - causes include bacteria, 'dry socket,' and Paget's Disease of Bone (see set).can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Osteitis | CAFL | 2.65 | Inflammation of bone - causes include bacteria, 'dry socket,' and Paget's Disease of Bone. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteitis : Osteitis fibrosa. The parathyroid glands are 4 tiny glands in the neck. These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and is important for healthy bones. Too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism) can lead to increased bone breakdown, which can cause bones to become weaker and more fragile. Many people with hyperparathyroidism develop osteoporosis. Not all bones respond to PTH in the same way. Some develop abnormal areas where the bone is very soft and has almost no calcium in it. This is osteitis fibrosa. In rare cases, parathyroid cancer causes osteitis fibrosa. Osteitis fibrosa may cause bone pain or tenderness. There may be fractures (breaks) in the arms, legs, or spine, or other bone problems. Hyperparathyroidism itself may cause any of the following: Nausea Constipation Fatigue Frequent urination Weakness. Blood tests show a high level of calcium, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase (a bone chemical). Phosphorus level in the blood may be low. X-rays may show thin bones, fractures, bowing, and cysts. Teeth x-rays may also be abnormal. A bone x-ray may be done. People with hyperparathyroidism are more likely to have osteopenia (thin bones) or osteoporosis (very thin bones) than to have full-blown osteitis fibrosa. Most of the bone problems from osteitis fibrosa can be reversed with surgery to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland(s). Some people may choose not to have surgery, and instead be followed with blood tests and bone measurements. If surgery is not possible, medicines can sometimes be used to lower calcium level. Complications of osteitis fibrosa include any of the following: Bone fractures Deformities of bone Pain Problems due to hyperparathyroidism, such as kidney stones and kidney failure. Call your health care provider if you have bone pain, tenderness, or symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Routine blood tests done during a medical checkup or for another health problem usually detect a high calcium level before severe damage is done. Osteitis fibrosa cystica; Hyperparathyroidism - osteitis fibrosa. Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands. Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteitis : Osteitis. Inflammation of bone - causes include bacteria, 'dry socket,' and Paget's Disease of Bone (see set).can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Osteitis 2 | CAFL | 770,743,736,724 | Inflammation of bone - causes include bacteria, 'dry socket,' and Paget's Disease of Bone. Bone |
| Osteitis Deformans | ETDF | 300,830,7500,8000,22500,40000,225370,475520,527000,667000 | Also called Paget's Disease of Bone. Condition with deranged bone remodelling, leading to enlarged and/or misshapen bones. |
| Osteoarthritis | CAFL | 962,1500,770 | Joint disease resulting from breakdown of cartilage and bone. Use Arthritis programs, and try Yersinia Pestis programs. Joints Encyclopedia Entry for Osteoarthritis : Osteoarthritis. Cartilage is the firm, rubbery tissue that cushions your bones at the joints. It allows bones to glide over one another. When the cartilage breaks down and wears away, the bones rub together. This often causes the pain, swelling, and stiffness of OA. As OA worsens, bony spurs or extra bone may form around the joint. The ligaments and muscles around the joint may become weaker and stiffer. Osteoarthritis Before age 55, OA occurs equally in men and women. After age 55, it is more common in women. Other factors can also lead to OA. OA tends to run in families. Being overweight increases the risk for OA in the hip, knee, ankle, and foot joints. This is because extra weight causes more wear and tear. Fractures or other joint injuries can lead to OA later in life. This includes injuries to the cartilage and ligaments in your joints. Jobs that involve kneeling or squatting for more than an hour a day, or involve lifting, climbing stairs, or walking increase the risk for OA. Playing sports that involve direct impact on the joint (football), twisting (basketball or soccer), or throwing also increase the risk for OA. Medical conditions that can lead to OA include: Bleeding disorders that cause bleeding in the joint, such as hemophilia Disorders that block the blood supply near a joint and lead to bone death ( avascular necrosis ) Other types of arthritis, such as long-term (chronic) gout , pseudogout , or rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Watch this video about: Osteoarthritis. Symptoms of OA often appear in middle age. Almost everyone has some symptoms by age 70. Pain and stiffness in the joints are the most common symptoms. The pain is often worse: After exercise When you put weight or pressure on the joint With OA, your joints may become stiffer and harder to move over time. You may notice a rubbing, grating, or crackling sound when you move the joint. 'Morning stiffness' refers to the pain and stiffness you feel when you first wake up in the morning. Stiffness due to OA often lasts for 30 minutes or less. It can last more than 30 minutes if there is inflammation in the joint. It often improves after activity, allowing the joint to 'warm up.' During the day, the pain may get worse when you are active and feel better when you are resting. As OA gets worse, you may have pain even when you are resting. And it may wake you up at night. Some people might not have symptoms, even though x-rays show the changes of OA. A health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The exam may show: Joint movement that causes a crackling (grating) sound, called crepitation Joint swelling (bones around the joints may feel larger than normal) Limited range of motion Tenderness when the joint is pressed Normal movement is often painful Blood tests are not helpful in diagnosing OA. An x-ray will likely show: Loss of the joint space Wearing down of the ends of the bone Bone spurs. OA cannot be cured. It will most likely get worse over time. However, your OA symptoms can be controlled. You can have surgery, but other treatments can improve your pain and make your life much better. Although these treatments cannot make the arthritis go away, they can often delay surgery. MEDICINES Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers , such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)can help with OA symptoms. You can buy these medicines without a prescription. It is recommended that you DO NOT take more than 3 grams (3,000 mg) of acetaminophen a day. If you have liver disease, talk with your provider before taking acetaminophen. OTC NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Several other NSAIDs are available by prescription. Talk with your provider before taking an NSAID on a regular basis. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) is a prescription antidepressant that can also help treat long-term (chronic) pain related to OA. Supplements that you may use include: Pills, such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate Capsaicin skin cream to relieve pain LIFESTYLE CHANGES Staying active and getting exercise can maintain joint and overall movement. Ask your provider to recommend an exercise routine. Water exercises, such as swimming, are helpful. Other lifestyle tips include: Applying heat and cold to the joint Eating healthy foods Getting enough rest Losing weight if you are overweight Protecting your joints from injury If the pain from OA gets worse, keeping up with activities may become more difficult or painful. Making changes around the home can help take stress off your joints to relieve some of the pain. If your work is causing stress in certain joints, you may need to adjust your work area or change work tasks. PHYSICAL THERAPY Physical therapy can help improve muscle strength and the motion of stiff joints as well as your balance. If therapy does not make you feel better after 6 to 8 weeks, then it likely will not work at all. Massage therapy may provide short-term pain relief. Make sure you work with a licensed massage therapist who is experienced in working on sensitive joints. BRACES Splints and braces may help support weakened joints. Some types limit or prevent the joint from moving. Others may shift pressure off one portion of a joint. Use a brace only when your doctor or therapist recommends one. Using a brace the wrong way can cause joint damage, stiffness, and pain. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese treatment. It is thought that when acupuncture needles stimulate certain points on the body, chemicals that block pain are released. Acupuncture may provide short-term pain relief for OA. Yoga and tai chi have also shown some benefit in treating the pain from OA. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe, pronounced 'Sammy') is a manmade form of a natural chemical in the body. It may help reduce joint inflammation and pain. SURGERY Severe cases of OA might need surgery to replace or repair damaged joints. Options include: Arthroscopic surgery to trim torn and damaged cartilage Changing the alignment of a bone to relieve stress on the bone or joint (osteotomy) Surgical fusion of bones, often in the spine ( arthrodesis ) Total or partial replacement of the damaged joint with an artificial joint ( knee replacement , hip replacement , shoulder replacement , ankle replacement , and elbow replacement ). Organizations that specialize in arthritis are good resources for more information on OA. Your movement may become limited over time. Doing everyday activities, such as personal hygiene, household chores, or cooking may become a challenge. Treatment usually improves function. Call your provider if you have symptoms of OA that get worse. Try not to overuse a painful joint at work or during activities. Maintain a normal body weight. Keep the muscles around your joints strong, especially the weight-bearing joints (knee, hip, or ankle). Hypertrophic osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis; Degenerative joint disease; DJD; OA; Arthritis - osteoarthritis. ACL reconstruction - discharge Ankle replacement - discharge Elbow replacement - discharge Hip or knee replacement - after - what to ask your doctor Hip or knee replacement - before - what to ask your doctor Hip replacement - discharge Shoulder replacement - discharge Shoulder surgery - discharge Spine surgery - discharge Using your shoulder after replacement surgery Using your shoulder after surgery. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis. Block JA, Scanzello C. Osteoarthritis. |
| Osteoarthritis | ETDF | 60,410,870,7500,8000,77500,187500,358810,721000,986220 | Joint disease resulting from breakdown of cartilage and bone. Use Arthritis programs, and try Yersinia Pestis programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteoarthritis : Osteoarthritis. Cartilage is the firm, rubbery tissue that cushions your bones at the joints. It allows bones to glide over one another. When the cartilage breaks down and wears away, the bones rub together. This often causes the pain, swelling, and stiffness of OA. As OA worsens, bony spurs or extra bone may form around the joint. The ligaments and muscles around the joint may become weaker and stiffer. Osteoarthritis Before age 55, OA occurs equally in men and women. After age 55, it is more common in women. Other factors can also lead to OA. OA tends to run in families. Being overweight increases the risk for OA in the hip, knee, ankle, and foot joints. This is because extra weight causes more wear and tear. Fractures or other joint injuries can lead to OA later in life. This includes injuries to the cartilage and ligaments in your joints. Jobs that involve kneeling or squatting for more than an hour a day, or involve lifting, climbing stairs, or walking increase the risk for OA. Playing sports that involve direct impact on the joint (football), twisting (basketball or soccer), or throwing also increase the risk for OA. Medical conditions that can lead to OA include: Bleeding disorders that cause bleeding in the joint, such as hemophilia Disorders that block the blood supply near a joint and lead to bone death ( avascular necrosis ) Other types of arthritis, such as long-term (chronic) gout , pseudogout , or rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Watch this video about: Osteoarthritis. Symptoms of OA often appear in middle age. Almost everyone has some symptoms by age 70. Pain and stiffness in the joints are the most common symptoms. The pain is often worse: After exercise When you put weight or pressure on the joint With OA, your joints may become stiffer and harder to move over time. You may notice a rubbing, grating, or crackling sound when you move the joint. 'Morning stiffness' refers to the pain and stiffness you feel when you first wake up in the morning. Stiffness due to OA often lasts for 30 minutes or less. It can last more than 30 minutes if there is inflammation in the joint. It often improves after activity, allowing the joint to 'warm up.' During the day, the pain may get worse when you are active and feel better when you are resting. As OA gets worse, you may have pain even when you are resting. And it may wake you up at night. Some people might not have symptoms, even though x-rays show the changes of OA. A health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The exam may show: Joint movement that causes a crackling (grating) sound, called crepitation Joint swelling (bones around the joints may feel larger than normal) Limited range of motion Tenderness when the joint is pressed Normal movement is often painful Blood tests are not helpful in diagnosing OA. An x-ray will likely show: Loss of the joint space Wearing down of the ends of the bone Bone spurs. OA cannot be cured. It will most likely get worse over time. However, your OA symptoms can be controlled. You can have surgery, but other treatments can improve your pain and make your life much better. Although these treatments cannot make the arthritis go away, they can often delay surgery. MEDICINES Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers , such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)can help with OA symptoms. You can buy these medicines without a prescription. It is recommended that you DO NOT take more than 3 grams (3,000 mg) of acetaminophen a day. If you have liver disease, talk with your provider before taking acetaminophen. OTC NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Several other NSAIDs are available by prescription. Talk with your provider before taking an NSAID on a regular basis. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) is a prescription antidepressant that can also help treat long-term (chronic) pain related to OA. Supplements that you may use include: Pills, such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate Capsaicin skin cream to relieve pain LIFESTYLE CHANGES Staying active and getting exercise can maintain joint and overall movement. Ask your provider to recommend an exercise routine. Water exercises, such as swimming, are helpful. Other lifestyle tips include: Applying heat and cold to the joint Eating healthy foods Getting enough rest Losing weight if you are overweight Protecting your joints from injury If the pain from OA gets worse, keeping up with activities may become more difficult or painful. Making changes around the home can help take stress off your joints to relieve some of the pain. If your work is causing stress in certain joints, you may need to adjust your work area or change work tasks. PHYSICAL THERAPY Physical therapy can help improve muscle strength and the motion of stiff joints as well as your balance. If therapy does not make you feel better after 6 to 8 weeks, then it likely will not work at all. Massage therapy may provide short-term pain relief. Make sure you work with a licensed massage therapist who is experienced in working on sensitive joints. BRACES Splints and braces may help support weakened joints. Some types limit or prevent the joint from moving. Others may shift pressure off one portion of a joint. Use a brace only when your doctor or therapist recommends one. Using a brace the wrong way can cause joint damage, stiffness, and pain. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese treatment. It is thought that when acupuncture needles stimulate certain points on the body, chemicals that block pain are released. Acupuncture may provide short-term pain relief for OA. Yoga and tai chi have also shown some benefit in treating the pain from OA. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe, pronounced 'Sammy') is a manmade form of a natural chemical in the body. It may help reduce joint inflammation and pain. SURGERY Severe cases of OA might need surgery to replace or repair damaged joints. Options include: Arthroscopic surgery to trim torn and damaged cartilage Changing the alignment of a bone to relieve stress on the bone or joint (osteotomy) Surgical fusion of bones, often in the spine ( arthrodesis ) Total or partial replacement of the damaged joint with an artificial joint ( knee replacement , hip replacement , shoulder replacement , ankle replacement , and elbow replacement ). Organizations that specialize in arthritis are good resources for more information on OA. Your movement may become limited over time. Doing everyday activities, such as personal hygiene, household chores, or cooking may become a challenge. Treatment usually improves function. Call your provider if you have symptoms of OA that get worse. Try not to overuse a painful joint at work or during activities. Maintain a normal body weight. Keep the muscles around your joints strong, especially the weight-bearing joints (knee, hip, or ankle). Hypertrophic osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis; Degenerative joint disease; DJD; OA; Arthritis - osteoarthritis. ACL reconstruction - discharge Ankle replacement - discharge Elbow replacement - discharge Hip or knee replacement - after - what to ask your doctor Hip or knee replacement - before - what to ask your doctor Hip replacement - discharge Shoulder replacement - discharge Shoulder surgery - discharge Spine surgery - discharge Using your shoulder after replacement surgery Using your shoulder after surgery. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis. Block JA, Scanzello C. Osteoarthritis. |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | ETDF | 200,120,620,112500,230890,412500,615000,752500,802500,925520 | Congenital disorder with brittle bones prone to fracture, due to defective or no connective tissue production. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteogenesis Imperfecta : Osteogenesis imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is present at birth. It is often caused by a defect in the gene that produces type 1 collagen, an important building block of bone. There are many defects that can affect this gene. The severity of OI depends on the specific gene defect. If you have 1 copy of the gene, you will have the disease. Most cases of OI are inherited from a parent. However, some cases are the result of new genetic mutations. A person with OI has a 50% chance of passing on the gene and the disease to his or her children. All people with OI have weak bones, and fractures are more likely. People with OI are most often below average height ( short stature ). However, the severity of the disease varies greatly. The classic symptoms include: Blue tint to the whites of their eyes (blue sclera) Multiple bone fractures Early hearing loss ( deafness ) Because type I collagen is also found in ligaments, people with OI often have loose joints (hypermobility) and flat feet. Some types of OI also lead to the development of poor teeth. Symptoms of more severe forms of OI may include: Bowed legs and arms Kyphosis Scoliosis (S-curve spine). OI is most often suspected in children whose bones break with very little force. A physical exam may show that the whites of their eyes have a blue tint. A definitive diagnosis may be made using a skin punch biopsy. Family members may be given a DNA blood test. If there is a family history of OI, chorionic villus sampling may be done during pregnancy to determine if the baby has the condition. However, because so many different mutations can cause OI, some forms cannot be diagnosed with a genetic test. The severe form of type II OI can be seen on ultrasound when the fetus is as young as 16 weeks. There is not yet a cure for this disease. However, specific therapies can reduce the pain and complications from OI. Drugs that can increase the strength and density of bone are used in people with OI. They have been shown to reduce bone pain and fracture rate (especially in the bones of the spine). They are called bisphosphonates. Low impact exercises, such as swimming, keep muscles strong and help maintain strong bones. People with OI can benefit from these exercises and should be encouraged to do them. In more severe cases, surgery to place metal rods into the long bones of the legs may be considered. This procedure can strengthen the bone and reduce the risk for fracture. Bracing can also be helpful for some people. Surgery may be needed to correct any deformities. This treatment is important because deformities (such as bowed legs or a spinal problem) can interfere with a person's ability to move or walk. Even with treatment, fractures will occur. Most fractures heal quickly. Time in a cast should be limited, because bone loss may occur when you do not use a part of your body for a period of time. Many children with OI develop body image problems as they enter their teenage years. A social worker or psychologist can help them adapt to life with OI. How well a person does depends on the type of OI they have. Type I, or mild OI, is the most common form. People with this type can live a normal lifespan. Type II is a severe form that often leads to death in the first year of life. Type III is also called severe OI. People with this type have many fractures starting very early in life and can have severe bone deformities. Many people need to use a wheelchair and often have a somewhat shortened life expectancy. Type IV, or moderately severe OI, is similar to type I, although people with type IV often need braces or crutches to walk. Life expectancy is normal or near normal. There are other types of OI, but they occur very rarely and most are considered subtypes of the moderately severe form (type IV). Complications are largely based on the type of OI present. They are often directly related to the problems with weak bones and multiple fractures. Complications may include: Hearing loss (common in type I and type III) Heart failure (type II) Respiratory problems and pneumonias due to chest wall deformities Spinal cord or brain stem problems Permanent deformity. Severe forms are most often diagnosed early in life, but mild cases may not be noted until later in life. See your health care provider if you or your child have symptoms of this condition. Genetic counseling is recommended for couples considering pregnancy if there is a personal or family history of this condition. Brittle bone disease; Congenital disease; OI. Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum. Deeney VF, Arnold J. Orthopedics. |
| Osteomalacia | ETDF | 100,220,680,7250,39250,125370,220910,405370,593500,875520 | Softening of bones usually due to low phosphate or calcium levels. Called Rickets in children. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomalacia : Osteomalacia. A lack of the proper amount of calcium leads to weak and soft bones. Vitamin D is absorbed from food or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D produced by the skin may occur in people who: Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight Must stay indoors Work indoors during the daylight hours Wear clothes that cover most of their skin Have dark skin pigmentation Use very strong sunscreen You may not get enough vitamin D from your diet if you: Are lactose intolerant (have trouble digesting milk products) Do not eat or drink milk products (more common in older adults) Follow a vegetarian diet Are not able to absorb vitamin D well in the intestines, such as after gastric bypass surgery Vitamin D deficit Other conditions that may cause osteomalacia include: Cancer Kidney failure and acidosis Lack of enough phosphates in the diet Liver disease, and therefore cannot convert vitamin D to its active form Side effects of medicines used to treat seizures. Symptoms include: Bone fractures that happen without a real injury Muscle weakness Widespread bone pain , especially in the hips Symptoms may also occur due to low calcium level. These include: Numbness around the mouth Numbness or tingling of the arms and legs Spasms or cramps of the hands or feet. Blood tests will be done to check vitamin D, creatinine, calcium, phosphate , electrolytes, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone levels. Bone x-rays and a bone density test can help detect pseudofractures, bone loss, and bone softening. More importantly, osteomalacia can look like weakening of the bones from osteoporosis on bone density testing. In some cases, a bone biopsy will be done to see if bone softening is present. Treatment may involve vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplements taken by mouth. People who cannot absorb nutrients well through the intestines may need larger doses of vitamin D and calcium. This includes people who have some types of weight loss surgery. People with certain conditions may need regular blood tests to monitor blood levels of phosphorus and calcium. Some people with vitamin deficiency disorders will get better within a few weeks. With treatment, healing should happen within 6 months. Symptoms can return. Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of osteomalacia, or if you think that you may be at risk for this disorder. Eating a diet rich in vitamin D and calcium and getting sufficient exposure to sunlight can help prevent osteomalacia due to a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency - osteomalacia; Calcium - osteomalacia. Vitamin D deficit Vitamin D deficit Calcium benefit Calcium benefit. Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Kronenberg HM. Hormones and disorders of mineral metabolism. |
| Osteomyelitis | CAFL | 2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,1500,880,832,787,776,727,690,666 | Infection and inflammation of bone and marrow. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus, certain Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Haemophilus Influenzae, and Salmonella spp in Sickle Cell Anemia cases. See appropriate programs. Also see Infection Bone. Bone Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis - children. A bone infection is most often caused by bacteria. It can also be caused by fungi or other germs. In children, the long bones of the arms or legs are most often involved. When a child has osteomyelitis: Bacteria or other germs may spread to the bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone. This may occur under a skin sore. The infection can start in another part of the body and spread through the blood to the bone. The infection can be caused by an injury that breaks the skin and bone (open fracture). Bacteria can enter the skin and infect the bone. The infection can also start after bone surgery. This is more likely if the surgery is done after an injury, or if metal rods or plates are placed in the bone. Other risk factors include: Premature birth or delivery complications in newborns Diabetes Poor blood supply Recent injury Sickle cell disease Infection due to a foreign body Pressure ulcers Human bites or animal bites Weak immune system. Osteomyelitis symptoms include: Bone pain Excessive sweating Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Local swelling , redness, and warmth Pain at the infection site Swelling of the ankles, feet, and legs Refusing to walk (when leg bones are involved) Infants with osteomylitis may not have a fever or other signs of illness. They might avoid moving the infected limb due to pain. Your child's health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms your child is having. Tests that your child's provider may order include: Blood cultures Bone biopsy (the sample is cultured and examined under a microscope) Bone scan Bone x-ray Complete blood count (CBC) C-reactive protein (CRP) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) MRI of the bone Needle aspiration of the area of the affected bones. The goal of treatment is to stop the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding tissues. Antibiotics are given to destroy the bacteria causing the infection: Your child may receive more than one antibiotic at a time. Antibiotics are taken for at least 4 to 6 weeks, often at home through an IV (intravenously, meaning through a vein). Surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue if the child has an infection that does not go away. If there are metal plates near the infection, they may need to be removed. The open space left by the removed bone tissue may be filled with bone graft or packing material. This promotes the growth of new bone tissue. If your child was treated in the hospital for osteomyelitis, be sure to follow the provider's instructions on how to care for your child at home. With treatment, the outcome for acute osteomyelitis is usually good. The outlook is worse for those with long-term (chronic) osteomyelitis. Symptoms may come and go for years, even with surgery. Call your child's provider if: Your child develops symptoms of osteomyelitis Your child has osteomyelitis and the symptoms continue, even with treatment. Bone infection - children; Infection - bone - children. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis. Dabov GD. Osteomyelitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis - discharge. Your doctor will ask you to take medicines called antibiotics at home to kill the infection in your bone. At first, you will probably need antibiotics given into a vein in your arm, chest, or neck. At some point, your doctor may switch you to antibiotic pills. While you are on antibiotics, your health care provider may check your blood for signs of toxicity from the medicine. You probably need to take this medicine for at least 3 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, you will need to take it for several months. If you are getting antibiotics through a vein in your arm, chest, or neck : A nurse may come to your home to show you how, or to give you the medicine. You will need to learn how to care for the catheter that is inserted into the vein. You may go to your doctor's office or a special clinic to receive the medicine. You may need to store some of the medicine at home. Be sure to do it the way your provider told you to. You must learn how to keep the area where your IV is clean and dry. You also need to watch for signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, fever, or chills). Make sure you give yourself the medicine at the right time. DO NOT stop taking antibiotics even when you begin to feel better. If you do not take all of your medicine, or take it at the wrong time, the germs may become harder to treat. The infection may come back. If you had surgery on your bone, you may need to wear a splint, brace, or sling to protect your bone. Your provider will tell you whether you can walk on your leg or use your arm. Follow what your provider says you can and can't do. If you do too much before the infection is gone, your bones may get injured. If you have diabetes, it is very important to keep your blood sugar under control. Call your provider if: You have a fever of 100.5 F (38.0 C), or higher, or have chills. You are feeling more tired or ill. The area over your bone is redder or more swollen. You have a new skin ulcer or one that is getting bigger. You have more pain around the bone where the infection is located, or you can no longer put weight on a leg or foot or use your arm or hand. Bone infection - discharge. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis. Berbari EF, Steckelberg JM, Osmon DR. Osteomyelitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis. Bone infection is most often caused by bacteria. But it can also be caused by fungi or other germs. When a person has osteomyelitis: Bacteria or other germs may spread to a bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone. This may occur under a skin sore. The infection can start in another part of the body and spread to the bone through the blood. The infection can also start after bone surgery. This is more likely if the surgery is done after an injury or if metal rods or plates are placed in the bone. In children, the long bones of the arms or legs are most often involved. In adults, the feet, spine bones (vertebrae), and hips (pelvis) are most commonly affected. Risk factors are: Diabetes Hemodialysis Poor blood supply Recent injury Use of injected illegal drugs Surgery involving bones Weakened immune system. Symptoms of osteomyelitis are not specific and vary with age. Main symptoms include: Bone pain Excessive sweating Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Local swelling , redness, and warmth Open wound that may show pus Pain at the site of infection. The health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The exam may show bone tenderness and possible swelling and redness in the area around the bone. Tests may include: Blood cultures Bone biopsy (the sample is cultured and examined under a microscope) Bone scan Bone x-ray Complete blood count ( CBC ) C-reactive protein ( CRP ) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) MRI of the bone Needle aspiration of the area of the affected bones. The goal of treatment is to get rid of the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding tissues. Antibiotics are given to destroy the bacteria causing the infection: You may receive more than one antibiotic at a time. Antibiotics are taken for at least 4 to 6 weeks, often at home through an IV (intravenously, meaning through a vein). Surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue if the above methods fail: If there are metal plates near the infection, they may need to be removed. The open space left by the removed bone tissue may be filled with bone graft or packing material. This promotes resolution of the infection. Infection that occurs after joint replacement may require surgery. This is done to remove the replaced joint and infected tissue in the area. A new prosthesis may be implanted in the same operation. More often, doctors wait until the antibiotic course is finished and the infection has gone away. If you have diabetes , it will need to be well controlled. If there are problems with blood supply to the infected area, such as the foot, surgery may be needed to improve blood flow and get rid of the infection. With treatment, the outcome for acute osteomyelitis is often good. The outlook is worse for those with long-term (chronic) osteomyelitis. Symptoms may come and go for years, even with surgery. Amputation may be needed, especially in people with diabetes or poor blood circulation. The outlook for people with an infection of a prosthesis depends partly on: The person's health The type of infection Whether the infected prosthesis can be safely removed. Call your provider if you: Develop symptoms of osteomyelitis Have osteomyelitis that continues even with treatment. Bone infection. Osteomyelitis - discharge. X-ray X-ray Skeleton Skeleton Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis Bacteria Bacteria. Berbari EF, Steckelberg JM, Osmon DR. Osteomyelitis. |
| Osteomyelitis | ETDF | 160,230,7730,72250,105290,207000,332500,547500,750000,875000 | Infection and inflammation of bone and marrow. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus, certain Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Haemophilus Influenzae, and Salmonella spp in Sickle Cell Anemia cases. See appropriate programs. Also see Infection Bone. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis - children. A bone infection is most often caused by bacteria. It can also be caused by fungi or other germs. In children, the long bones of the arms or legs are most often involved. When a child has osteomyelitis: Bacteria or other germs may spread to the bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone. This may occur under a skin sore. The infection can start in another part of the body and spread through the blood to the bone. The infection can be caused by an injury that breaks the skin and bone (open fracture). Bacteria can enter the skin and infect the bone. The infection can also start after bone surgery. This is more likely if the surgery is done after an injury, or if metal rods or plates are placed in the bone. Other risk factors include: Premature birth or delivery complications in newborns Diabetes Poor blood supply Recent injury Sickle cell disease Infection due to a foreign body Pressure ulcers Human bites or animal bites Weak immune system. Osteomyelitis symptoms include: Bone pain Excessive sweating Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Local swelling , redness, and warmth Pain at the infection site Swelling of the ankles, feet, and legs Refusing to walk (when leg bones are involved) Infants with osteomylitis may not have a fever or other signs of illness. They might avoid moving the infected limb due to pain. Your child's health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about the symptoms your child is having. Tests that your child's provider may order include: Blood cultures Bone biopsy (the sample is cultured and examined under a microscope) Bone scan Bone x-ray Complete blood count (CBC) C-reactive protein (CRP) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) MRI of the bone Needle aspiration of the area of the affected bones. The goal of treatment is to stop the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding tissues. Antibiotics are given to destroy the bacteria causing the infection: Your child may receive more than one antibiotic at a time. Antibiotics are taken for at least 4 to 6 weeks, often at home through an IV (intravenously, meaning through a vein). Surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue if the child has an infection that does not go away. If there are metal plates near the infection, they may need to be removed. The open space left by the removed bone tissue may be filled with bone graft or packing material. This promotes the growth of new bone tissue. If your child was treated in the hospital for osteomyelitis, be sure to follow the provider's instructions on how to care for your child at home. With treatment, the outcome for acute osteomyelitis is usually good. The outlook is worse for those with long-term (chronic) osteomyelitis. Symptoms may come and go for years, even with surgery. Call your child's provider if: Your child develops symptoms of osteomyelitis Your child has osteomyelitis and the symptoms continue, even with treatment. Bone infection - children; Infection - bone - children. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis. Dabov GD. Osteomyelitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis - discharge. Your doctor will ask you to take medicines called antibiotics at home to kill the infection in your bone. At first, you will probably need antibiotics given into a vein in your arm, chest, or neck. At some point, your doctor may switch you to antibiotic pills. While you are on antibiotics, your health care provider may check your blood for signs of toxicity from the medicine. You probably need to take this medicine for at least 3 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, you will need to take it for several months. If you are getting antibiotics through a vein in your arm, chest, or neck : A nurse may come to your home to show you how, or to give you the medicine. You will need to learn how to care for the catheter that is inserted into the vein. You may go to your doctor's office or a special clinic to receive the medicine. You may need to store some of the medicine at home. Be sure to do it the way your provider told you to. You must learn how to keep the area where your IV is clean and dry. You also need to watch for signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, fever, or chills). Make sure you give yourself the medicine at the right time. DO NOT stop taking antibiotics even when you begin to feel better. If you do not take all of your medicine, or take it at the wrong time, the germs may become harder to treat. The infection may come back. If you had surgery on your bone, you may need to wear a splint, brace, or sling to protect your bone. Your provider will tell you whether you can walk on your leg or use your arm. Follow what your provider says you can and can't do. If you do too much before the infection is gone, your bones may get injured. If you have diabetes, it is very important to keep your blood sugar under control. Call your provider if: You have a fever of 100.5 F (38.0 C), or higher, or have chills. You are feeling more tired or ill. The area over your bone is redder or more swollen. You have a new skin ulcer or one that is getting bigger. You have more pain around the bone where the infection is located, or you can no longer put weight on a leg or foot or use your arm or hand. Bone infection - discharge. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis. Berbari EF, Steckelberg JM, Osmon DR. Osteomyelitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteomyelitis : Osteomyelitis. Bone infection is most often caused by bacteria. But it can also be caused by fungi or other germs. When a person has osteomyelitis: Bacteria or other germs may spread to a bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone. This may occur under a skin sore. The infection can start in another part of the body and spread to the bone through the blood. The infection can also start after bone surgery. This is more likely if the surgery is done after an injury or if metal rods or plates are placed in the bone. In children, the long bones of the arms or legs are most often involved. In adults, the feet, spine bones (vertebrae), and hips (pelvis) are most commonly affected. Risk factors are: Diabetes Hemodialysis Poor blood supply Recent injury Use of injected illegal drugs Surgery involving bones Weakened immune system. Symptoms of osteomyelitis are not specific and vary with age. Main symptoms include: Bone pain Excessive sweating Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling ( malaise ) Local swelling , redness, and warmth Open wound that may show pus Pain at the site of infection. The health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. The exam may show bone tenderness and possible swelling and redness in the area around the bone. Tests may include: Blood cultures Bone biopsy (the sample is cultured and examined under a microscope) Bone scan Bone x-ray Complete blood count ( CBC ) C-reactive protein ( CRP ) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) MRI of the bone Needle aspiration of the area of the affected bones. The goal of treatment is to get rid of the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding tissues. Antibiotics are given to destroy the bacteria causing the infection: You may receive more than one antibiotic at a time. Antibiotics are taken for at least 4 to 6 weeks, often at home through an IV (intravenously, meaning through a vein). Surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue if the above methods fail: If there are metal plates near the infection, they may need to be removed. The open space left by the removed bone tissue may be filled with bone graft or packing material. This promotes resolution of the infection. Infection that occurs after joint replacement may require surgery. This is done to remove the replaced joint and infected tissue in the area. A new prosthesis may be implanted in the same operation. More often, doctors wait until the antibiotic course is finished and the infection has gone away. If you have diabetes , it will need to be well controlled. If there are problems with blood supply to the infected area, such as the foot, surgery may be needed to improve blood flow and get rid of the infection. With treatment, the outcome for acute osteomyelitis is often good. The outlook is worse for those with long-term (chronic) osteomyelitis. Symptoms may come and go for years, even with surgery. Amputation may be needed, especially in people with diabetes or poor blood circulation. The outlook for people with an infection of a prosthesis depends partly on: The person's health The type of infection Whether the infected prosthesis can be safely removed. Call your provider if you: Develop symptoms of osteomyelitis Have osteomyelitis that continues even with treatment. Bone infection. Osteomyelitis - discharge. X-ray X-ray Skeleton Skeleton Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis Bacteria Bacteria. Berbari EF, Steckelberg JM, Osmon DR. Osteomyelitis. |
| Osteomyelosclerosis | BIO | 79,330 | Marrow replacement by bone in response to low-grade infection. |
| Osteonecrosis | ETDF | 130,220,930,5500,17500,32500,72500,127000,356500,624370 | Bone cell death due to blood supply interruption. Also use appropriate blood circulation programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteonecrosis : Osteonecrosis. Osteonecrosis occurs when part of the bone does not get blood and dies. After a while, the bone can collapse. If osteonecrosis is not treated, the joint deteriorates, leading to severe arthritis. Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease or by severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation , that affects the blood supply to the bone. Osteonecrosis can also occur without trauma or disease. This is called idiopathic -- meaning it occurs without any known cause. The following are possible causes: Using oral or intravenous steroids Excessive alcohol use Sickle cell disease Dislocation or fractures around a joint Clotting disorders HIV or taking HIV drugs Radiation therapy Gaucher disease (disease in which harmful substance build up in the certain organs and the bone) Systemic lupus erythematosus (an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue such as the bone) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (childhood disease in which the thigh bone in the hip doesn't get enough blood, causing the bone to die) Decompression sickness from a lot of deep sea diving When osteonecrosis occurs in the shoulder joint, it is usually due to long-term treatment with steroids, a history of trauma to the shoulder, or the person has sickle cell disease. There are no symptoms in the early stages. As bone damage worsens, you may have the following symptoms: Pain in the joint that may increase over time and becomes severe if the bone collapses Pain that occurs even at rest Limited range of motion Groin pain, if the hip joint is affected Limping, if the condition occurs in the leg. Your health care provider will do a physical exam to find out if you have any diseases or conditions that may affect your bones. You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. Be sure to let your provider know about any medicines or vitamin supplements you are taking, even over-the-counter medicine. After the exam, your provider will order one or more of the following tests: X-ray MRI Bone scan CT scan. If your provider knows the cause of osteonecrosis, part of the treatment will be aimed at the underlying condition. For example, if a blood clotting disorder is the cause, treatment will consist, in part, of clot-dissolving medicine. If the condition is caught early, you will take pain relievers and limit use of the affected area. This may include using crutches if your hip, knee, or ankle is affected. You may need to do range-of-motion exercises. Nonsurgical treatment can often slow the progression of osteonecrosis, but most people will need surgery. Surgical options include: A bone graft A bone graft along with its blood supply (vascularized bone graft) Cutting the bone and changing its alignment to relieve stress on the bone or joint (osteotomy) Total joint replacement Removing part of the inside of the bone (core decompression) to relieve pressure and allow new blood vessels to form. You can find more information and support resources at the following organization: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases -- www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteonecrosis The Arthritis Foundation -- www.arthritis.org. How well you do depends on the following: The cause of the osteonecrosis How severe the disease is when diagnosed Amount of bone involved Your age and overall health Outcome may vary from complete healing to permanent damage in the affected bone. Advanced osteonecrosis can lead to osteoarthritis and permanent decreased mobility. Severe cases may require joint replacement. Call your provider if you have symptoms. Many cases of osteonecrosis do not have a known cause, so prevention may not be possible. In some cases, you can reduce your risk by doing the following: Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. When possible, avoid high doses and long-term use of corticosteroids. Follow safety measures when diving to avoid decompression sickness. Avascular necrosis; Bone infarction; Ischemic bone necrosis; AVN; Aseptic necrosis. Aseptic necrosis Aseptic necrosis. McAlindon T, Ward RJ. Osteonecrosis. |
| Osteopetrosis | ETDF | 50,460,950,7500,32500,50000,67500,125910,319340,855820 | Very rare inherited disorder where bone becomes denser than normal. |
| Osteoporosis | ETDF | 30,240,700,1770,12330,27500,135520,550000,725290,875000 | Invented disease. Actually caused by the body stealing calcium from bones to neutralise and balance an excessively acidic system. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteoporosis : Osteoporosis - overview. Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. Osteoporosis increases the risk of breaking a bone. About one half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine) during their lifetime. Spine fractures are the most common. Your body needs the minerals calcium and phosphate to make and keep healthy bones. During your life, your body continues to both reabsorb old bone and create new bone. As long as your body has a good balance of new and old bone, your bones stay healthy and strong. Bone loss occurs when more old bone is reabsorbed than new bone is created. Sometimes, bone loss occurs without any known cause. Other times, bone loss and thin bones run in families. In general, white, older women are the most likely to have bone loss. Brittle, fragile bones can be caused by anything that makes your body destroy too much bone, or keeps your body from making enough new bone. As you age, your body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones. This makes your bones weaker. Osteoporosis Watch this video about: Osteoporosis A major risk is not having enough calcium to build new bone tissue. It is important to eat enough high-calcium foods. You also need vitamin D, because it helps your body absorb calcium. Your bones may become brittle and more likely to fracture if: If you do not eat enough food with calcium and vitamin D Your body does not absorb enough calcium from your food, such as after gastric bypass surgery Other causes of bone loss include: A decrease in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a decrease in testosterone in men as they age Being confined to a bed due to a prolonged illness (mostly affects bone in children) Having certain medical conditions that cause increased inflammation in the body Taking certain medicines, such as certain seizure medicines, hormone treatments for prostate or breast cancer, and steroid medicines taken for more than 3 months Other risk factors include: Absence of menstrual periods for long periods of time A family history of osteoporosis Drinking a large amount of alcohol Low body weight Smoking Having an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa. There are no symptoms in the early stages of osteoporosis. Many times, people will have a fracture before learning they have the disease. Fractures of the bones of the spine can cause pain almost anywhere in the spine. These are called compression fractures. They often occur without an injury. The pain occurs suddenly or slowly over time. There can be a loss of height (as much as 6 inches or 15 centimeters) over time. A stooped posture or a condition called a dowager's hump may develop. A DEXA scan is a low-radiation x-ray that measures the density of the minerals in your bones. Most often, it measures density in the spine and hip bones. Your health care provider uses this test to: Diagnose bone loss and osteoporosis. Predict your risk for future bone fractures. See how well osteoporosis medicine is working. (The DEXA is most often repeated every 2 years.) A simple spine or hip x-ray may show fracture or collapse of the spinal bones. However, simple x-rays of other bones are not very accurate in predicting whether you are likely to have osteoporosis. A new low-radiation spine x-ray called a vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) is now often done with a DEXA to better identify fractures that do not have any symptoms. You may need blood and urine tests if your provider thinks the cause of your osteoporosis is a medical condition, rather than the slow bone loss that occurs with aging. DEXA scan results compare your bone mineral density with both a young adult who has no bone loss and with people your age and gender. This means that at age 80, almost one third of women with normal age-related bone loss would have osteoporosis, based on their DEXA scan results. Treatment for osteoporosis may involve: Making lifestyle changes, such as changing your diet and exercise routine Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements Using medicines Medicines are used to strengthen bones when: Osteoporosis has been diagnosed by a bone density study , whether or not you have a fracture and your fracture risk is high. You have had a bone fracture and a bone density test shows that you have thin bones, but not osteoporosis. Medicines used to treat osteoporosis include: Bisphosphonates (the main drugs used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women) Estrogen and estrogen receptor modulators Teriparatide (a man-made form of a hormone your body makes that increases bone density) Calcitonin (a man-made form of a hormone your body makes that increases bone density, used mainly to treat the sudden pain from a spine fracture) Denusomab (lessens bone loss and increases bone density) The length of time a woman needs to take these medicines depends on her level of risk. Recommendations include: Low fracture risk: 5 years of oral medicine or 3 years of IV therapy High fracture risk: 10 years of oral medicine or 6 years of IV therapy Exercise plays a key role in preserving bone density in older adults. Some of the exercises recommended to reduce your chance of a fracture include: Weight-bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, playing tennis, dancing Free weights, weight machines, stretch bands Balance exercises such as tai chi and yoga Rowing machines Avoid any exercise that presents a risk of falling. Also, do not do high-impact exercises that can cause fractures in older adults. Bone-building exercise Follow these guidelines for getting enough calcium and vitamin D : Adults under age 50 should have 1,000 mg of calcium and 400 to 800 International Units (IU) of vitamin D a day. Women ages 51 to 70 should have 1,200 mg of calcium and 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D a day. Men ages 51 to 70 should have 1,000 mg of calcium and 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D a day. Adults over age 70 should have 1,200 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D a day. Your provider may recommend a calcium supplement. Follow a diet that provides the proper amount of calcium and vitamin D. Your provider may recommend higher doses of vitamin D if you have risk factors for osteoporosis or a low level of this vitamin. (Note: Some expert groups are not sure the benefits and safety of these amounts of vitamin D and calcium outweigh their risks. Be sure to discuss with your provider whether supplements are a good choice for you.) Vitamin D source Stop unhealthy habits: Quit smoking, if you smoke. Limit your alcohol intake. Too much alcohol can damage your bones. This puts you at risk of falling and breaking a bone. It is important to prevent falls. These suggestions can help: Do not take medicines that make you drowsy and unsteady. If you must take them, be extra careful when you are up and about. For example, hold on to countertops or sturdy furniture to avoid falling. Remove household hazards, such as throw rugs, to reduce the risk of falls. Leave lights on at night so you can see better when walking around your house. Install and use safety grab bars in the bathroom. Install antislip flooring in bathtubs and showers. Make sure your vision is good. Have your eyes checked once or twice a year by an eye doctor. Wear shoes that fit well and have low heels. This includes slippers. Slippers that do not have heels can cause you to trip and fall. Do not walk outdoors alone on icy days. Surgery to treat severe, disabling pain from spinal fractures due to osteoporosis include: Kyphoplasty (a material is placed into a bone of your spine to restore the height of the vertebrae) Spinal fusion (bones of your spine are joined together so they do not move against each other). Medicines to treat osteoporosis can help prevent future fractures. Spine bones that have already collapsed can't be made stronger. Osteoporosis can cause a person to become disabled from weakened bones. Hip fractures are one of the main reasons people are admitted to nursing homes. Be sure you get enough calcium and vitamin D to build and maintain healthy bone. Following a healthy, well-balanced diet can help you get these and other important nutrients. Other tips for prevention: Do not drink large amounts of alcohol. Do not smoke. Get regular exercise. Medicines can treat osteoporosis and prevent fractures. Your provider can tell you if any are right for you. Thin bones; Low bone density; Metabolic bone disease; Hip fracture - osteoporosis; Compression fracture - osteoporosis; Wrist fracture - osteoporosis. Hip fracture - discharge Preventing falls. Compression fracture Compression fracture Bone density scan Bone density scan Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Hip fracture Hip fracture Vitamin D source Vitamin D source Calcium benefit Calcium benefit Calcium source Calcium source Bone-building exercise Bone-building exercise Changes in spine with age Changes in spine with age. Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(10):1910. PMID: 27759931 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27759931. Black DM, Rosen CJ. Clinical practice: postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(3):254-262. PMID: 26789873 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789873. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al; National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359-2381. PMID: 25182228 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182228. De Paula FJA, Black DM, Rosen CJ. Osteoporosis and bone biology. |
| Osteosarcoma | KHZ | 10,240,730,7900,67220,127500,317500,665520,831330,913500 | Cancerous tumor of bone. See appropriate Cancer and Sarcoma programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Osteosarcoma : Osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children. Average age at diagnosis is 15. Boys and girls are just as likely to develop this tumor until the late teens, when it occurs more often in boys. Osteosarcoma is also common in people over age 60. The cause is not known. In some cases, osteosarcoma runs in families. At least one gene has been linked to an increased risk. This gene is also associated with familial retinoblastoma. This is a cancer of the eye that occurs in children. Osteosarcoma tends to occur in the bones of the: Shin (near the knee) Thigh (near the knee) Upper arm (near the shoulder) Osteosarcoma occurs most commonly in large bones in the area of bone with the fastest growth rate. However, it can occur in any bone. The first symptom is usually bone pain near a joint. This symptom may be overlooked because of other more common causes of joint pain. Other symptoms may include any of the following: Bone fracture (may occur after a routine movement) Limitation of motion Limping (if the tumor is in the leg) Pain when lifting (if the tumor is in the arm) Tenderness, swelling, or redness at the site of the tumor. The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about the medical history and symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Biopsy (at time of surgery for diagnosis) Blood tests Bone scan to see if the cancer has spread to other bones CT scan of the chest to see if the cancer has spread to the lungs MRI scan PET scan X-ray. Treatment usually starts after a biopsy of the tumor is done. Before surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy is usually given. This can shrink the tumor and make surgery easier. It may also kill any cancer cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Surgery is used after chemotherapy to remove any remaining tumor. In most cases, surgery can remove the tumor while saving the affected limb. This is called limb-sparing surgery. In rare cases, more involved surgery (amputation) is necessary. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you and your family not feel alone. If the tumor has not spread to the lungs (pulmonary metastasis ), long-term survival rates are better. If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the outlook is worse. However, there is still a chance of cure with effective treatment. Complications may include: Limb removal Spread of cancer to the lungs Side effects of chemotherapy. Call your provider if you or your child has persistent bone pain, tenderness, or swelling. Osteogenic sarcoma; Bone tumor - osteosarcoma. X-ray X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - x-ray Ewings sarcoma - X-ray Ewing sarcoma - x-ray Bone tumor Bone tumor. Anderson ME, Randall RL, Springfield DS, Gebhardt MC. Sarcomas of bone. |
| Osteosinusitis Max | BIO | 243 | Infection of maxillary sinuses (located in cheekbones). Other uses: Dematium Nigrum (soil fungus), Haemolytic Icterus (jaundice). |
| Osteosinusitis Max | CAFL | 243,327 | Infection of maxillary sinuses (located in cheekbones). |
| Ostomy | ETDF | 50,400,730,900,5910,27000,210710,341500,546500,875470 | Any natural or surgically-created opening in the body or organs, such as a colostomy, or tracheostomy. Encyclopedia Entry for Ostomy : Ostomy - resources. Resources - ostomy. Support group counselors Support group counselors. |
| Otitis | ETDF | 100,520,780,800,2250,5260,167500,352520,845470,922530 | Ear infections. Ear Encyclopedia Entry for Otitis : Otitis externa - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- rod: aerobic) Encyclopedia Entry for Otitis : Otitis media- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, various viruses. Encyclopedia Entry for Otitis : Otitis media with effusion. The Eustachian tube connects the inside of the ear to the back of the throat. This tube helps drain fluid to prevent it from building up in the ear. The fluid drains from the tube and is swallowed. OME and ear infections are connected in two ways: After most ear infections have been treated, fluid (an effusion) remains in the middle ear for a few days or weeks. When the Eustachian tube is partially blocked, fluid builds up in the middle ear. Bacteria inside the ear become trapped and begin to grow. This may lead to an ear infection. The following can cause swelling of the Eustachian tube lining that leads to increased fluid: Allergies Irritants (particularly cigarette smoke) Respiratory infections The following can cause the Eustachian tube to close or become blocked: Drinking while lying on your back Sudden increases in air pressure (such as descending in an airplane or on a mountain road) Getting water in a baby's ears will not lead to a blocked tube. OME is most common in winter or early spring, but it can occur at any time of year. It can affect people of any age. It occurs most often in children under age 2, but is rare in newborns. Younger children get OME more often than older children or adults for several reasons: The tube is shorter, more horizontal, and straighter, making it easier for bacteria to enter. The tube is floppier, with a tinier opening that's easy to block. Young children get more colds because it takes time for the immune system to be able to recognize and ward off cold viruses. The fluid in OME is often thin and watery. In the past, it was thought that the fluid got thicker the longer it was present in the ear. ('Glue ear' is a common name given to OME with thick fluid.) However, fluid thickness is now thought to be related to the ear itself, rather than to how long the fluid is present. Unlike children with an ear infection, children with OME do not act sick. OME often does not have obvious symptoms. Older children and adults often complain of muffled hearing or a sense of fullness in the ear. Younger children may turn up the television volume because of hearing loss. The health care provider may find OME while checking your child's ears after an ear infection has been treated. The provider will examine the eardrum and look for certain changes, such as: Air bubbles on the surface of the eardrum Dullness of the eardrum when a light is used Eardrum that does not seem to move when little puffs of air are blown at it Fluid behind the eardrum A test called tympanometry is an accurate tool for diagnosing OME. The results of this test can help tell the amount and thickness of the fluid. The fluid in the middle ear can be accurately detected with: Acoustic otoscope Reflectometer: A portable device An audiometer or other type of formal hearing test may be done. This can help the provider decide on treatment. Most providers will not treat OME at first, unless there are also signs of an infection. Instead, they will recheck the problem in 2 to 3 months. Some children who have had repeat ear infections may receive a small, daily dose of antibiotics to prevent new infections. You can make the following changes to help clear up the fluid behind the eardrum: Avoid cigarette smoke Encourage infants to breastfeed Treat allergies by staying away from triggers (such as dust). Adults and older children may be given allergy medicines. Most often the fluid will clear on its own. Your provider may suggest watching the condition for a while to see if it is getting worse before recommending treatment. If the fluid is still present after 6 weeks, the provider may recommend: Continuing to watch the problem A hearing test A single trial of antibiotics (if they were not given earlier) If the fluid is still present at 8 to 12 weeks, antibiotics may be tried. These medicines are not always helpful. At some point, the child's hearing should be tested. If there is significant hearing loss (more than 20 decibels), antibiotics or ear tubes might be needed. If the fluid is still present after 4 to 6 months, tubes are probably needed, even if there is no major hearing loss. Sometimes the adenoids must be taken out for the Eustachian tube to work properly. OME most often goes away on its own over a few weeks or months. Treatment may speed up this process. Glue ear may not clear up as quickly as OME with a thinner fluid. OME is most often not life threatening. Most children do not have long-term damage to their hearing or speaking ability, even when the fluid remains for many months. Call your provider if: You think you or your child might have OME. (You should continue to watch the condition until the fluid has disappeared.) New symptoms develop during or after treatment for this disorder. Helping your child reduce the risk of ear infections can help prevent OME. . OME; Secretory otitis media; Serous otitis media; Silent otitis media; Silent ear infection; Glue ear. Ear tube surgery - what to ask your doctor Tonsil and adenoid removal - discharge. Ear anatomy Ear anatomy Middle ear infection (otitis media) Middle ear infection (otitis media). Kerschner JE, Preciado D. Otitis media. Encyclopedia Entry for Otitis : Otitis. Otitis can affect the inner or outer parts of the ear. The condition can be: Acute ear infection. Starts suddenly and lasts for a short period of time. It is often painful. Chronic ear infection. Occurs when the ear infection does not go away or keeps coming back. It may cause long-term damage to the ear. Based on location otitis can be: Otitis externa (swimmer's ear). Involves the outer ear and ear canal. A more severe form can spread into the bones and cartilage around the ear. Otitis media (ear infection). Involves the middle ear, which is located just behind the eardrum. Otitis media with effusion. Occurs when there is thick or sticky fluid behind the eardrum in the middle ear, but there is no ear infection. Ear infection; Infection - ear. Ear tube surgery - what to ask your doctor. Ear anatomy Ear anatomy Medical findings based on ear anatomy Medical findings based on ear anatomy Middle ear infection (otitis media) Middle ear infection (otitis media). Chole RA. Chronic otitis media, mastoiditis, and petrositis. |
| Otitis Externa | CAFL | 727,787,880,174,482,5311 | Outer ear infection. See Ear, Ears, and Pseudeomonas Aeruginosa programs. Ear Encyclopedia Entry for Otitis Externa : Otitis externa - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- rod: aerobic) |
| Otitis Medinum | CAFL | 683,688,776,766,316,784,786,125,802,72,522,440,880,720,1550 | Middle ear swelling and/or infection and fever. See Ear Cholesteatoma and Ears programs. Always use Streptococcus Pneumonia with this. If uncomfortable, lower Amplitude. Ear |
| Otorhinolaryngologic Disease | ETDF | 170,520,680,830,2500,127500,235370,567500,792200,875470 | Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions. |
| Otosclerosis | ETDF | 80,250,900,2250,5750,30000,157500,305470,553500,850320 | Abnormal growth of bone near middle ear which can lead to hearing loss. Encyclopedia Entry for Otosclerosis : Otosclerosis. The exact cause of otosclerosis is unknown. It may be passed down through families. People who have otosclerosis have an abnormal extension of sponge-like bone growing in the middle ear cavity. This growth prevents the ear bones from vibrating in response to sound waves. These vibrations are needed in order for you to hear. Otosclerosis is the most common cause of middle ear hearing loss in young adults. It typically begins in early to mid-adulthood. It is more common in women than in men. The condition may affect one or both ears. Risks for this condition include pregnancy and a family history of hearing loss. White people are more likely to develop this condition than people of other races. Symptoms include: Hearing loss (slow at first, but worsens over time) Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) Vertigo or dizziness. A hearing test ( audiometry / audiology ) may help determine the severity of hearing loss. A special imaging test of the head called a temporal-bone CT may be used to look for other causes of hearing loss. Otosclerosis may slowly get worse. The condition may not need to be treated until you have more serious hearing problems. Using some medicines such as fluoride, calcium, or vitamin D may help to slow the hearing loss. However, the benefits of these treatments have not yet been proven. A hearing aid may be used to treat the hearing loss. This will not cure or prevent hearing loss from getting worse, but it may help with symptoms. Surgery can cure or improve conductive hearing loss. Either all or part of one of the small middle ear bones behind the eardrum (stapes) is removed and replaced with a prosthesis. A total replacement is called a stapedectomy. Sometimes only part of the stapes is removed and a small hole is made in the bottom of it. This is called a stapedotomy. Sometimes a laser is used to help with the surgery. Otosclerosis gets worse without treatment. Surgery can restore some or all of your hearing loss. Pain and dizziness from the surgery go away within a few weeks for most people. To reduce the risk of complications after surgery: DO NOT blow your nose for 2 to 3 weeks after surgery. Avoid people with respiratory or other infections. Avoid bending, lifting, or straining, which may cause dizziness. Avoid loud noises or sudden pressure changes, such as scuba diving, flying, or driving in the mountains until you have healed. If surgery does not work, you may have total hearing loss. Treatment for total hearing loss involves developing skills to cope with deafness , and using hearing aids to transmit sounds from the non-hearing ear to the good ear. Complications may include: Complete deafness Funny taste in the mouth or loss of taste to part of the tongue, temporary or permanent Infection, dizziness, pain, or a blood clot in the ear after surgery Nerve damage. Call your health care provider if: You have hearing loss You develop fever, ear pain, dizziness, or other symptoms after surgery. Otospongiosis; Hearing loss - otosclerosis. Ear anatomy Ear anatomy. House JW, Cunningham CD. Otosclerosis. |
| Ovarian Cyst | CAFL | 567,982,711 | Fluid-filled sac in ovary, sometime causing pain or bloating. Ovary Encyclopedia Entry for Ovarian Cyst : Ovarian cysts. Each month during your menstrual cycle, a follicle (cyst) grows on your ovary. The follicle is where an egg is developing. The follicle makes the estrogen hormone. This hormone causes normal changes of the uterine lining as the uterus prepares for pregnancy. When the egg matures, it is released from the follicle. This is called ovulation. If the follicle fails to break open and release an egg, the fluid stays in the follicle and forms a cyst. This is called a follicular cyst. Another type of cyst occurs after an egg has been released from a follicle. This is called a corpus luteum cyst. This type of cyst may contain a small amount of blood. This cyst releases progesterone and estrogen hormones. Ovarian cysts are more common in the childbearing years between puberty and menopause. The condition is less common after menopause. Taking fertility drugs often causes the development of multiple follicles (cysts) in the ovaries. These cysts most often go away after a woman's period, or after a pregnancy. Functional ovarian cysts are not the same as ovarian tumors or cysts due to hormone-related conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Ovarian cysts often cause no symptoms. An ovarian cyst is more likely to cause pain if it: Becomes large Bleeds Breaks open Interferes with the blood supply to the ovary Is bumped during sexual intercourse Is twisted or causes twisting (torsion) of the ovary Symptoms of ovarian cysts can also include: Bloating or swelling in the abdomen Pain during bowel movements Pain in the pelvis shortly before or after beginning a menstrual period Pain with intercourse or pelvic pain during movement Pelvic pain -- constant, dull aching Sudden and severe pelvic pain, often with nausea and vomiting (may be a sign of torsion or twisting of the ovary on its blood supply, or rupture of a cyst with internal bleeding) Changes in menstrual periods are not common with follicular cysts. These are more common with corpus luteum cysts. Spotting or bleeding may occur with some cysts. Your health care provider may find a cyst during a pelvic exam, or when you have an ultrasound test for another reason. Ultrasound may be done to detect a cyst. Your provider may want to check you again in 6 to 8 weeks to make sure it is gone. Other imaging tests that may be done when needed include: CT scan Doppler flow studies MRI The following blood tests may be done: CA-125 test , to look for possible cancer if you have an abnormal ultrasound or are in menopause Hormone levels (such as LH , FSH , estradiol , and testosterone ) Pregnancy test (Serum hCG). Functional ovarian cysts often do not need treatment. They often go away on their own within 8 to 12 weeks. If you have frequent ovarian cysts, your provider may prescribe birth control pills (oral contraceptives). These pills may reduce the risk of developing new cysts. Birth control pills do not decrease the size of current cysts. You may need surgery to remove the cyst or ovary to make sure that it is not ovarian cancer. Surgery is more likely to be needed for: Complex ovarian cysts that do not go away Cysts that are causing symptoms and do not go away Cysts that are increasing in size Simple ovarian cysts that are larger than 10 centimeters Women who are near menopause or past menopause Types of surgery for ovarian cysts include: Exploratory laparotomy Pelvic laparoscopy You may need other treatments if you have polycystic ovary syndrome or another disorder that can cause cysts. Cysts in women who are still having periods are more likely to go away. A complex cyst in a woman who is past menopause has a higher risk of being cancer. Cancer is very unlikely with a simple cyst. Complications have to do with the condition causing the cysts. Complications can occur with cysts that: Bleed. Break open. Show signs of changes that could be cancer. Twist, depending on size of the cyst. Bigger cysts carry a higher risk. Call your provider if: You have symptoms of an ovarian cyst You have severe pain You have bleeding that is not normal for you Also call your provider if you have had following on most days for at least 2 weeks: Getting full quickly when eating Losing your appetite Losing weight without trying These symptoms may indicate ovarian cancer. Studies which encourage women to seek care for possible ovarian cancer symptoms have not shown any benefit. Unfortunately, we do not have any proven means of screening for ovarian cancer. If you are not trying to get pregnant and you often get functional cysts, you can prevent them by taking birth control pills. These pills prevent follicles from growing. Physiologic ovarian cysts; Functional ovarian cysts; Corpus luteum cysts; Follicular cysts. Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts Uterus Uterus Uterine anatomy Uterine anatomy. Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. |
| Ovarian Cyst | VEGA | 982 | Fluid-filled sac in ovary, sometime causing pain or bloating. Encyclopedia Entry for Ovarian Cyst : Ovarian cysts. Each month during your menstrual cycle, a follicle (cyst) grows on your ovary. The follicle is where an egg is developing. The follicle makes the estrogen hormone. This hormone causes normal changes of the uterine lining as the uterus prepares for pregnancy. When the egg matures, it is released from the follicle. This is called ovulation. If the follicle fails to break open and release an egg, the fluid stays in the follicle and forms a cyst. This is called a follicular cyst. Another type of cyst occurs after an egg has been released from a follicle. This is called a corpus luteum cyst. This type of cyst may contain a small amount of blood. This cyst releases progesterone and estrogen hormones. Ovarian cysts are more common in the childbearing years between puberty and menopause. The condition is less common after menopause. Taking fertility drugs often causes the development of multiple follicles (cysts) in the ovaries. These cysts most often go away after a woman's period, or after a pregnancy. Functional ovarian cysts are not the same as ovarian tumors or cysts due to hormone-related conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Ovarian cysts often cause no symptoms. An ovarian cyst is more likely to cause pain if it: Becomes large Bleeds Breaks open Interferes with the blood supply to the ovary Is bumped during sexual intercourse Is twisted or causes twisting (torsion) of the ovary Symptoms of ovarian cysts can also include: Bloating or swelling in the abdomen Pain during bowel movements Pain in the pelvis shortly before or after beginning a menstrual period Pain with intercourse or pelvic pain during movement Pelvic pain -- constant, dull aching Sudden and severe pelvic pain, often with nausea and vomiting (may be a sign of torsion or twisting of the ovary on its blood supply, or rupture of a cyst with internal bleeding) Changes in menstrual periods are not common with follicular cysts. These are more common with corpus luteum cysts. Spotting or bleeding may occur with some cysts. Your health care provider may find a cyst during a pelvic exam, or when you have an ultrasound test for another reason. Ultrasound may be done to detect a cyst. Your provider may want to check you again in 6 to 8 weeks to make sure it is gone. Other imaging tests that may be done when needed include: CT scan Doppler flow studies MRI The following blood tests may be done: CA-125 test , to look for possible cancer if you have an abnormal ultrasound or are in menopause Hormone levels (such as LH , FSH , estradiol , and testosterone ) Pregnancy test (Serum hCG). Functional ovarian cysts often do not need treatment. They often go away on their own within 8 to 12 weeks. If you have frequent ovarian cysts, your provider may prescribe birth control pills (oral contraceptives). These pills may reduce the risk of developing new cysts. Birth control pills do not decrease the size of current cysts. You may need surgery to remove the cyst or ovary to make sure that it is not ovarian cancer. Surgery is more likely to be needed for: Complex ovarian cysts that do not go away Cysts that are causing symptoms and do not go away Cysts that are increasing in size Simple ovarian cysts that are larger than 10 centimeters Women who are near menopause or past menopause Types of surgery for ovarian cysts include: Exploratory laparotomy Pelvic laparoscopy You may need other treatments if you have polycystic ovary syndrome or another disorder that can cause cysts. Cysts in women who are still having periods are more likely to go away. A complex cyst in a woman who is past menopause has a higher risk of being cancer. Cancer is very unlikely with a simple cyst. Complications have to do with the condition causing the cysts. Complications can occur with cysts that: Bleed. Break open. Show signs of changes that could be cancer. Twist, depending on size of the cyst. Bigger cysts carry a higher risk. Call your provider if: You have symptoms of an ovarian cyst You have severe pain You have bleeding that is not normal for you Also call your provider if you have had following on most days for at least 2 weeks: Getting full quickly when eating Losing your appetite Losing weight without trying These symptoms may indicate ovarian cancer. Studies which encourage women to seek care for possible ovarian cancer symptoms have not shown any benefit. Unfortunately, we do not have any proven means of screening for ovarian cancer. If you are not trying to get pregnant and you often get functional cysts, you can prevent them by taking birth control pills. These pills prevent follicles from growing. Physiologic ovarian cysts; Functional ovarian cysts; Corpus luteum cysts; Follicular cysts. Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts Uterus Uterus Uterine anatomy Uterine anatomy. Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. |
| Ovarian Cysts | ETDF | 60,400,830,5250,85470,132200,247500,530200,618200,880300 | Fluid-filled sac in ovary, sometime causing pain or bloating. Encyclopedia Entry for Ovarian Cysts : Ovarian cysts. Each month during your menstrual cycle, a follicle (cyst) grows on your ovary. The follicle is where an egg is developing. The follicle makes the estrogen hormone. This hormone causes normal changes of the uterine lining as the uterus prepares for pregnancy. When the egg matures, it is released from the follicle. This is called ovulation. If the follicle fails to break open and release an egg, the fluid stays in the follicle and forms a cyst. This is called a follicular cyst. Another type of cyst occurs after an egg has been released from a follicle. This is called a corpus luteum cyst. This type of cyst may contain a small amount of blood. This cyst releases progesterone and estrogen hormones. Ovarian cysts are more common in the childbearing years between puberty and menopause. The condition is less common after menopause. Taking fertility drugs often causes the development of multiple follicles (cysts) in the ovaries. These cysts most often go away after a woman's period, or after a pregnancy. Functional ovarian cysts are not the same as ovarian tumors or cysts due to hormone-related conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Ovarian cysts often cause no symptoms. An ovarian cyst is more likely to cause pain if it: Becomes large Bleeds Breaks open Interferes with the blood supply to the ovary Is bumped during sexual intercourse Is twisted or causes twisting (torsion) of the ovary Symptoms of ovarian cysts can also include: Bloating or swelling in the abdomen Pain during bowel movements Pain in the pelvis shortly before or after beginning a menstrual period Pain with intercourse or pelvic pain during movement Pelvic pain -- constant, dull aching Sudden and severe pelvic pain, often with nausea and vomiting (may be a sign of torsion or twisting of the ovary on its blood supply, or rupture of a cyst with internal bleeding) Changes in menstrual periods are not common with follicular cysts. These are more common with corpus luteum cysts. Spotting or bleeding may occur with some cysts. Your health care provider may find a cyst during a pelvic exam, or when you have an ultrasound test for another reason. Ultrasound may be done to detect a cyst. Your provider may want to check you again in 6 to 8 weeks to make sure it is gone. Other imaging tests that may be done when needed include: CT scan Doppler flow studies MRI The following blood tests may be done: CA-125 test , to look for possible cancer if you have an abnormal ultrasound or are in menopause Hormone levels (such as LH , FSH , estradiol , and testosterone ) Pregnancy test (Serum hCG). Functional ovarian cysts often do not need treatment. They often go away on their own within 8 to 12 weeks. If you have frequent ovarian cysts, your provider may prescribe birth control pills (oral contraceptives). These pills may reduce the risk of developing new cysts. Birth control pills do not decrease the size of current cysts. You may need surgery to remove the cyst or ovary to make sure that it is not ovarian cancer. Surgery is more likely to be needed for: Complex ovarian cysts that do not go away Cysts that are causing symptoms and do not go away Cysts that are increasing in size Simple ovarian cysts that are larger than 10 centimeters Women who are near menopause or past menopause Types of surgery for ovarian cysts include: Exploratory laparotomy Pelvic laparoscopy You may need other treatments if you have polycystic ovary syndrome or another disorder that can cause cysts. Cysts in women who are still having periods are more likely to go away. A complex cyst in a woman who is past menopause has a higher risk of being cancer. Cancer is very unlikely with a simple cyst. Complications have to do with the condition causing the cysts. Complications can occur with cysts that: Bleed. Break open. Show signs of changes that could be cancer. Twist, depending on size of the cyst. Bigger cysts carry a higher risk. Call your provider if: You have symptoms of an ovarian cyst You have severe pain You have bleeding that is not normal for you Also call your provider if you have had following on most days for at least 2 weeks: Getting full quickly when eating Losing your appetite Losing weight without trying These symptoms may indicate ovarian cancer. Studies which encourage women to seek care for possible ovarian cancer symptoms have not shown any benefit. Unfortunately, we do not have any proven means of screening for ovarian cancer. If you are not trying to get pregnant and you often get functional cysts, you can prevent them by taking birth control pills. These pills prevent follicles from growing. Physiologic ovarian cysts; Functional ovarian cysts; Corpus luteum cysts; Follicular cysts. Female reproductive anatomy Female reproductive anatomy Ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts Uterus Uterus Uterine anatomy Uterine anatomy. Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. |
| Ovarian Disorders General | CAFL | 650,625,600,465,444,26,2720,2489,2170,2127,2008,1800,1600,1550,802,1500,880,832,787,776,727,690,666,20 | Ovarian disorders may refer to diseases primarily affecting, or centered on, the ovaries. Ovary |
| Ovarian Elimination Stimulation | CAFL | 20,800,1550 | Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complication of controlled ... trigger has become a common tool aiming to eliminate severe early OHSS. Ovary |
| Ovum | BIO | 752 | A mature female reproductive cell, especially of a human or other animal, which can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell. |
| Oxygen | XTRA | 5.772 | Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8, meaning its nucleus has 8 protons. The number of neutrons varies according to the isotope: the stable isotopes have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. Encyclopedia Entry for Oxygen : Oxygen safety. Make sure you have working smoke detectors and a working fire extinguisher in your home. If you move around the house with your oxygen, you may need more than one fire extinguisher in different locations. Smoking can be very dangerous. No one should smoke in a room where you or your child is using oxygen. Put a 'NO SMOKING' sign in every room where oxygen is used. In a restaurant, keep at least 6 feet (2 meters) away from any source of fire, such as a stove, fireplace, or tabletop candle. Keep oxygen 6 feet (2 meters) away from: Toys with electric motors Electric baseboard or space heaters Wood stoves, fireplaces, candles Electric blankets Hairdryers, electric razors, and electric toothbrushes. Be careful with your oxygen when you cook. Keep oxygen away from the stove top and oven. Watch out for splattering grease. It can catch fire. Keep children with oxygen away from the stove top and oven. Cooking with a microwave is OK. DO NOT store your oxygen in a trunk, box, or small closet. Storing your oxygen under the bed is OK if air can move freely under the bed. Keep liquids that may catch fire away from your oxygen. This includes cleaning products that contain oil, grease, alcohol, or other liquids that can burn. DO NOT use Vaseline or other petroleum-based creams and lotions on your face or upper part of your body unless you talk to your respiratory therapist or doctor first. Products that are safe include: Aloe vera Water-based products, such as K-Y Jelly Avoid tripping over oxygen tubing. Try taping the tubing to the back of your shirt. Teach children not to get tangled in the tubing. COPD - oxygen safety; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - oxygen safety; Chronic obstructive airways disease - oxygen safety; Emphysema - oxygen safety; Heart failure - oxygen-safety; Palliative care - oxygen safety; Hospice - oxygen safety. American Thoracic Society website. Oxygen therapy. www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/oxygen-therapy.pdf. Updated April 2016. Accessed February 28, 2018. COPD Foundation website. Oxygen therapy. www.copdfoundation.org/What-is-COPD/Living-with-COPD/Oxygen-Therapy.aspx. Updated June 2015. Accessed February 28, 2018. National Fire Protection Association website. Medical oxygen. www.nfpa.org/safety-information/for-consumers/causes/medical-oxygen. Updated July 2013. Accessed February 28, 2018. Breathing difficulty Bronchiolitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Interstitial lung disease Lung surgery Pediatric heart surgery Pneumonia - adults (community acquired). Bronchiolitis - discharge Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - adults - discharge COPD - control drugs COPD - quick-relief drugs Interstitial lung disease - adults - discharge Lung surgery - discharge Pediatric heart surgery - discharge Pneumonia in adults - discharge Pneumonia in children - discharge Traveling with breathing problems Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor. Encyclopedia Entry for Oxygen : Oxygen therapy - infants. Oxygen is a gas that the cells in your body need to work properly. The air we breathe normally contains 21% oxygen. We can receive up to 100% oxygen. HOW IS OXYGEN DELIVERED? There are several ways to deliver oxygen to a baby. Which method is used depends on how much oxygen is needed and whether the baby needs a breathing machine. An oxygen hood is used for babies who can breathe on their own but still need extra oxygen. A hood is a plastic dome or box with warm, moist oxygen inside. The hood is placed over the baby's head. A thin, soft, plastic tube called a nasal cannula may be used instead of a hood. This tube has soft prongs that gently fit into the baby's nose. Oxygen flows through the tube. The baby must be able to breathe without assistance to use this type of oxygen therapy. Another method is a nasal CPAP system. CPAP stands for continuous positive airway pressure. It is used for babies who need more help breathing than they can get from an oxygen hood or nasal cannula, but do not need a machine to completely breathe for them. A CPAP machine delivers oxygen through tubes with soft nasal prongs. The air is under higher pressure, which helps the lungs better expand (inflate). CPAP can be given with a ventilator. Finally, a breathing machine, or ventilator , may be needed to deliver increased oxygen and breathe for the baby. The oxygen flows through a tube placed down the baby's windpipe. The ventilator will also breathe for the baby if the baby is too weak, tired, or sick to breathe. WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF OXYGEN? Too much or too little oxygen can be harmful. If the cells in the body get too little oxygen, energy production decreases. With too little energy, cells may not work well and may die. Your baby may not grow properly. Many of the developing organs, including the brain and heart, may be injured. Too much oxygen can also cause injury. Breathing too much oxygen can damage the lung. Under certain conditions, too much oxygen in the blood may also lead to problems in the brain and eye. Babies with certain heart conditions may also need lower levels of oxygen in the blood. Your baby's health care providers will try to balance how much oxygen your baby needs. If you have questions about the risks and benefits of oxygen for your baby, discuss these with your baby's provider. WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS? Infants receiving oxygen by hood may get cold if the temperature of the oxygen is not warm enough. Most (but not all) nasal cannulas use cool, dry oxygen. At higher flow rates, this can irritate the inner nose, causing cracked skin, bleeding, or mucus plugs in the nose. This can increase the risk for infection. Similar problems can occur with nasal CPAP devices. Also, some CPAP devices use wide nasal prongs that can change the shape of the nose. Mechanical ventilators have a number of risks. Talk to your baby's provider about these risks. Hypoxia - oxygen therapy in infants; Chronic lung disease - oxygen therapy in infants; BPD - oxygen therapy in infants; Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - oxygen therapy in infants. Oxygen hood Oxygen hood Lungs - infant Lungs - infant. Macintyre NR. Mechanical ventilation. |
| Oxygenate Cells | XTRA | 16 | Also allows cells to take in nutrients. Other use: reduce calcium uptake. |
| Oxygenation | XTRA | 5.35 | Also allows cells to take in nutrients. |
| Ozaena | CAFL | 184,222,439 | Chronic inflammation of nose with atrophy of mucosa, glands, and nerves. |
| Ozone Generate | XTRA | 78,16,15.99 | Experimental. May be contraindicated in Morgellons cases. |
ALT consists of programs based on Ayurvedic knowledge and practice, solfeggios, and planetary frequencies.
BFB a collection of biofeedback scan results.
BIO is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
CAFL is the Consolidated Annotated Frequency List, amassed over years from the experience of Rife experimenters.
CUST consists of programs added by Spooky team members, plus those in your own personal database.
ETDFL is a collection of programs researched in bio resonance clinics in Germany.
HC is Dr. Hulda Clark’s database. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
KHZ is a collection of higher frequencies from Dr. Hulda Clark. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
PROV has produced consistent results in virtually all subjects it was used with.
RIFE is a collection of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s original frequencies.
VEGA is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
XTRA is a collection of programs from various sources, all chosen for their reputation for effectiveness.