| Name | Type | Frequencies | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1N1 - Swine Flu | ETDF | 20,450,650,2210,6150,10230,15910,30280,77500,327110 | Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. The Swine flu was initially seen in humans in Mexico in 2009, where the strain of the particular virus was a mixture from 3 types of strains. Six of the genes are very similar to the H1N2 influenza virus that was found in pigs around 2000. Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, shortness of breath, and general discomfort. |
| H5N1 - Bird Flu | ETDF | 20,450,650,2740,8320,11690,25120,77010,351290,501710 | Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called HPAI A(H5N1) for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as avian influenza (bird flu). It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. It is epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (affecting animals of many species, especially over a wide area), killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of others to stem its spread. Many references to bird flu and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain. According to the World Health Organization and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and so far there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of the virus. Eleven outbreaks of H5N1 were reported worldwide in June 2008 in five countries (China, Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) compared to 65 outbreaks in June 2006, and 55 in June 2007. The global HPAI situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008, but the FAO reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and underreported. In July 2013, the WHO announced a total of 630 confirmed human cases which resulted in the deaths of 375 people since 2003. Several H5N1 vaccines have been developed and approved, and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile),Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency Research has shown that a highly contagious strain of H5N1, one that might allow airborne transmission between mammals, can be reached in only a few mutations, raising concerns about a pandemic and bioterrorism. |
| Haemonchus Contortus | HC | 386800-395000 | Parasitic GI tract nematode in cattle, sheep, and goats. |
| Haemonchus Contortus | XTRA | 958.77,974.14,979.11,12087.5,12281.25,12343.75 | Parasitic GI tract nematode in cattle, sheep, and goats. |
| Haemophilia | BIO | 845 | Hereditary bleeding disorder in which the blood does not readily clot. |
| Haemophilia Tonic | XTRA | 751,778,845 | Hereditary bleeding disorder in which the blood does not readily clot. |
| Haemophilus Influenzae | ETDF | 50,370,830,2500,3000,73300,95750,175000,269710,336410 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. Encyclopedia Entry for Haemophilus Influenzae : Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) vaccine - what you need to know. WHY GET VACCINATED? Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects children under 5 years old. It can also affect adults with certain medical conditions. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria and not know it. The germs spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the child's nose and throat, the child probably will not get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious problems. This is called invasive Hib disease. Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old in the United States. Meningitis is an infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It can lead to brain damage and deafness. Hib disease can also cause: Pneumonia Severe swelling in the throat, making it hard to breathe Infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart Death Before Hib vaccine, about 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got Hib disease each year, and about 3% to 6% of them died. Hib vaccine can prevent Hib disease. Since use of Hib vaccine began, the number of cases of invasive Hib disease has decreased by more than 99%. Many more children would get Hib disease if we stopped vaccinating. Hib VACCINE Several different brands of Hib vaccine are available. Your child will receive either 3 or 4 doses, depending on which vaccine is used. Doses of Hib vaccine are usually recommended at these ages: First dose: 2 months of age Second dose: 4 months of age Third dose: 6 months of age (if needed, depending on brand of vaccine) Final/Booster dose: 12 to 15 months of age Hib vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. Hib vaccine may be given as part of a combination vaccine. Combination vaccines are made when two or more types of vaccine are combined together into a single shot, so that one vaccination can protect against more than one disease. Children over 5 years old and adults usually do not need Hib vaccine. But it may be recommended for older children or adults with asplenia or sickle cell disease, before surgery to remove the spleen, or following a bone marrow transplant. It may also be recommended for people 5 to 18 years old with HIV. Ask your doctor for details. Your doctor or the person giving you the vaccine can give you more information. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Hib vaccine should not be given to infants younger than 6 weeks of age. A person who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a previous dose of Hib vaccine, OR has a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, should not get Hib vaccine. Tell the person giving the vaccine about any severe allergies. People who are mildly ill can get Hib vaccine. People who are moderately or severely ill should probably wait until they recover. Talk to your healthcare provider if the person getting the vaccine isn't feeling well on the day the shot is scheduled. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own. Serious reactions are also possible but are rare. Most people who get Hib vaccine do not have any problems with it. Mild problems following Hib vaccine: Redness, warmth, or swelling where the shot was given Fever These problems are uncommon. If they occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 2 or 3 days. Problems that could happen after any vaccine: Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at fewer than 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. Older children, adolescents, and adults might also experience these problems after any vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your doctor if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get severe pain in the shoulder and have difficulty moving the arm where a shot was given. This happens very rarely. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor might file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP web site at www.benefits.gov/benefits/benefit-details/641. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your doctor. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) Visit CDC's vaccines web site at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Hib immunization (vaccine) Hib immunization (vaccine). Vaccine information statement: Hib vaccine (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hib.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015. Encyclopedia Entry for Haemophilus Influenzae : Haemophilus influenzae infection. Source of disease: Haemophilus influenzae |
| Haemophilus Influenzae | HC | 336410 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. Encyclopedia Entry for Haemophilus Influenzae : Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) vaccine - what you need to know. WHY GET VACCINATED? Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects children under 5 years old. It can also affect adults with certain medical conditions. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria and not know it. The germs spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the child's nose and throat, the child probably will not get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious problems. This is called invasive Hib disease. Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old in the United States. Meningitis is an infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It can lead to brain damage and deafness. Hib disease can also cause: Pneumonia Severe swelling in the throat, making it hard to breathe Infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart Death Before Hib vaccine, about 20,000 children in the United States under 5 years old got Hib disease each year, and about 3% to 6% of them died. Hib vaccine can prevent Hib disease. Since use of Hib vaccine began, the number of cases of invasive Hib disease has decreased by more than 99%. Many more children would get Hib disease if we stopped vaccinating. Hib VACCINE Several different brands of Hib vaccine are available. Your child will receive either 3 or 4 doses, depending on which vaccine is used. Doses of Hib vaccine are usually recommended at these ages: First dose: 2 months of age Second dose: 4 months of age Third dose: 6 months of age (if needed, depending on brand of vaccine) Final/Booster dose: 12 to 15 months of age Hib vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. Hib vaccine may be given as part of a combination vaccine. Combination vaccines are made when two or more types of vaccine are combined together into a single shot, so that one vaccination can protect against more than one disease. Children over 5 years old and adults usually do not need Hib vaccine. But it may be recommended for older children or adults with asplenia or sickle cell disease, before surgery to remove the spleen, or following a bone marrow transplant. It may also be recommended for people 5 to 18 years old with HIV. Ask your doctor for details. Your doctor or the person giving you the vaccine can give you more information. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Hib vaccine should not be given to infants younger than 6 weeks of age. A person who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a previous dose of Hib vaccine, OR has a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, should not get Hib vaccine. Tell the person giving the vaccine about any severe allergies. People who are mildly ill can get Hib vaccine. People who are moderately or severely ill should probably wait until they recover. Talk to your healthcare provider if the person getting the vaccine isn't feeling well on the day the shot is scheduled. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own. Serious reactions are also possible but are rare. Most people who get Hib vaccine do not have any problems with it. Mild problems following Hib vaccine: Redness, warmth, or swelling where the shot was given Fever These problems are uncommon. If they occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 2 or 3 days. Problems that could happen after any vaccine: Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at fewer than 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. Older children, adolescents, and adults might also experience these problems after any vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your doctor if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get severe pain in the shoulder and have difficulty moving the arm where a shot was given. This happens very rarely. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor might file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP web site at www.benefits.gov/benefits/benefit-details/641. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your doctor. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) Visit CDC's vaccines web site at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Hib immunization (vaccine) Hib immunization (vaccine). Vaccine information statement: Hib vaccine (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hib.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015. Encyclopedia Entry for Haemophilus Influenzae : Haemophilus influenzae infection. Source of disease: Haemophilus influenzae |
| Haemophilus Influenzae 1 | XTRA | 832.86,833.87,21000,21025.63 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. |
| Haemophilus Influenzae 2 | XTRA | 832.86,16728.45 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. |
| Haemophilus Influenzae 3 | XTRA | 542 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. |
| Haemophilus Influenzae B | XTRA | 652,942 | Gram-negative bacterium causing Bacteremia, Pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, and Arthritis. |
| Hair Diseases | ETDF | 170,180,870,2500,27500,82500,85520,165000,692500,825520 | Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair. A few examples are Alopecia Bubble hair deformity Hair casts Hair loss hypertrichosis Ingrown hair Monilethrix Premature greying of hair Pattern hair loss Trichorrhexis invaginata Many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders. Piedra are fungal diseases. Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localised or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring. Increased hair can be due to hormonal factors (hirsutism) or non-hormonal (hypertrichosis). Scalp disorders may or may not be associated with hair loss. |
| Hair Human | BIO | 646 | The three stages of hair growth are the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Each strand of hair on the human body is at its own stage of development.The rate or speed of hair growth is about 1.25 centimetres or 0.5 inches per month, or about 15 centimetres or 6 inches per year. |
| Hair Losing | XTRA | 20,800,10000 | See Alopecia. |
| Hair Loss 1 | XTRA | 3,20,28,95,146,330,465,660,690,727.5,787,800,880,1552,2170,2720,4200,5000,10000,15000 | Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Typically inflammation or scarring is not present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress. Common types include: male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium.The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones, the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear, the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune, and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event.Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy. Less common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair, certain medications including chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition including iron deficiency.Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection, lupus erythematosus, radiation therapy, and sarcoidosis.Diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected. Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition.Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery.Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective.Hair loss is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time. |
| Hair Loss 2 | XTRA | 727,800,880,10000 | Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Typically inflammation or scarring is not present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress. Common types include: male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium.The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones, the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear, the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune, and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event.Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy. Less common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair, certain medications including chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition including iron deficiency.Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection, lupus erythematosus, radiation therapy, and sarcoidosis.Diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected. Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition.Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery.Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective.Hair loss is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time. |
| Halitosis | ETDF | 30,120,950,2500,22500,50000,126160,325290,519340,682450 | Bad breath. See Streptococcus Pneumonia, Streptococcus Aureus, Pharyngitis, Dental, Parasites General, and General Antiseptic programs. |
| Halitosis 1 | CAFL | 1550,802,880,787,727,20 | Bad breath. See Streptococcus Pneumonia, Streptococcus Aureus, Pharyngitis, Dental, Parasites General, and General Antiseptic programs. Other use: multiple sclerosis (MS) complications. |
| Hallucinations | ETDF | 100,570,1000,7500,27500,37500,96500,342060,515700,691270,756530,990500 | A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from delusional perceptions, in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional (and typically absurd) significance. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modalityvisual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject, etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together. Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens. The word hallucination itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously. Encyclopedia Entry for Hallucinations : Hallucinations. Common hallucinations can include: Feeling sensations in the body, such as a crawling feeling on the skin or the movement of internal organs. Hearing sounds, such as music, footsteps, windows or doors banging. Hearing voices when no one has spoken (the most common type of hallucination). These voices may be positive, negative, or neutral. They may command someone to do something that may cause harm to themselves or others. Seeing patterns, lights, beings, or objects that are not there. Smelling an odor. Sometimes, hallucinations are normal. For example, hearing the voice of or briefly seeing a loved one who recently died can be a part of the grieving process. There are many causes of hallucinations, including: Being drunk or high, or coming down from such drugs like marijuana , LSD , cocaine (including crack), PCP, amphetamines, heroin, ketamine, and alcohol Delirium or dementia (visual hallucinations are most common) Epilepsy that involves a part of the brain called the temporal lobe (odor hallucinations are most common) Fever, especially in children and the older people Narcolepsy (disorder that causes a person to fall into periods of deep sleep) Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and psychotic depression Sensory problem, such as blindness or deafness Severe illness, including liver failure, kidney failure , HIV/AIDS , and brain cancer. A person who begins to hallucinate and is detached from reality should get checked by a health care professional right away. Many medical and mental conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies. The person should not be left alone. Call your health care provider, go to the emergency room, or call your local emergency number (such as 911). A person who smells odors that are not there should also be evaluated by a provider. These hallucinations may be caused by a serious medical condition. Your provider will do a physical examination and take a medical history. They will also ask you questions about your hallucinations. For example, how long the hallucinations have been happening, when they occur, or whether you have been taking medicines or using alcohol or illegal drugs. Your provider may take a blood sample for testing. Treatment depends on the cause of your hallucinations. Sensory hallucinations. American Psychiatric Association. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. |
| Hallucinations | ETDF | 100,570,1000,7500,27500,37500,96500,342060,515700,691270,756530,99050 | A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from delusional perceptions, in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional (and typically absurd) significance. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modalityvisual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject, etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together. Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Encyclopedia Entry for Hallucinations : Hallucinations. Common hallucinations can include: Feeling sensations in the body, such as a crawling feeling on the skin or the movement of internal organs. Hearing sounds, such as music, footsteps, windows or doors banging. Hearing voices when no one has spoken (the most common type of hallucination). These voices may be positive, negative, or neutral. They may command someone to do something that may cause harm to themselves or others. Seeing patterns, lights, beings, or objects that are not there. Smelling an odor. Sometimes, hallucinations are normal. For example, hearing the voice of or briefly seeing a loved one who recently died can be a part of the grieving process. There are many causes of hallucinations, including: Being drunk or high, or coming down from such drugs like marijuana , LSD , cocaine (including crack), PCP, amphetamines, heroin, ketamine, and alcohol Delirium or dementia (visual hallucinations are most common) Epilepsy that involves a part of the brain called the temporal lobe (odor hallucinations are most common) Fever, especially in children and the older people Narcolepsy (disorder that causes a person to fall into periods of deep sleep) Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and psychotic depression Sensory problem, such as blindness or deafness Severe illness, including liver failure, kidney failure , HIV/AIDS , and brain cancer. A person who begins to hallucinate and is detached from reality should get checked by a health care professional right away. Many medical and mental conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies. The person should not be left alone. Call your health care provider, go to the emergency room, or call your local emergency number (such as 911). A person who smells odors that are not there should also be evaluated by a provider. These hallucinations may be caused by a serious medical condition. Your provider will do a physical examination and take a medical history. They will also ask you questions about your hallucinations. For example, how long the hallucinations have been happening, when they occur, or whether you have been taking medicines or using alcohol or illegal drugs. Your provider may take a blood sample for testing. Treatment depends on the cause of your hallucinations. Sensory hallucinations. American Psychiatric Association. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. |
| Hallucinations 1 | CAFL | 10000,880,787,727,20 | A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from delusional perceptions, in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional (and typically absurd) significance. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modalityvisual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject, etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together. Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens. The word hallucination itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously. |
| Hallucinations 2 | XTRA | 20,660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from delusional perceptions, in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional (and typically absurd) significance. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modalityvisual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject, etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together. Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens. The word hallucination itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously. |
| Hallux Valgus | ETDF | 70,240,650,5750,72250,123000,502500,622880,713230,807730 | Commonly called a bunion. |
| Hamartoma | ETDF | 70,220,730,2500,5520,50000,93500,423010,568430,642910 | Non-malignant tumor composed of normal tissue growing in a disorganized mass. |
| Hamartoma Syndrome Multiple | ETDF | 60,260,680,9000,10890,45910,125290,526160,652430,750000 | Multiple non-malignant tumors composed of normal tissue growing in a disorganized mass. |
| Hand Foot and Mouth Syndrome | BIO | 232,237,1214,1243,1244,1271,5411 | A mild viral infection in young children. May be a factor in ALS. Also see Aphthovirus, Coxsackie Viral Infections, and Enterovirus programs. |
| Hangover | CAFL | 10000,522,146 | See Kidney and Liver support programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hangover : Hangover treatment. Hangover remedies Hangover remedies. Finnell JT. Alcohol-related disease. |
| Hansen's Disease | ETDF | 170,240,790,3500,5820,48000,97500,123010,468430,592260 | Also see Leprosy programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hansen's Disease : Hansen's disease - leprosy- Mycobacterium leprae (Acid-fast positive) |
| Hansen's Disease | XTRA | 20,428,440,444,450,465,500,600,625,650,660,690,700,727.5,760,776,787,802,832,880,1500,1550,1600,1865 | Also see Leprosy programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hansen's Disease : Hansen's disease - leprosy- Mycobacterium leprae (Acid-fast positive) |
| Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | XTRA | 600 | Also see Leprosy programs. |
| Hantavirus | XTRA | 689 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Hantavirus is a virus that is found in the urine, saliva, or droppings of infected deer mice and some other wild rodents (cotton rats, rice rats in the southeastern Unites States and the white-footed mouse and the red-backed vole). It causes a rare but serious lung disease called Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Encyclopedia Entry for Hantavirus : Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) - Hantavirus (Bunyavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hantavirus : Hantavirus. Hantavirus is carried by rodents, particularly deer mice. The virus is found in their urine and feces, but it does not make the animal sick. It is believed that humans can get sick with this virus if they breathe in contaminated dust from mice nests or droppings. You may come in contact with such dust when cleaning homes, sheds, or other enclosed areas that have been empty for a long time. Hantavirus does not seem to spread from human to human. The early symptoms of hantavirus disease are similar to the flu and include: Chills Fever Muscle aches People with hantavirus may begin to feel better for a very short time. But within 1 to 2 days, it becomes hard to breathe. The disease gets worse quickly. Symptoms include: Dry cough General ill feeling ( malaise ) Headache Nausea and vomiting Shortness of breath. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal: Abnormal lung sounds as a result of inflammation Kidney failure Low blood pressure ( hypotension ) Low blood oxygen levels, which cause the skin to turn a blue color The following tests may be done: Blood tests to check for signs of hantavirus Complete blood count ( CBC ) Complete metabolic panel Kidney and liver function tests X-ray of the chest CT scan of the chest. People with hantavirus are admitted to the hospital, often to the intensive care unit (ICU). Treatments include: Oxygen Breathing tube or breathing machine in severe cases Special machines to add oxygen to the blood Other supportive care to treat symptoms. Hantavirus is a serious infection that gets worse quickly. Lung failure can occur and may lead to death. Even with aggressive treatment, more than one half of people who have this disease in their lungs die. Complications of hantavirus may include: Kidney failure Heart and lung failure These complications can lead to death. Call your provider if you develop flu-like symptoms after you come in contact with rodent droppings or rodent urine, or dust that is contaminated with these substances. Avoid exposure to rodent urine and droppings. Drink disinfected water. When camping, sleep on a ground cover and pad. Keep your home clean. Clear out potential nesting sites and clean your kitchen. If you must work in an area where contact with rodent urine or feces is possible, follow these recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): When opening an unused cabin, shed, or other building, open all the doors and windows, leave the building, and allow the space to air out for 30 minutes. Return to the building and spray the surfaces, carpet, and other areas with a disinfectant. Leave the building for another 30 minutes. Spray mouse nests and droppings with a 10% solution of chlorine bleach or similar disinfectant. Allow it to sit for 30 minutes. Using rubber gloves, place the materials in plastic bags. Seal the bags and throw them in the trash or an incinerator. Dispose of gloves and cleaning materials in the same way. Wash all potentially contaminated hard surfaces with a bleach or disinfectant solution. Avoid vacuuming until the area has been thoroughly decontaminated. Then, vacuum the first few times with enough ventilation. Surgical masks may provide some protection. If you have a heavy infestation of rodents, call a pest control company. They have special cleanup equipment and methods. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Hanta virus Hanta virus Respiratory system overview Respiratory system overview. Bente DA. California encephalitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and bunyavirus hemorrhagic fevers. Encyclopedia Entry for Hantavirus : Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). Source of disease: Sin Nombre virus |
| Hantavirus Infections | ETDF | 70,120,600,870,2250,125520,387500,525000,707500,816500 | Rodent viruses which can infect humans and cause life-threatening illnesses. |
| Harmony | XTRA | 1 | In music, harmony considers the process by which the composition of individual sounds, or superpositions of sounds, is analysed by hearing. Usually, this means simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches (tones, notes), or chords. The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Harmony is often said to refer to the vertical aspect of music, as distinguished from melodic line, or the horizontal aspect. Counterpoint, which refers to the relationship between melodic lines, and polyphony, which refers to the simultaneous sounding of separate independent voices, are thus sometimes distinguished from harmony. In popular and jazz harmony, chords are named by their root plus various terms and characters indicating their qualities. In many types of music, notably baroque, romantic, modern, and jazz, chords are often augmented with tensions. A tension is an additional chord member that creates a relatively dissonant interval in relation to the bass. Typically, in the classical common practice period a dissonant chord (chord with tension) resolves to a consonant chord. Harmonization usually sounds pleasant to the ear when there is a balance between the consonant and dissonant sounds. In simple words, that occurs when there is a balance between tense and relaxed moments. Mind |
| Hartnup Disease | ETDF | 160,550,950,5750,67250,132500,237500,391500,421220,515700 | Genetic metabolic disorder affecting absorption of essential amino acids. |
| Head Injuries 1 | XTRA | 4.9,5.79,9.59,72,160,522,660,690,727.5,787,880,3000 | Seek immediate medical attention for this. |
| Head Injuries 2 | XTRA | 4.9,5.79,9.59,72,522,727,787,880,3000 | Seek immediate medical attention for this. |
| Head Injury Follow-up | CAFL | 9.6,3000,880,787,727,522,72,5.8,4.9 | Seek immediate medical attention for this. |
| Head Top Of | XTRA | 1052 | The crown |
| Headache | ETDF | 160,550,950,7500,22500,42500,96500,275520,515700,650000 | Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches. Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment.There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the International Headache Society. Causes of headaches may include dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications, the effects of recreational drugs, viral infections, loud noises, common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, and dental or sinus issues. Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves pain medication. A headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. About half of adults have a headache in a given year.Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%). Encyclopedia Entry for Headache : Headache - what to ask your doctor. How can I tell if the headache I am having is dangerous? What are the symptoms of a tension-type headache ? A migraine headache ? A cluster headache ? What medical problems can cause headaches? What tests do I need? What changes in my lifestyle may help my headaches? Are there foods that I should stay away from that may make my headaches worse? Are there medicines or conditions in my home or work that may be causing my headaches? Will alcohol or smoking make my headaches worse? Will exercise help my headaches? What are the pain medicines that can be used for headaches? Will taking too many pain medicines make my headaches worse? What are the side effects of these medicines? Will any of these medicines make me sleepy or confused? What should I do when I feel a headache beginning? Are there medicines I can take that will stop an oncoming headache? What can I do when I have headaches at work? Are there medicines that I can take that will make my headaches come less often? What can I do about nausea or vomiting with my headaches? Are there any herbs or supplements that I can take that will help? How do I know if they are safe?. What to ask your doctor about headaches; Migraine - what to ask your doctor; Tension-type headache - what to ask your doctor; Cluster headache - what to ask your doctor. Vascular headaches Vascular headaches. Digre KB. Headaches and other head pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Headache : Headache. The most common type of headache is tension headache. It is likely caused by tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp, and jaw. A tension headache : May be related to stress, depression, anxiety, a head injury, or holding your head and neck in an abnormal position. Tends to be on both sides of your head. It often starts at the back of the head and spreads forward. The pain may feel dull or squeezing, like a tight band or vice. Your shoulders, neck, or jaw may feel tight or sore. A migraine headache involves severe pain. It usually occurs with other symptoms, such as vision changes, sensitivity to sound or light, or nausea. With a migraine: The pain may be throbbing, pounding, or pulsating. It tends to begin on one side of your head. It may spread to both sides. The headache may be associated with an aura. This is a group of warning symptoms that start before your headache. The pain usually gets worse as you try to move around. Migraines may be triggered by foods, such as chocolate, certain cheeses, or monosodium glutamate (MSG). Caffeine withdrawal, lack of sleep, and alcohol may also be triggers. Rebound headaches are headaches that keep coming back. They often occur from overuse of pain medicines. For this reason, these headaches are also called medicine overuse headaches. People who take pain medicine more than 3 days a week on a regular basis can develop this type of headache. Other types of headaches: Cluster headache is a sharp, very painful headache that occurs daily, sometimes up to several times a day for months. It then goes away for weeks to months. In some people, the headaches never come back. The headache usually lasts less than an hour. It tends to occur at the same times every day. Sinus headache causes pain in the front of the head and face. It is due to swelling in the sinus passages behind the cheeks, nose, and eyes. The pain is worse when you bend forward and when you first wake up in the morning. Headaches may occur if you have a cold, the flu, a fever, or premenstrual syndrome. Headache due to a disorder called temporal arteritis. This is a swollen, inflamed artery that supplies blood to part of the head, temple, and neck area. In rare cases, a headache can be a sign of something more serious, such as: Bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissue that covers the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage) Blood pressure that is very high Brain infection, such as meningitis or encephalitis , or abscess Brain tumor Buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling ( hydrocephalus ) Buildup of pressure inside the skull that appears to be, but is not a tumor ( pseudotumor cerebri ) Carbon monoxide poisoning Lack of oxygen during sleep ( sleep apnea ) Problems with the blood vessels and bleeding in the brain, such as arteriovenous malformation (AVM), brain aneurysm , or stroke. There are things you can do to manage headaches at home, especially migraines or tension headaches. Try to treat the symptoms right away. When migraine symptoms begin: Drink water to avoid getting dehydrated, especially if you have vomited. Rest in a quiet, dark room. Place a cool cloth on your head. Use any relaxation techniques you have learned. A headache diary can help you identify your headache triggers. When you get a headache, write down the following: Day and time the pain began What you ate and drank over the past 24 hours How much you slept What you were doing and where you were right before the pain started How long the headache lasted and what made it stop Review your diary with your health care provider to identify triggers or a pattern to your headaches. This can help you and your provider create a treatment plan. Knowing your triggers can help you avoid them. Your provider may have already prescribed medicine to treat your type of headache. If so, take the medicine as instructed. For tension headaches, try acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen. Talk to your provider if you are taking pain medicines 3 or more days a week. Some headaches may be a sign of a more serious illness. Seek medical help right away for any of the following: This is the first headache you have ever had in your life and it interferes with your daily activities. Your headache comes on suddenly and is explosive or violent. Your headache is 'the worst ever,' even if you regularly get headaches. You also have slurred speech, a change in vision, problems moving your arms or legs, loss of balance, confusion, or memory loss with your headache. Your headache gets worse over 24 hours. You also have a fever, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting with your headache. Your headache occurs with a head injury. Your headache is severe and just in one eye, with redness in that eye. You just started getting headaches, especially if you are older than 50. Your headaches are associated with vision problems, pain while chewing, or weight loss. You have a history of cancer or immune system problem (such as HIV/AIDS) and develop a new headache. Your provider will take a medical history and will examine your head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck, and nervous system. Your provider will ask many questions to learn about your headaches. Diagnosis is usually based on your history of symptoms. Tests may include: Blood tests or a lumbar puncture if you may have an infection Head CT scan or MRI if you have any danger signs or you have been having headaches for a while Sinus x-rays CT or MR angiography. Pain - head; Rebound headaches; Medication overuse headaches; Medicine overuse headaches. Headache - what to ask your doctor. Brain Brain Headache Headache. Digre KB. Headaches and other head pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Headache : Headaches - danger signs. Problems with blood vessels and bleeding in the brain can cause a headache. These problems include: Abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain that usually forms before birth. This problem is called an arteriovenous malformation , or AVM. Blood flow to part of the brain stops. This is called a stroke. Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel that can break open and bleed into the brain. This is known as a brain aneurysm. Bleeding in the brain. This is called an intracerebral hematoma. Bleeding around the brain. This can be a subarachnoid hemorrhage , a subdural hematoma , or an epidural hematoma. Other causes of headaches that should be checked by a health care provider right away include: Acute hydrocephalus , which results from an interruption of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Blood pressure that is very high. Brain tumor. Brain swelling (brain edema) from altitude sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, or acute brain injury. Buildup of pressure inside the skull that appears to be, but is not, a tumor ( pseudotumor cerebri ). Infection in the brain or the tissue that surrounds the brain , as well as a brain abscess. Swollen, inflamed artery that supplies blood to part of the head, temple, and neck area ( temporal arteritis ). If you cannot see your provider right away, go to the emergency room or call 911 if: This is the first severe headache you have ever had in your life and it interferes with your daily activities. You develop a headache right after activities such as weightlifting, aerobics, jogging, or sex. Your headache comes on suddenly and is explosive or violent. Your headache is 'the worst ever,' even if you regularly get headaches. You also have slurred speech, a change in vision, problems moving your arms or legs, loss of balance, confusion, or memory loss with your headache. Your headache gets worse over 24 hours. You also have fever, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting with your headache. Your headache occurs with a head injury. Your headache is severe and just in one eye, with redness in that eye. You just started getting headaches, especially if your are older than 50. You have headaches along with vision problems and pain while chewing, or weight loss. You have a history of cancer and develop a new headache. Your immune system is weakened by disease (such as HIV infection) or by medicines (such as chemotherapy drugs and steroids). See your provider soon if: Your headaches wake you up from sleep. A headache lasts more than a few days. Headaches are worse in the morning. You have a history of headaches but they have changed in pattern or intensity. You have headaches often and there is no known cause. Migraine headache - danger signs; Tension headache - danger signs; Cluster headache - danger signs; Vascular headache - danger signs. Headache Headache Tension-type headache Tension-type headache CT scan of the brain CT scan of the brain Migraine headache Migraine headache. Digre KB. Headaches and other head pain. |
| Headaches | XTRA | 10,1.2,304 | Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches. Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment.There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the International Headache Society. Causes of headaches may include dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications, the effects of recreational drugs, viral infections, loud noises, common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, and dental or sinus issues. Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves pain medication. A headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. About half of adults have a headache in a given year.Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%). Encyclopedia Entry for Headaches : Headaches - danger signs. Problems with blood vessels and bleeding in the brain can cause a headache. These problems include: Abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain that usually forms before birth. This problem is called an arteriovenous malformation , or AVM. Blood flow to part of the brain stops. This is called a stroke. Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel that can break open and bleed into the brain. This is known as a brain aneurysm. Bleeding in the brain. This is called an intracerebral hematoma. Bleeding around the brain. This can be a subarachnoid hemorrhage , a subdural hematoma , or an epidural hematoma. Other causes of headaches that should be checked by a health care provider right away include: Acute hydrocephalus , which results from an interruption of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Blood pressure that is very high. Brain tumor. Brain swelling (brain edema) from altitude sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, or acute brain injury. Buildup of pressure inside the skull that appears to be, but is not, a tumor ( pseudotumor cerebri ). Infection in the brain or the tissue that surrounds the brain , as well as a brain abscess. Swollen, inflamed artery that supplies blood to part of the head, temple, and neck area ( temporal arteritis ). If you cannot see your provider right away, go to the emergency room or call 911 if: This is the first severe headache you have ever had in your life and it interferes with your daily activities. You develop a headache right after activities such as weightlifting, aerobics, jogging, or sex. Your headache comes on suddenly and is explosive or violent. Your headache is 'the worst ever,' even if you regularly get headaches. You also have slurred speech, a change in vision, problems moving your arms or legs, loss of balance, confusion, or memory loss with your headache. Your headache gets worse over 24 hours. You also have fever, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting with your headache. Your headache occurs with a head injury. Your headache is severe and just in one eye, with redness in that eye. You just started getting headaches, especially if your are older than 50. You have headaches along with vision problems and pain while chewing, or weight loss. You have a history of cancer and develop a new headache. Your immune system is weakened by disease (such as HIV infection) or by medicines (such as chemotherapy drugs and steroids). See your provider soon if: Your headaches wake you up from sleep. A headache lasts more than a few days. Headaches are worse in the morning. You have a history of headaches but they have changed in pattern or intensity. You have headaches often and there is no known cause. Migraine headache - danger signs; Tension headache - danger signs; Cluster headache - danger signs; Vascular headache - danger signs. Headache Headache Tension-type headache Tension-type headache CT scan of the brain CT scan of the brain Migraine headache Migraine headache. Digre KB. Headaches and other head pain. |
| Headaches 1 | CAFL | 144,160,1.2,520,10,10000,304 | Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches. Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment.There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the International Headache Society. Causes of headaches may include dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications, the effects of recreational drugs, viral infections, loud noises, common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, and dental or sinus issues. Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves pain medication. A headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. About half of adults have a headache in a given year.Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%). |
| Headaches 2 | XTRA | 1.19,10,144,160,304,520,10000 | Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches. Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment.There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the International Headache Society. Causes of headaches may include dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications, the effects of recreational drugs, viral infections, loud noises, common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, and dental or sinus issues. Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves pain medication. A headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. About half of adults have a headache in a given year.Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%). |
| Headaches Biliary | XTRA | 3.5,8.5 | Headache caused by gallstones |
| Headaches Comp | XTRA | 1.19,4,4.9,5.79,6.29,7.83,9.39,9.59,10,20,73,95,125,144,146,160,304,520,522,600,625,650,727,787,880,3000,10000 | Headache From Computer. Headaches from computers are often caused by computer vision syndrome (CVS). If you spend extended periods of time on your computer you might get a headache due to glare on the screen, poor lighting in your workspace, improper computer brightness and color, or a combination of these factors. |
| Headaches Due to Parasites | CAFL | 125,95,73,20,727,3000 | See Strongyloides programs. |
| Headaches Due to Toxicity | CAFL | 522,146,4.9,3000,880,787,727,20 | Toxic headache headache due to systemic poisoning or associated with illness. |
| Headaches Parasites 1 | XTRA | 20,73,95,125,727,3000 | See Strongyloides programs. |
| Headaches Parasites 2 | XTRA | 1.1,1.19,20,72,73,95,125,160,250,660,690,727.5,3000 | See Strongyloides programs. |
| Headaches Unknown Cause | CAFL | 10,4,5.8,6.3,7.83,3000,650,625,600 | luster headaches generally aren't triggered by certain factors, like stress or hormonal changes, the way tension headaches and migraines can be.Tension headaches: Anyone can get a tension headache, which is caused by muscle tightness in the head, neck, or scalp, according to MedlinePlus. |
| Headaches Urogenital 1 | XTRA | 1.19,9.39,9.4,160,250,333,523,555,768,786,3000 | The most common cause of headache doctors call intoxication of the organism, which may be related to poisoning low-quality food, an active breeding virus (remember how a headache for the flu), constipation, gastritis and other What diseases can be diagnosed as nail abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract and urogenital system. |
| Headaches Urogenital 2 | XTRA | 9.39,3000 | The most common cause of headache doctors call intoxication of the organism, which may be related to poisoning low-quality food, an active breeding virus (remember how a headache for the flu), constipation, gastritis and other What diseases can be diagnosed as nail abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract and urogenital system. |
| Headaches Vertebral Misalignment | CAFL | 9.6,3000 | Not a substitute for chiropractic adjustment. |
| Headaches Vertebral Misalignment 1 | XTRA | 9.59,3000 | Not a substitute for chiropractic adjustment. |
| Headaches Vertebral Misalignment 2 | XTRA | 1.19,9.59,160,250,3000 | Not a substitute for chiropractic adjustment. |
| Healing | XTRA | 10.5,360 | healing is a complex and dynamic process of replacing devitalized and missing cellular structures and tissue layers. |
| Healing 1 | XTRA | 1026,1537,2029 | General healing. |
| Healing 2 | XTRA | 1549,3642,7055 | General healing. |
| Healing 3 | XTRA | 8 | General healing. Other use: enhance relaxation. |
| Healing Acceleration | XTRA | 20,26,33,39,45,78.29,140,200,300,330,450,783,900 | This process of wound healing has four distinct phases that overlap with each other; haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. |
| Healing and Regeneration 1 | CAFL | 2720,266,47 | Healing and Regeneration is the proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost tissues whereas repair is a fibroproliferative response in a combination of regeneratation and scar formation. |
| Healing and Regeneration 2 | XTRA | 47,2720 | proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost tissues whereas repair is a fibroproliferative response in a combination of regeneratation and scar formation. |
| Healing Frequency Russian | XTRA | 59.3 | General healing frequency. |
| Healing General | XTRA | 9,8 | This process of wound healing has four distinct phases that overlap with each other; haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. |
| Healing Infinite | XTRA | 1638,2444,3127 | The Infinity Healing Practice, created by Gabrielli LaChiara, is a body of teachings, tools, and activations that allow people to experience profound shifts in consciousness, creating greater ease and lightness in the body, mind and spirit. |
| Healing Special | XTRA | 5.8,8.01,9.6,59.3,148,216,266,2720,3000,20000 | General healing program |
| Hearing Disorders | ETDF | 40,500,930,2250,5290,30000,142500,350000,422060,775290 | Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear. A deaf person has little to no hearing. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to learn spoken language and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors, including: genetics, ageing, exposure to noise, some infections, birth complications, trauma to the ear, and certain medications or toxins. A common condition that results in hearing loss is chronic ear infections. Certain infections during pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus, syphilis and rubella, may also cause hearing loss in the child. Hearing loss is diagnosed when hearing testing finds that a person is unable to hear 25 decibels in at least one ear. Testing for poor hearing is recommended for all newborns. Hearing loss can be categorized as mild (25 to 40 dB), moderate (41 to 55 dB), moderate-severe (56 to 70 dB), severe (71 to 90 dB), or profound (greater than 90 dB). There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable through public health measures. Such practices include immunization, proper care around pregnancy, avoiding loud noise, and avoiding certain medications. The World Health Organization recommends that young people limit the use of personal audio players to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise. Early identification and support are particularly important in children. For many hearing aids, sign language, cochlear implants and subtitles are useful. Lip reading is another useful skill some develop. Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world. As of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1.1 billion people to some degree. It causes disability in 5% (360 to 538 million) and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people. Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries. Of those with hearing loss, it began during childhood for 65 million. Those who use sign language and are members of Deaf culture see themselves as having a difference rather than an illness. Most members of Deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deafness and some within this community view cochlear implants with concern as they have the potential to eliminate their culture. The term hearing impairment is often viewed negatively as it emphasises what people cannot do. |
| Hearing Disorders | KHZ | 10,500,930,2250,5290,30000,142500,350000,422060,775290 | Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear. A deaf person has little to no hearing. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to learn spoken language and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors, including: genetics, ageing, exposure to noise, some infections, birth complications, trauma to the ear, and certain medications or toxins. A common condition that results in hearing loss is chronic ear infections. Certain infections during pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus, syphilis and rubella, may also cause hearing loss in the child. Hearing loss is diagnosed when hearing testing finds that a person is unable to hear 25 decibels in at least one ear. Testing for poor hearing is recommended for all newborns. Hearing loss can be categorized as mild (25 to 40 dB), moderate (41 to 55 dB), moderate-severe (56 to 70 dB), severe (71 to 90 dB), or profound (greater than 90 dB). There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable through public health measures. Such practices include immunization, proper care around pregnancy, avoiding loud noise, and avoiding certain medications. The World Health Organization recommends that young people limit the use of personal audio players to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise. Early identification and support are particularly important in children. For many hearing aids, sign language, cochlear implants and subtitles are useful. Lip reading is another useful skill some develop. Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world. As of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1.1 billion people to some degree. It causes disability in 5% (360 to 538 million) and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people. Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries. Of those with hearing loss, it began during childhood for 65 million. Those who use sign language and are members of Deaf culture see themselves as having a difference rather than an illness. Most members of Deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deafness and some within this community view cochlear implants with concern as they have the potential to eliminate their culture. The term hearing impairment is often viewed negatively as it emphasises what people cannot do. |
| Hearing Loss Sudden | ETDF | 40,500,950,2250,10530,105910,242500,391280,425520,815290 | Sudden sensorineural (inner ear) hearing loss (SSHL), commonly known as sudden deafness, is an unexplained, rapid loss of hearing either all at once or over a few days. Encyclopedia Entry for Hearing Loss Sudden : Hearing Loss Sudden. Can be caused by Herpes Zoster. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Heart | XTRA | 10.5,6 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heartland fever - Heartland virus (phlebovirus)- transmitted by lone star tick- only two reported cases in Northwest Missouri Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart and vascular services. The heart's main job is to pump oxygen-rich blood to the body after it pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. It normally does this 60 to 100 times a minute, 24 hours a day. The heart is made of four chambers: The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body. That blood then flows into the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. From there, the blood flows into the left ventricle, which pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body. Together, the arteries and veins are referred to as the vascular system. In general, arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body. It plays an important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise, and stress. It also helps maintain body temperature, among other things. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Cardiovascular medicine refers to the branch of health care that specializes in the treatment of diseases or conditions dealing with the heart and vascular systems. Common disorders include: Abdominal aortic aneurysm Congenital heart defects Coronary artery disease , including angina and heart attack Heart failure Heart valve problems High blood pressure and high cholesterol Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Stroke Physicians involved in the treatment of circulatory or vascular diseases include: Cardiologists: Doctors who have received extra training in the treatment of heart and vascular disorders Vascular surgeons: Doctors who have received extra training in blood vessel surgery Cardiac surgeons: Doctors who have received extra training in heart-related surgery Primary care doctors Other health care providers who are involved in the treatment of circulatory or vascular diseases include: Nurse practitioners (NPs) or physician assistants (PAs), who focus on heart and vascular diseases Nutritionists or dietitians Nurses who receive special training in the management of patients with these disorders Imaging tests that may be done to diagnose, monitor or treat diseases of the circulatory and vascular system include: Cardiac CT Cardiac MRI Coronary angiography CT angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Echocardiogram PET scan of the heart Stress tests (many different types of stress tests exist) Vascular ultrasound, such as carotid ultrasound Venous ultrasound of the arms and legs SURGERIES AND INTERVENTIONS Less invasive procedures may be done to diagnose, monitor or treat diseases of the heart and vascular system. In most of these types of procedures, a catheter is inserted through the skin into a large blood vessel. In most cases, such procedures do not need general anesthesia. Patients often do not need to stay in the hospital overnight. They recover in 1 to 3 days and can most often return to their normal activities within a week. Such procedures include: Ablation therapy to treat cardiac arrhythmias Angiogram (using x-rays and injected contrast dye to evaluate blood vessels) Angioplasty (using a small balloon to open a narrowing in a blood vessel) with or without stent placement Cardiac catheterization (measuring pressures in and around the heart) Heart surgery may be needed to treat certain heart or blood vessel problems. This may include: Heart transplant Insertion of pacemakers or defibrillators Open and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery Repair or replacement of heart valves Surgical treatment of congenital heart defects Vascular surgery refers to surgical procedures that are used to treat or diagnose problems in a blood vessel, such as a blockage or rupture. Such procedures include: Arterial bypass grafts Endarterectomies Repair of aneurysms (dilated/enlarged portions) of the aorta and its branches Procedures may also be used to treat arteries that supply the brain, kidneys, intestines, arms and legs. CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION Cardiac rehabilitation is therapy used to prevent heart disease from getting worse. It is usually recommended after major heart-related events such as a heart attack or cardiac surgery. It may include: Cardiovascular risk assessments Health screenings and wellness exams Nutrition and lifestyle counseling, including smoking cessation and diabetes education Supervised exercise. Circulatory system; Vascular system; Cardiovascular system. Bope ET, Kellerman RD. The cardiovascular system. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart attack - discharge. You were in the hospital because you had a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked long enough that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. Acute MI. You may feel sad. You may feel anxious and as though you have to be very careful about what you do. All of these feelings are normal. They go away for most people after 2 or 3 weeks. You may also feel tired when you leave the hospital to go home. You should know the signs and symptoms of angina. You may feel pressure, squeezing, burning, or tightness in your chest. You may also notice these symptoms in your arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, throat, or back. Some people also feel discomfort in their back, shoulders, and stomach area. You may have indigestion or feel sick to your stomach. You may feel tired and be short of breath, sweaty, lightheaded, or weak. You may have angina during physical activity, such as climbing stairs or walking uphill, lifting, sexual activity, or when you are out in cold weather. It can also happen when you are resting or it can wake you up when you are sleeping. Know how to treat your chest pain when it happens. Talk with your health care provider about what to do. Take it easy for the first 4 to 6 weeks. Avoid heavy lifting. Get some help with household chores if you can. Take 30 to 60 minutes to rest in the afternoon for first 4 to 6 weeks. Try to go to bed early and get plenty of sleep. Before starting to exercise , your provider may have you do an exercise test and recommend an exercise plan. This may happen before you leave the hospital or soon afterward. DO NOT change your exercise plan before talking with your provider. Your provider may refer you to cardiac rehabilitation program. There, you will learn how to slowly increase your exercise and how to take care of your heart disease. You should be able to talk comfortably when you are doing any activity, such as walking, setting the table, and doing laundry. If you cannot, stop the activity. Ask your provider about when you can return to work. Expect to be away from work for at least a week. Talk to your provider before engaging in sexual activity. Ask your provider when it is OK to start again. DO NOT take Viagra, Levitra, Cialis or any herbal remedy for erection problems without checking with your provider first. How long you will have to wait to return to your normal activities will depend on: Your physical condition before your heart attack The size of your heart attack If you had complications The overall speed of your recovery. DO NOT drink any alcohol for at least 2 weeks. Ask your provider when you may start. Limit how much you drink. Women should have only 1 drink a day, and men should have no more than 2 a day. Try to drink alcohol only when you are eating. If you smoke, stop. Ask your provider for help quitting if you need it. DO NOT let anybody smoke in your home, since second-hand smoke can harm you. Try to stay away from things that are stressful for you. If you are feeling stressed all the time, or if you are feeling very sad, talk with your provider. They can refer you to a counselor. Learn more about what you should eat to make your heart and blood vessels healthier. Avoid salty foods. Stay away from fast food restaurants. Have your drug prescriptions filled before you go home. It is very important that you take your drugs the way your provider told you to. DO NOT take any other drugs or herbal supplements without asking your provider first if they are safe for you. Take your medicines with water. DO NOT take them with grapefruit juice, since it may change how your body absorbs certain medicines. Ask your provider or pharmacist for more information about this. The medicines below are given to most people after they have had a heart attack. Sometimes there is a reason they may not be safe to take, though. These medicines help prevent another heart attack. Talk with your provider if you are not already on any of these medicines: Antiplatelets drugs (blood thinners), such as aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), prasugrel (Efient), or ticagrelor (Brilinta) to help keep your blood from clotting. Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitor medicines to help protect your heart. Statins or other drugs to lower your cholesterol. DO NOT suddenly stop taking these medicines for your heart. DO NOT stop taking medicines for your diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other medical conditions you may have without talking with your provider first. If you are taking a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin), you may need to have extra blood tests on a regular basis to make sure your dose is correct. Call your provider if you feel: Pain, pressure, tightness, or heaviness in your chest, arm, neck, or jaw Shortness of breath Gas pains or indigestion Numbness in your arms Sweaty, or if you lose color Lightheaded Changes in your angina may mean your heart disease is getting worse. Call your provider if your angina: Becomes stronger Happens more often Lasts longer Occurs when you are not active or when you are resting Medicines do not help ease your symptoms as well as they used to. Myocardial infarction - discharge; MI - discharge; Coronary event - discharge; Infarct - discharge; Acute coronary syndrome - discharge; ACS - discharge. Acute MI Acute MI. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-e228. PMID: 25260718 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126(25):e354-e471. PMID: 23166211 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211. Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart attack - what to ask your doctor. What are the signs and symptoms that I am having angina? Will I always have the same symptoms? What are the activities that can cause me to have angina? How should I treat my chest pain or angina when it happens? When should I call the doctor? When should I call 911? How much activity is ok for me? Can I walk around the house? Is it ok to go up and down stairs? When can I start light housework or cooking? How much can I lift or carry? How much sleep do I need? Which activities are better to start with? Are there activities that are not safe for me? Is it safe for me to exercise on my own? Should I exercise inside or outside? How long and how hard can I exercise? Do I need to have a stress test? Do I need to go to a cardiac rehabilitation program? When can I return to work? Are there limits on what I can do at work? What should I do if I feel sad or very worried about my heart disease? How can I change the way I live to make my heart healthier? What is a heart-healthy diet? Is it ok to ever eat something that is not heart healthy? How can I make heart-healthy choices when I go eat out? Is it OK to drink alcohol? How much? Is it OK to be around other people who are smoking? Is my blood pressure normal? What is my cholesterol? Do l need to take medicines for it? Is it OK to be sexually active? Is it safe to use sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), or tadalafil (Cialis) for erection problems? What medicines am I taking to treat angina? Do they have any side effects? What should I do if I miss a dose? Is it ever safe to stop taking any of these medicines on my own? If I am taking a blood thinner such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), can I use medicines such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) for arthritis, headaches, or other pain problems?. What to ask your doctor about your heart attack. Acute MI Acute MI. Anderson JL. St segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart attack first aid. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that carries oxygen to the heart is blocked. The heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen and begins to die. Symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person. They may be mild or severe. Women, older adults, and people with diabetes are more likely to have subtle or unusual symptoms. Symptoms in adults may include: Changes in mental status, especially in older adults. Chest pain that feels like pressure, squeezing, or fullness. The pain is most often in the center of the chest. It may also be felt in the jaw, shoulder, arms, back, and stomach. It can last for more than a few minutes, or come and go. Cold sweat. Lightheadedness. Nausea (more common in women). Numbness, aching, or tingling in the arm (usually the left arm, but the right arm may be affected alone, or along with the left). Shortness of breath. Weakness or fatigue, especially in older adults and in women. If you think someone is having a heart attack: Have the person sit down, rest, and try to keep calm. Loosen any tight clothing. Ask if the person takes any chest pain medicine, such as nitroglycerin, for a known heart condition, and help them take it. If the pain does not go away promptly with rest or within 3 minutes of taking nitroglycerin, call for emergency medical help. If the person is unconscious and unresponsive, call 911 (or your local emergency number), then begin CPR. If an infant or child is unconscious and unresponsive, perform 1 minute of CPR, then call 911. Do NOT leave the person alone except to call for help, if necessary. Do NOT allow the person to deny the symptoms and convince you not to call for emergency help. Do NOT wait to see if the symptoms go away. Do NOT give the person anything by mouth unless a heart medicine (such as nitroglycerin) has been prescribed. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person: Does not respond to you Is not breathing Has sudden chest pain or other symptoms of a heart attack. Adults should take steps to control heart disease risk factors whenever possible. If you smoke, quit. Smoking more than doubles the chance of developing heart disease. Keep blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes in good control and follow your health care provider's orders. Lose weight if obese or overweight. Get regular exercise to improve heart health. (Talk to your provider before starting any new fitness program.) Eat a heart-healthy diet. Limit saturated fats, red meat, and sugars. Increase your intake of chicken, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, and whole grains. Your provider can help you tailor a diet specific to your needs. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. One drink a day is associated with reducing the rate of heart attacks, but two or more drinks a day can damage the heart and cause other medical problems. First aid - heart attack; First aid - cardiopulmonary arrest; First aid - cardiac arrest. Heart attack symptoms Heart attack symptoms Symptoms of heart attack Symptoms of heart attack. Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(7):645-681. PMID: 22809746 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809746. Kurz MC, Mattu A, Brady WJ. Acute coronary syndrome. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart attack. A substance called plaque can build up in the walls of your coronary arteries. This plaque is made up of cholesterol and other cells. A heart attack may occur when: A tear in the plaque occurs. This triggers blood platelets and other substances to form a blood clot at the site that blocks most or all of the oxygen-carrying blood from flowing to a part of the heart muscle. This is the most common cause of heart attack. A slow buildup of plaque may narrow one of the coronary arteries so that it is almost blocked. In either case, there is not enough blood flow to the heart muscle and heart muscle dies. The cause of heart attack is not always known. Progressive build-up of plaque in coronary artery Heart attack may occur: When you are resting or asleep After a sudden increase in physical activity When you are active outside in cold weather After sudden, severe emotional or physical stress, including an illness Many risk factors may lead to the development of plaque buildup and a heart attack. A heart attack is a medical emergency. If you have symptoms of a heart attack, call 911 or your local emergency number right away. DO NOT try to drive yourself to the hospital. DO NOT WAIT. You are at greatest risk of sudden death in the early hours of a heart attack. Chest pain is the most common symptom of a heart attack. You may feel the pain in only one part of your body OR Pain may move from your chest to your arms, shoulder, neck, teeth, jaw, belly area, or back Heart attack symptoms The pain can be severe or mild. It can feel like: A tight band around the chest Bad indigestion Something heavy sitting on your chest Squeezing or heavy pressure The pain most often lasts longer than 20 minutes. Rest and a medicine to relax the blood vessels (called nitroglycerin) may not completely relieve the pain of a heart attack. Symptoms may also go away and come back. Other symptoms of a heart attack can include: Anxiety Cough Fainting Lightheadedness, dizziness Nausea and vomiting Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating too fast or irregularly) Shortness of breath Sweating , which may be very heavy Some people (the older adults, people with diabetes, and women) may have little or no chest pain. Or, they may have unusual symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and weakness. A 'silent heart attack' is a heart attack with no symptoms. A health care provider will perform a physical exam and listen to your chest using a stethoscope. The provider may hear abnormal sounds in your lungs (called crackles), a heart murmur , or other abnormal sounds. You may have a fast or uneven pulse. Your blood pressure may be normal, high, or low. You will have an electrocardiogram (ECG) to look for heart damage. Most of the time, certain changes on the ECG indicate you are having a heart attack. Sometimes these changes are not present, even though other tests indicate you have had a heart attack. This can be called non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). A blood test can show if you have heart tissue damage. This test can confirm that you are having a heart attack. You will likely have this test 3 times over the first 6 to 12 hours. Coronary angiography may be done right away or when you are more stable. This test uses a special dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through your heart. It can help your doctor decide which treatments you need next. Other tests to look at your heart that may be done while you are in the hospital: Echocardiography with or with stress testing Exercise stress test Nuclear stress test Heart CT scan or heart MRI. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT You will be hooked up to a heart monitor, so the health care team can see how regularly your heart is beating. You will receive oxygen so that your heart doesn't have to work as hard. An intravenous line (IV) will be placed into one of your veins. Medicines and fluids pass through this IV. You may get nitroglycerin and morphine to help reduce chest pain. You may receive aspirin, unless it would not be safe for you. In that case, you will be given another medicine that prevents blood clots. Dangerous abnormal heartbeats ( arrhythmias ) may be treated with medicine or electric shocks. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Angioplasty is often the first choice of treatment. It should be done within 90 minutes after you get to the hospital, and usually no later than 12 hours after a heart attack. A stent is a small, metal mesh tube that opens up (expands) inside a coronary artery. A stent is usually placed after or during angioplasty. It helps prevent the artery from closing up again. You may be given drugs to break up the clot. This is called thrombolytic therapy. It is best if these drugs are given soon after the onset of symptoms, usually no later than 12 hours after it and ideally within 30 minutes of arriving to the hospital. Some people may also have heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This procedure is also called coronary artery bypass grafting and/or open heart surgery. TREATMENT AFTER A HEART ATTACK After several days, you will be discharged from the hospital. You will likely need to take medicines, some for the rest of your life. Always talk to your provider before stopping or changing how you take any medicines. Stopping certain medicines can be deadly. While under the care of your health care team, you will learn: How to take medicines to treat your heart problem and prevent more heart attacks How to eat a heart-healthy diet How to be active and exercise safely What to do when you have chest pain How to stop smoking Strong emotions are common after a heart attack. You may feel sad You may feel anxious and worry about being careful about everything you do All of these feelings are normal. They go away for most people after 2 or 3 weeks. You may also feel tired when you leave the hospital to go home. Most people who have had a heart attack take part in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Many people benefit from taking part in support groups for people with heart disease. After a heart attack, you have a higher chance of having another heart attack. How well you do after a heart attack depends on several factors such as: The amount of damage to your heart muscle and heart valves Where that damage is located Your medical care after the heart attack If your heart can no longer pump blood out to your body as well as it used to, you may develop heart failure. Abnormal heart rhythms can occur, and they can be life threatening. Most people can slowly go back to normal activities after a heart attack. This includes sexual activity. Talk to your provider about how much activity is good for you. Myocardial infarction; MI; Acute MI; ST - elevation myocardial infarction; Non-ST - elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI; CAD - heart attack; Coronary artery disease - heart attack. Angioplasty and stent - heart - discharge Cholesterol - drug treatment Cholesterol - what to ask your doctor Heart attack - discharge Heart attack - what to ask your doctor Heart failure - what to ask your doctor High blood pressure - what to ask your doctor Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor Taking warfarin (Coumadin). Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view Progressive build-up of plaque in coronary artery Progressive build-up of plaque in coronary artery Acute MI Acute MI Post myocardial infarction ECG wave tracings Post myocardial infarction ECG wave tracings Posterior heart arteries Posterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Heart attack symptoms Heart attack symptoms Jaw pain and heart attacks Jaw pain and heart attacks. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-e228. PMID: 25260718 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718. Anderson JL. ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart block. Heart block may be caused by: Medicine side effects. Heart block can be a side effect of digitalis, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other medicines. A heart attack that damages the electrical system in the heart. Heart diseases, such as heart valve disease and cardiac sarcoidosis. Some infections, such as Lyme disease. Heart surgery. You may have heart block because you were born with it. You are more at risk for this if: You have a heart defect. Your mother has an autoimmune disease, such as lupus. Talk to your health care provider about your symptoms. The symptoms are different for first, second, and third-degree heart block. You may not have any symptoms for first-degree heart block. You may not know you have heart block until it shows up on a test called an electrocardiogram (ECG). If you have second-degree or third-degree heart block, symptoms may include: Chest pain Dizziness Feeling faint Tiredness Heart palpitations -- Palpitations are when your heart feels like it is pounding, beating irregularly, or racing. Your provider will most likely send you to a heart doctor (cardiologist) to check for heart block. The cardiologist will talk to you about your medical history and the medicines you are taking. The cardiologist will also: Do a complete physical exam. The provider will check you for signs of heart failure, such as swollen ankles and feet. Do an ECG test to check the electrical signals in your heart. You may need to wear a heart monitor for 24 to 48 hours or longer to check the electrical signals in your heart. The treatment for heart block depends on the type of heart block you have and the cause. If you do not have serious symptoms and have a milder type of heart block, you will most likely need to: Have regular checkups with your provider. Check your pulse every day. Be aware of your symptoms and know when to call your provider if symptoms change. If you have second- or third-degree heart block, you may need a pacemaker to help your heart beat regularly. A pacemaker is smaller than a deck of cards and may be as small as a wristwatch. It is put inside the skin on your chest. It gives off electrical signals to make your heart beat at a regular rate and rhythm. Sometimes, if the heart block is expected to resolve in a day or so, a temporary pacemaker will be used. This type of device is not implanted in the body. Instead a wire may be inserted through a vein and directed to the heart and connected to the pacemaker. A temporary pacemaker may also be used in an emergency before a permanent pacemaker can be implanted. Heart block caused by a heart attack or heart surgery may go away as you recover. If medicine is causing heart block, changing medicines can fix the problem. DO NOT stop taking any medicine unless your provider tells you to do so. With regular monitoring and treatment, you should be able to keep up most of all of your usual activities. Heart block may increase the risk for: Other kinds of heart rhythm problems ( arrhythmias ), such as atrial fibrillation. Talk to your provider about symptoms of other arrhythmias. Heart attack. If you have a pacemaker, you cannot be near magnetic fields. You need to let people know that you have a pacemaker. DO NOT go through the usual security station at an airport, courthouse, or other place that requires people to walk through a security screening. Tell the security personnel you have a pacemaker and ask for an alternate type of security screening. DO NOT get an MRI without telling the MRI technician about your pacemaker. Call your provider if you feel: Dizzy Weak Faint Racing heart beat Skipped heart beat Chest pain Call your provider if you have signs of heart failure: Weakness Swollen legs, ankles, or feet Feel short of breath. AV Block; Arrhythmia; First-degree heart block; Second-degree heart block; Mobitz type 1; Wenckebach's block; Mobitz type II; Third-degree heart block; Pacemaker - heart block. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J AmColl Cardiol. 2013;61(3):e6-e75. PMID: 23265327 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265327. Olgin JE, Zipes DP. Specific arrhythmias: diagnosis and treatment. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart bypass surgery - discharge. Your surgeon took a vein or artery from another part of your body to create a detour, or bypass, around an artery that was blocked and could not bring enough blood to your heart. Your surgery was done through an incision (cut) in your chest. If the surgeon went through your breastbone, the surgeon repaired it with wire and a metal plate, and your skin was closed with stitches. You also had an incision made in your leg or arm, where the vein was taken to be used for the bypass. After surgery, it takes 4 to 6 weeks to completely heal and start feeling better. It is normal to: Have pain in your chest area around your incision Have a poor appetite for 2 to 4 weeks Have mood swings and feel depressed Have swelling in the leg that the vein graft was taken from Feel itchy, numb, or tingly around the incisions on your chest and leg for 6 months or more Have trouble sleeping at night Be constipated from pain medicines Have trouble with short-term memory or feel confused ('fuzzy-headed') Be tired or not have much energy Have some shortness of breath. This may be worse if you also have lung problems. Some patients may use oxygen when they go home. Have weakness in your arms for the first month. You should have someone stay with you in your home for at least the first 1 to 2 weeks after surgery. Learn how to check your pulse, and check it every day. Taking your carotid pulse Radial pulse Do the breathing exercises you learned in the hospital for 4 to 6 weeks. Shower every day, washing the incision gently with soap and water. DO NOT swim, soak in a hot tub, or take baths until your incision is completely healed. Follow a heart-healthy diet. If you feel depressed, talk with your family and friends. Ask your health care provider about getting help from a counselor. Continue to take all your medicines for your heart, diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other conditions you have. DO NOT stop taking any medicine without first talking with your provider. Your provider may recommend antiplatelet (blood-thinning) drugs such as aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), prasugrel (Effient), or ticagrelor (Brilinta) to help keep your artery graft open. If you are taking a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadin), you may need to have extra blood tests to make sure your dose is correct. Know how to respond to angina symptoms. Stay active during your recovery, but start slowly. DO NOT stand or sit in the same spot for too long. Move around a little bit. Walking is a good exercise for the lungs and heart after surgery. DO NOT be concerned about how fast you are walking. Take it slow. Climbing stairs is OK, but be careful. Balance may be a problem. Rest halfway up the stairs if you need to. Light household chores, such as setting the table, folding clothes, walking, and climbing stairs, should be OK. Slowly increase the amount and intensity of your activities over the first 3 months. DO NOT exercise outside when it is too cold or too hot. Stop if you feel short of breath, dizzy, or any pain in your chest. DO NOT do any activity or exercise that causes pulling or pain across your chest, such as using a rowing machine or weight lifting. Keep your incision areas protected from the sun to avoid sunburn. DO NOT drive for at least 4 to 6 weeks after your surgery. The twisting involved in turning the steering wheel may pull on your incision. Ask your provider when you may return to work, and expect to be away from work for about 6 to 8 weeks. DO NOT travel for at least 2 to 4 weeks. Ask your provider when travel is OK. Also ask your provider before starting sexual activity again. Most of the time it is OK after 4 weeks. You may be referred to a formal cardiac rehabilitation program. You will get information and counseling regarding activity, diet, and supervised exercise. For the first 6 weeks after your surgery, you must be careful about using your arms and upper body when you move. DO NOT reach backward. DO NOT let anyone pull on your arms for any reason -- for instance, if they are helping you move around or get out of bed. DO NOT lift anything heavier than 5 to 7 pounds (2 to 3 kilograms). DO NOT do even light housework for at least 2 to 3 weeks. Check with your provider before using your arms and shoulder more. Brushing your teeth is OK, but DO NOT do other activities that keep your arms above your shoulders for any period of time. Keep your arms close to your sides when you are using them to get out of bed or a chair. You may bend forward to tie your shoes. Always stop if you feel pulling on your breastbone. Your provider will tell you how to take care of your chest wound. You will likely be asked to clean your surgical cut every day with soap and water, and gently dry it. DO NOT use any creams, lotions, powders, or oils unless your provider tells you it is OK. If you had a cut or incision on your leg: Keep your legs raised when sitting. Wear elastic TED hose for 2 to 3 weeks until the swelling goes away and you are more active. Call your provider if: You have chest pain or shortness of breath that does not go away when you rest. Your pulse feels irregular -- it is very slow (fewer than 60 beats a minute) or very fast (over 100 to 120 beats a minute). You have dizziness, fainting, or you are very tired. You have a severe headache that does not go away. You have a cough that does not go away You are coughing up blood or yellow or green mucus. You have problems taking any of your heart medicines. Your weight goes up by more than 2 pounds (1 kilogram) in a day for 2 days in a row. Your wound changes. It is red or swollen, it has opened, or there is more drainage coming from it. You have chills or a fever over 101 F (38.3 C). Off-pump coronary artery bypass - discharge; OPCAB - discharge; Beating heart surgery - discharge; Bypass surgery - heart - discharge; CABG - discharge; Coronary artery bypass graft - discharge; Coronary artery bypass surgery - discharge; Coronary bypass surgery - discharge; CAD - bypass discharge; Coronary artery disease - bypass discharge. How to take your pulse How to take your wrist pulse Taking your carotid pulse Taking your carotid pulse. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126(25):3097-3137. PMID: 23166210 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166210. Fleg JL, Forman DE, Berra K, et al. Secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in older adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(22):2422-2446. PMID: 24166575 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166575. Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD; 2002 Chronic Stable Angina Writing Committee, et al. 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(23):2264-2274. PMID: 18061078 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061078. Gopaldas RR, Chu D, Bakaeen FG. Coronary insufficiency. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasive - discharge. You had minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery on one or more of your coronary arteries. Your surgeon used an artery from your chest to create a detour, or bypass, around arteries that were blocked and could not bring blood to your heart. A 3- to 5-inch-long (7.5 to 12.5 centimeters) cut (incision) was made in the left part of your chest between your ribs. This allowed your doctor to reach your heart. You may be able to leave the hospital 2 or 3 days after surgery. You may also be able to return to normal activities after 2 or 3 weeks. After surgery, it is normal to: Feel tired. Have some shortness of breath. This may be worse if you also have lung problems. Some patients may use oxygen when they go home. Have pain in the chest area around the wound. You may want to have someone stay with you in your home for the first week. Learn how to check your pulse, and check it every day. Taking your carotid pulse Radial pulse Do the breathing exercises you learned in the hospital for the first 1 to 2 weeks. Weigh yourself every day. Shower every day, washing your incision gently with soap and water. DO NOT swim, soak in a hot tub, or take baths until your incision is completely healed. Follow a heart-healthy diet. If you are feeling depressed, talk with your family and friends. Ask your health care provider about getting help from a counselor. Continue to take all your medicines for your heart, diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other conditions you have. DO NOT stop taking any medicine without talking with your provider. Your provider may recommend antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners) -- such as aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), prasugrel (Effient), or ticagrelor (Brilinta) -- to help keep your artery graft open. If you are taking a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin), you may have extra blood tests to make sure your dose is correct. Know how to respond to angina symptoms. Stay active during your recovery, but start slowly. Ask your provider how active you should be. Walking is a good exercise after surgery. DO NOT worry about how fast you walk. Take it slow. Climbing stairs is OK, but be careful. Balance may be a problem. Rest halfway up the stairs if you need to. Light household chores, such as setting the table and folding clothes should be OK. Slowly increase the amount and intensity of your activities over the first 3 months. DO NOT exercise outside when it is too cold or too hot. Stop if you feel short of breath, dizzy, or any pain in your chest. Avoid any activity or exercise that causes pulling or pain across your chest, such as using a rowing machine or weight lifting. Keep your incision area protected from the sun to avoid sunburn. Be careful how you use your arms and upper body when you move around for the first 2 or 3 weeks after your surgery. Ask your provider when you may return to work. For the first week after surgery: DO NOT reach backward. DO NOT let anyone pull on your arms for any reason -- for instance, if they are helping you move around or get out of bed. DO NOT lift anything heavier than about 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms). (This is a little more than a gallon, or 4 liters, of milk.) Avoid other activities in which you need to keep your arms above your shoulders for any period of time. DO NOT drive. The twisting involved in turning the steering wheel may pull on your incision. You may be referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program. You will get information and counseling about activity, diet, and exercise. Call your provider if: You have chest pain or shortness of breath that does not go away when you rest. Your pulse feels irregular -- it is very slow (fewer than 60 beats a minute) or very fast (over 100 to 120 beats a minute). You have dizziness, fainting, or you are very tired. You have a severe headache that does not go away. You have a cough that does not go away. You are coughing up blood or yellow or green mucus. You have problems taking any of your heart medicines. Your weight goes up by more than 2 pounds (1 kilogram) in a day for 2 days in a row. Your wound is red or swelling, it has opened, or there is more drainage coming from it. You have chills or a fever over 101 F (38.3 C). Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass - discharge; MIDCAB - discharge; Robot assisted coronary artery bypass - discharge; RACAB - discharge; Keyhole heart surgery - discharge; Coronary artery disease - MIDCAB discharge; CAD - MIDCAB discharge. Heart bypass surgery incision Heart bypass surgery incision Taking your carotid pulse Taking your carotid pulse Radial pulse Radial pulse. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126(25):3097-3137. PMID: 23166210 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166210. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(24):e123-e210. PMID: 22070836 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070836. Omer S, Cornwell LD, Bakaeen FG. Acquired heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasive. To perform this surgery: The heart surgeon will make a 3- to 5-inch (8 to 13 centimeters) surgical cut in the left part of your chest between your ribs to reach your heart. Muscles in the area will be pushed apart. A small part of the front of the rib, called the costal cartilage, will be removed. The surgeon will then find and prepare an artery on your chest wall (internal mammary artery) to attach to your coronary artery that is blocked. Next, the surgeon will use sutures to connect the prepared chest artery to the coronary artery that is blocked. You will not be on a heart-lung machine for this surgery. However, you will have general anesthesia so you will be asleep and not feel pain. A device will be attached to your heart to stabilize it. You will also receive medicine to slow the heart down. You may have a tube in your chest for drainage of fluid. This will be removed in a day or two. Your doctor may recommend a minimally invasive coronary artery bypass if you have a blockage in one or two coronary arteries, most often in the front of the heart. When one or more of the coronary arteries become partly or totally blocked, your heart does not get enough blood. This is called ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease. It can cause chest pain ( angina ). Your doctor may have first tried to treat you with medicines. You may have also tried cardiac rehabilitation or other treatments, such as angioplasty with stenting. Coronary artery disease varies from person to person. Heart bypass surgery is just one type of treatment. It is not right for everyone. Surgeries or procedures that may be done instead of minimally invasive heart bypass are: Angioplasty and stent placement Coronary bypass. Your doctor will talk to you about the risks of surgery. In general, the complications of minimally invasive coronary artery bypass are lower than with open coronary artery bypass surgery. Risks related to any surgery include: Blood clots in the legs that may travel to the lungs Blood loss Breathing problems Heart attack or stroke Infection of the lungs, urinary tract, and chest Temporary or permanent brain injury Possible risks of coronary artery bypass include: Memory loss, loss of mental clarity, or 'fuzzy thinking.' This is less common in people who have minimally invasive coronary artery bypass than in people who have open coronary bypass. Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia). A chest wound infection. This is more likely to happen if you are obese, have diabetes, or have had coronary bypass surgery in the past. Low-grade fever and chest pain (together called postpericardiotomy syndrome), which can last up to 6 months. Pain at the site of the cut. Possible need to convert to conventional procedure with bypass machine during surgery. Always tell your doctor what drugs you are taking, even drugs or herbs you bought without a prescription. During the days before the surgery: For the 2-week period before surgery, you may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. These might cause increased bleeding during the surgery. They include aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil and Motrin), naproxen (such as Aleve and Naprosyn), and other similar drugs. If you are taking clopidogrel (Plavix), ask your surgeon when you should stop taking it before surgery. Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of the surgery. If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your doctor for help. Contact your doctor if you have a cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or any other illness. Prepare your home so you can move around easily when you return from the hospital. The day before your surgery: Shower and shampoo well. You may be asked to wash your whole body below your neck with a special soap. Scrub your chest 2 or 3 times with this soap. On the day of the surgery: You will most often be asked not to drink or eat anything after midnight the night before your surgery. This includes chewing gum and using breath mints. Rinse your mouth with water if it feels dry, but be careful not to swallow. Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water. Your doctor will tell you when to arrive at the hospital. You may be able to leave the hospital 2 or 3 days after your surgery. The doctor or nurse will tell you how to care for yourself at home. You may be able to return to normal activities after 2 or 3 weeks. Recovery from surgery takes time, and you may not see the full benefits of your surgery for 3 to 6 months. In most people who have heart bypass surgery, the grafts remain open and work well for many years. This surgery does not prevent a blockage from coming back. However, you can take steps to slow it down. Things you can do include: Do not smoke. Eat a heart-healthy diet. Get regular exercise. Treat high blood pressure, high blood sugar (if you have diabetes), and high cholesterol. You may be more likely to have problems with your blood vessels if you have kidney disease or other medical problems. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass; MIDCAB; Robot-assisted coronary artery bypass; RACAB; Keyhole heart surgery; CAD - MIDCAB; Coronary artery disease - MIDCAB. Angina - discharge Angina - what to ask your doctor Angina - when you have chest pain Angioplasty and stent - heart - discharge Antiplatelet drugs - P2Y12 inhibitors Aspirin and heart disease Bathroom safety for adults Being active after your heart attack Being active when you have heart disease Butter, margarine, and cooking oils Cardiac catheterization - discharge Cholesterol and lifestyle Cholesterol - drug treatment Controlling your high blood pressure Dietary fats explained Fast food tips Heart attack - discharge Heart attack - what to ask your doctor Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasive - discharge Heart disease - risk factors Heart pacemaker - discharge How to read food labels Low-salt diet Mediterranean diet Preventing falls Surgical wound care - open. Heart, front view Heart, front view Posterior heart arteries Posterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Coronary artery stent Coronary artery stent Heart bypass surgery - series Heart bypass surgery - series. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(23):e652-e735. PMID: 22064599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064599. Mick S, Keshavamurthy S, Mihaljevic T, Bonatti J. Robotic and alternative approaches to coronary artery bypass grafting. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart bypass surgery. Before your surgery, you will get general anesthesia. You will be asleep (unconscious) and pain-free during surgery. Once you are unconscious, the heart surgeon will make an 8 to 10-inch (20.5 to 25.5 cm) surgical cut in the middle of your chest. Your breastbone will be separated to create an opening. This allows your surgeon to see your heart and aorta, the main blood vessel leading from the heart to the rest of your body. Most people who have coronary bypass surgery are connected to a heart-lung bypass machine, or bypass pump. Your heart is stopped while you are connected to this machine. This machine does the work of your heart and lungs while your heart is stopped for the surgery. The machine adds oxygen to your blood, moves blood through your body, and removes carbon dioxide. Another type of bypass surgery does not use the heart-lung bypass machine. The procedure is done while your heart is still beating. This is called off-pump coronary artery bypass, or OPCAB. To create the bypass graft: The doctor will take a vein or artery from another part of your body and use it to make a detour (or graft) around the blocked area in your artery. Your doctor may use a vein, called the saphenous vein, from your leg. To reach this vein, a surgical cut will be made along the inside of your leg, between your ankle and groin. One end of the graft will be sewn to your coronary artery. The other end will be sewn to an opening made in your aorta. A blood vessel in your chest, called the internal mammary artery (IMA), can also be used as the graft. One end of this artery is already connected to a branch of your aorta. The other end is attached to your coronary artery. Other arteries can also be used for grafts in bypass surgery. The most common one is the radial artery in your wrist. After the graft has been created, your breastbone will be closed with wires. These wires stay inside you. The surgical cut will be closed with stitches. This surgery can take 4 to 6 hours. After the surgery, you will be taken to the intensive care unit. You may need this procedure if you have a blockage in one or more of your coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are the vessels that supply your heart with oxygen and nutrients that are carried in your blood. When one or more of the coronary arteries becomes partly or totally blocked, your heart does not get enough blood. This is called ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease (CAD). It can cause chest pain ( angina ). Coronary artery bypass surgery can be used to improve blood flow to your heart. Your doctor may have first tried to treat you with medicines. You may have also tried exercise and diet changes, or angioplasty with stenting. CAD is different from person to person. The way it is diagnosed and treated will also vary. Heart bypass surgery is just one type of treatment. Other procedures that may be used: Angioplasty and stent placement Heart bypass surgery -- minimally invasive. Risks for any surgery include: Bleeding Infection Death Possible risks from having coronary bypass surgery include: Infection, including chest wound infection, which is more likely to happen if you are obese, have diabetes, or have already had this surgery Heart attack Stroke Heart rhythm problems Kidney failure Lung failure Depression and mood swings Low fever, tiredness, and chest pain, together called postpericardiotomy syndrome, which can last up to 6 months Memory loss, loss of mental clarity, or 'fuzzy thinking'. Always tell your health care provider what drugs you are taking, even drugs or herbs you bought without a prescription. During the days before your surgery: For the 1-week period before surgery, you may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. These might cause increased bleeding during the surgery. They include aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil and Motrin), naproxen (such as Aleve and Naprosyn), and other similar drugs. If you are taking clopidogrel (Plavix), talk with your surgeon about when to stop taking it. Ask which drugs you should still take on the day of the surgery. If you smoke , try to stop. Ask your provider for help. Contact your provider if you have a cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or any other illness. Prepare your home so you can move around easily when you return from the hospital. The day before your surgery: Shower and shampoo well. You may be asked to wash your whole body below your neck with a special soap. Scrub your chest 2 or 3 times with this soap. Make sure that you dry yourself off. On the day of the surgery: You will be asked not to drink or eat anything after midnight the night before your surgery. Rinse your mouth with water if it feels dry, but be careful not to swallow. Take any medicines that you have been told to take with a small sip of water. You will be told when to arrive at the hospital. After the operation, you will spend 3 to 7 days in the hospital. You will spend the first night in an intensive care unit (ICU). You will probably be moved to a regular or transitional care room within 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. Two to three tubes will be in your chest to drain fluid from around your heart. They are most often removed 1 to 3 days after surgery. You may have a catheter (flexible tube) in your bladder to drain urine. You may also have intravenous (IV) lines for fluids. You will be attached to machines that monitor your pulse, temperature, and breathing. Nurses will constantly watch your monitors. You may have several small wires that are connected to a pacemaker, which are pulled out prior to your discharge. You will be encouraged to restart some activities and you may begin a cardiac rehab program within a few days. It takes 4 to 6 weeks to start feeling better after surgery. Your providers will tell you how to take care of yourself at home after the surgery. Recovery from surgery takes time. You may not see the full benefits of your surgery for 3 to 6 months. In most people who have heart bypass surgery, the grafts stay open and work well for many years. This surgery does not prevent the coronary artery blockage from coming back. You can do many things to slow this process down, including: Not smoking Eating a heart-healthy diet Getting regular exercise Treating high blood pressure Controlling high blood sugar (if you have diabetes) and high cholesterol. Off-pump coronary artery bypass; OPCAB; Beating heart surgery; Bypass surgery - heart; CABG; Coronary artery bypass graft; Coronary artery bypass surgery; Coronary bypass surgery; Coronary artery disease - CABG; CAD - CABG; Angina - CABG. Angina - discharge Angina - what to ask your doctor Angina - when you have chest pain Angioplasty and stent - heart - discharge Antiplatelet drugs - P2Y12 inhibitors Aspirin and heart disease Bathroom safety for adults Being active after your heart attack Being active when you have heart disease Butter, margarine, and cooking oils Cardiac catheterization - discharge Cholesterol and lifestyle Cholesterol - drug treatment Controlling your high blood pressure Dietary fats explained Fast food tips Heart attack - discharge Heart attack - what to ask your doctor Heart bypass surgery - discharge Heart disease - risk factors Heart pacemaker - discharge How to read food labels Low-salt diet Mediterranean diet Preventing falls Surgical wound care - open When you have nausea and vomiting. Heart, front view Heart, front view Posterior heart arteries Posterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Anterior heart arteries Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Heart bypass surgery - series Heart bypass surgery - series. Al-Atassi T, Toeg HD, Chan V, Ruel M. Coronary artery bypass grafting. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart CT scan. You will be asked to lie on a narrow table that slides into the center of the CT scanner. You will lie on your back with your head and feet outside the scanner on either end. Small patches, called electrodes are put on your chest and connected to a machine that records your heart's electrical activity. You may be given medicine to slow your heart rate. Once you are inside the scanner, the machine's x-ray beam rotates around you. A computer creates separate images of the body area, called slices. These images can be stored, viewed on a monitor, or printed on film. 3D (three-dimensional) models of the heart can be created. You must be still during the exam, because movement causes blurred images. You may be told to hold your breath for short periods of time. The entire scan should only take about 10 minutes. Certain exams require a special dye, called contrast, to be delivered into the body before the test starts. Contrast helps certain areas show up better on the x-rays. Contrast can be given through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. If contrast is used, you may also be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 to 6 hours before the test. Before receiving the contrast: Let your health care provider know if you have ever had a reaction to contrast or any medicines. You may need to take medicines before the test in order to safely receive this substance. Tell your provider about all your medicines, because you may be asked to hold some, such as the diabetes medicine metformin (Glucophage), prior to the test. Let your provider know if you have kidney problems. The contrast material can cause kidney function to worsen. If you weigh more than 300 pounds (135 kilograms), find out if the CT machine has a weight limit. Too much weight can cause damage to the scanner's working parts. You will be asked to remove jewelry and wear a hospital gown during the study. Some people may have discomfort from lying on the hard table. Contrast given through an IV may cause a: Slight burning sensation Metallic taste in the mouth Warm flushing of the body These sensations are normal and usually go away within a few seconds. CT rapidly creates detailed pictures of the heart and its arteries. The test may diagnose or detect: Plaque build-up in the coronary arteries to determine your risk for heart disease Congenital heart disease (heart problems that are present at birth) Problems with the heart valves Blockage of the arteries that supply the heart Tumors or masses of the heart Pumping function of the heart. Results are considered normal if the heart and arteries being examined are normal in appearance. Your 'calcium score' is based on the amount of calcium found in the arteries of your heart. The test is normal (negative) if your calcium score is 0. This means the chance of having a heart attack over the next 2 to 5 years is very low. If the calcium score is very low, you are unlikely to have coronary artery disease. Abnormal results may be due to: Aneurysm Congenital heart disease Coronary artery disease Heart valve problems Inflammation of the covering around the heart (pericarditis) Narrowing of one or more coronary arteries (coronary artery stenosis) Tumors or other masses of the heart or surrounding areas If your calcium score is high: It means you have calcium buildup in the walls of your coronary arteries. This is usually a sign of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. The higher your score, the more severe this problem may be. Talk to your provider about lifestyle changes you can make to decrease the risk of heart disease. Risks of CT scans include: Being exposed to radiation Allergic reaction to contrast dye CT scans do expose you to more radiation than regular x-rays. Having many x-rays or CT scans over time may increase your risk for cancer. However, the risk from any one scan is small. You and your provider should weigh this risk against the benefits of getting a correct diagnosis for a medical problem. Some people have allergies to contrast dye. Let your provider know if you have ever had an allergic reaction to injected contrast dye. The most common type of contrast given into a vein contains iodine. If a person with an iodine allergy is given this type of contrast, nausea or vomiting , sneezing , itching , or hives may occur. If you absolutely must be given such contrast, you may need to take steroids (such as prednisone) or antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine) before the test. You may also need to take a histamine blocker (such as ranitidine). The kidneys help remove iodine out of the body. Those with kidney disease or diabetes may need to receive extra fluids after the test to help flush the iodine out of the body. Rarely, the dye may cause a life-threatening allergic response called anaphylaxis. If you have any trouble breathing during the test, you should notify the scanner operator immediately. Scanners come with an intercom and speakers, so the operator can hear you at all times. CAT scan - heart; Computed axial tomography scan - heart; Computed tomography scan - heart; Calcium scoring; Multi-detector CT scan - heart; Electron beam computed tomography - heart; Agatston score; Coronary calcium scan. CT scan CT scan. Taylor AJ. Cardiac computed tomography. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease - resources. Resources - heart disease. Coronary artery blockage Coronary artery blockage Prevention of heart disease Prevention of heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease - risk factors. A risk factor is something about you that increases your chance of getting a disease or having a certain health condition. Some risk factors for heart disease you cannot change, but some you can. Changing the risk factors that you have control over may help you live a longer, healthier life. Some of your heart disease risks that you CANNOT change are: Your age. Risk of heart disease increases with age. Your gender. Men have a higher risk of getting heart disease than women who are still menstruating. After menopause, the risk for women gets closer to the risk for men. Your genes or race. If your parents had heart disease, you are at higher risk. African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians, Hawaiians, and some Asian Americans also have a higher risk for heart problems. Some of the risks for heart disease that you CAN change are: Not smoking. If you do smoke, quit. Controlling your cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medicines. Controlling high blood pressure through diet, exercise, and medicines, if needed. Controlling diabetes through diet, exercise, and medicines, if needed. Exercising at least 30 minutes a day. Keeping to a healthy weight by eating healthy foods, eating less, and joining a weight loss program, if you need to lose weight. Learning healthy ways to cope with stress through special classes or programs, or things like meditation or yoga. Limiting how much alcohol you drink to 1 drink a day for women and 2 a day for men. Good nutrition is important to your heart health and will help control some of your risk factors. Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Choose lean proteins, such as chicken, fish, beans and legumes. Choose low-fat dairy products, such as 1% milk and other low-fat items. Avoid sodium (salt) and fats found in fried foods, processed foods, and baked goods. Eat fewer animal products that contain cheese, cream, or eggs. Read labels, and stay away from 'saturated fat' and anything that contains 'partially-hydrogenated' or 'hydrogenated' fats. These products are usually loaded with unhealthy fats. Follow these guidelines and the advice of your health care provider to lower your chances of developing heart disease. Heart disease - prevention; CVD - risk factors; Cardiovascular disease - risk factors; Coronary artery disease - risk factors; CAD - risk factors. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guidelines on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-2984. PMID: 24239922 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239922. Hansson GK, Hamsten A. Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease and depression. Heart disease and depression are linked in a number of ways. Some symptoms of depression, such as lack of energy, can make it harder to take care of your health. People who are depressed may be more likely to: Drink alcohol, overeat, or smoke to deal with feelings of depression Not exercise Feel stress, which increases your risk for abnormal heart rhythms and high blood pressure. Not take their medicines correctly All of these factors: Increase your risk of having a heart attack Increase your risk of dying after a heart attack Increases the risk of being readmitted to the hospital Slow down your recovery after a heart attack or heart surgery. It is pretty common to feel down or sad after having a heart attack or heart surgery. However, you should start to feel more positive as you recover. If the sad feelings do not go away or more symptoms develop, do not feel ashamed. Instead, you should call your health care provider. You may have depression that needs to be treated. Other signs of depression include: Feeling irritable Having trouble concentrating or making decisions Feeling tired or not having energy Feeling hopeless or helpless Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much A big change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss A loss of pleasure in activities you usually enjoy, including sex Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate, and guilt Repeated thoughts of death or suicide. Treatment for depression may depend on how severe it is. There are two main types of treatments for depression: Talk therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy commonly used to treat depression. It helps you change thinking patterns and behaviors that might add to your depression. Other types of therapy may also be helpful. Antidepressant medicines. There are many kinds of antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are two of the most common used to treat depression. Your provider or therapist can help you find one that works for you. If your depression is mild, talk therapy may be enough to help. If you have moderate to severe depression, your provider may suggest both talk therapy and medicine. Depression can make it hard to feel like doing anything. But there are ways you can help yourself feel better. Here are a few tips: Move more. Regular exercise can help reduce depression. However, if you are recovering from heart problems, you should get your doctor's OK before starting to exercise. Your doctor may recommend joining a cardiac rehabilitation program. If cardiac rehab is not right for you, ask your doctor to suggest other exercise programs. Take an active role in your health. Studies show that being involved in your recovery and overall health can help you feel more positive. This includes taking your medicines as directed and sticking to your diet plan. Reduce your stress. Spend time each day doing things you find relaxing, such as listening to music. Or consider meditation, tai chi, or other relaxation methods. Seek social support. Sharing your feelings and fears with people you trust can help you feel better. It can help you better handle stress and depression. Some studies show it may even help you live longer. Follow healthy habits. Get enough sleep and eat a healthy diet. Avoid alcohol, marijuana, and other recreational drugs. Call 911, a suicide hotline, or go to a nearby emergency room if you have thoughts of harming yourself or others. Call your health care provider if: You hear voices that are not there. You cry often without cause. Your depression has affected your ability to participate in your recovery, or your work, or family life for longer than 2 weeks. You have 3 or more symptoms of depression. You think one of your medicines may be making you feel depressed. DO NOT change or stop taking any medicines without talking to your provider. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129(12):1350-1369. PMID: 24566200 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566200. Vaccarino V, Bremner JD. Psychiatric and behavioral aspects of cardiovascular disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease and diet. A healthy diet and lifestyle can reduce your risk for: Heart disease , heart attacks, and stroke Conditions that lead to heart disease, including high cholesterol , high blood pressure, and obesity Other chronic health problems, including type 2 diabetes , osteoporosis , and some forms of cancer This article makes recommendations that can help prevent heart disease and other conditions that can affect the health of your heart. People who currently have a heart condition, such as heart failure, or other health problems, such as diabetes, should talk with their health care provider about what type of diet is best. You may need to make certain changes to your diet that are not included in these recommendations. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Fruits and vegetables are part of a heart-healthy diet. They are good sources of fiber , vitamins, and minerals. Most are low in fat, calories, sodium, and cholesterol. Eat 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Get more fiber by eating whole fruits instead of drinking juice. Fruits and vegetables GRAINS Include whole wheat bread and pasta, brown rice, and starchy vegetables (such as peas, potatoes, corn, winter squash, and lima beans). These foods are high in the B vitamins, iron, and fiber. Choose whole grain foods (such as whole-wheat bread, cereal, crackers, and pasta or brown rice) for at least half of your daily grain intake. Grain products provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and complex carbohydrates. Eating too many grains, especially refined gain foods (such as white bread, pasta, and baked goods) can cause weight gain. Limit high-fat baked goods such as butter rolls, cheese crackers, and croissants, and cream sauces for pasta. Avoid packaged snacks that contain partially hydrogenated oils or trans fats. EATING HEALTHY PROTEIN Meat, poultry, seafood, dried peas, lentils, nuts, and eggs are good sources of protein, B vitamins, iron, and other vitamins and minerals. Fish in diet You should: Limit high-fat proteins. These include meats such as duck, goose, prime cuts of steak, organ meats such as kidneys and liver, and prepared meats such as sausage, hot dogs, and high-fat lunch meats. Trim off all visible fat before cooking the meat. Eat at least 2 servings of low-mercury fish per week. Cook by baking, broiling, roasting, steaming, boiling, or microwaving instead of deep frying. For the main entree, use less meat or have meatless meals a few times a week. Get protein from plant-based protein foods instead. Use skinless turkey, chicken, fish, or lean red meat to reduce the amount of saturated fat in your diet. Milk and other dairy products are good sources of protein, calcium, the B vitamins niacin and riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Use skim or 1% milk. Cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk should be low-fat or non-fat. FATS, OILS, AND CHOLESTEROL Some types of fat are healthier than others. A diet high in saturated and trans fats causes cholesterol to build up in your arteries (blood vessels). This puts you at risk for heart attack, stroke, and other major health problems. Avoid or limit foods that are high in these fats. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats that come from vegetable sources have many health benefits. Obesity and health You should: Limit total fat intake to 25% to 35% of your total daily calories. The American Heart Association recommends eating a healthy diet that limits 5% to 6% of calories from saturated fat. Foods with a lot of saturated fats include animal products such as butter, cheese, whole milk, ice cream, sour cream, lard, and fatty meats such as bacon. Some vegetable oils (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils) also contain saturated fats. These fats are solid at room temperature. Limit trans fats as much as possible by avoiding hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats. These are often found in packaged snacks and solid margarine. Eat less than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol each day. (One egg yolk contains an average of 184 mg of cholesterol.) Think about the following when choosing a margarine: Choose soft margarine (tub or liquid) over harder stick forms. Choose margarines with liquid vegetable oil as the first ingredient. Even better, choose 'light' margarines that list water as the first ingredient. These are even lower in saturated fat. Read the package label to choose a margarine that does not have trans fats. Trans fatty acids are unhealthy fats that form when vegetable oil undergoes hydrogenation. Trans fats can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol level in your blood. They can also lower your HDL (good) cholesterol level. To avoid trans fats, limit fried foods, commercial baked goods (donuts, cookies, and crackers), and hard margarines. OTHER TIPS TO KEEP YOUR HEART HEALTHY You may find it helpful to talk to a dietitian about your eating choices. The American Heart Association is a good source of information on diet and heart disease. Balance the number of calories you eat with the number you use each day to maintain a healthy body weight. You can ask your doctor or dietitian to help you figure out a good number of calories for you. Limit your intake of foods high in calories or low in nutrition, including foods like soft drinks and candy that contain a lot of sugar. The American Heart Association recommends that sodium intake be no more than 2,300 milligrams (about 1 teaspoon, or 5 mg) a day with an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults. Cut down on salt by reducing the amount of salt you add to food when eating and cooking. Also limit packaged foods that have salt added to them, such as canned soups and vegetables, cured meats, and some frozen meals. Always check the nutrition label for the sodium content per serving and be sure to pay attention to the number of servings per container. Season foods with lemon juice, fresh herbs or spices instead. Foods with more than 300 mg of sodium per serving may not fit into a reduced sodium diet. Exercise regularly. For example, walk for at least 30 minutes a day, in blocks of 10 minutes or longer. Try to move at least 30 minutes most, if not all, days of the week. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Women should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink per day. Men should not have more than 2 alcoholic drinks each day. One drink is defined as 12 ounces (355 milliliters, mL) of beer, 5 ounces (148 mL) of wine, or a 1 1/2-ounce (44 mL) shot of liquor. Diet - heart disease; CAD - diet; Coronary artery disease - diet; Coronary heart disease - diet. Cholesterol - drug treatment. Healthy diet Healthy diet Fish in diet Fish in diet Fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables Obesity and health Obesity and health. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-2984. PMID: 24239922 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239922. Heimburger DC. Nutrition's interface with health and disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease and intimacy. Both you and your provider may be concerned that having sex will bring on a heart attack. Your provider can tell you when it is safe to have sex again. After a heart attack or heart procedure: You may have an exercise test, to see how your heart reacts to exercise. Sometimes, at least the first 2 weeks or so after a heart attack, your provider may advise avoiding sex. Make sure you know the symptoms that could mean your heart is working too hard. They include: Chest pain or pressure Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, or faint Nausea Trouble breathing Uneven or fast pulse If you have any of these symptoms during the day, avoid sex and talk to your provider. If you notice these symptoms during (or soon after) having sex, stop the activity. Call your provider to discuss your symptoms. After heart surgery or a heart attack, your provider may say it is safe to have sex again. But your health issues may change the way you feel about or experience sex and close contact with your partner. Besides being worried about having a heart attack during sex, you may feel: Less interested in having sex or being close with your partner Like sex is less enjoyable Sad or depressed Feel worried or stressed Like you are a different person now Women may have trouble feeling aroused. Men may have trouble getting or keeping an erection, or have other problems. Your partner may have the same feelings you are having and may be afraid to have sex with you. If you have any questions or concerns about intimacy, talk to your provider. Your provider can help you find out what is causing the problem and suggest ways to deal with it. It may not be easy to talk about such private things, but there may be a treatment that could help you. If you find it hard to talk to your heart doctor about these topics, talk to your primary care provider. If you are depressed, anxious, or afraid, medicine or talk therapy may help. Classes in lifestyle change, stress management, or therapy may help you, family members, and partners. If the problem is caused by side effects of medicine you are taking, that medicine may be adjusted, changed, or another medicine may be added. Men who have trouble getting or keeping an erection may be prescribed a medicine to treat this. These include medicines like sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis). The above medicines may not be safe if you are taking other medicine. DO NOT take them if you are taking nitroglycerin or nitrates. Taking both kinds of these medicines can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. DO NOT buy these medicines through the mail or another doctor who does not know your full health history. To get the right prescription, talk to the doctor who knows your health history and all the medicines you take. If you have new symptoms of heart trouble during sexual activity, stop the activity. Call your provider for advice. If the symptoms do not go away within 5 to 10 minutes, call 911. Levine GN, Steinke EE, Bakaeen FG, et al. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(8):1058-1072. PMID: 22267844 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267844. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA. Stable ischemic heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart disease and women. CAD - women; Coronary artery disease - women. Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view Acute MI Acute MI Healthy diet Healthy diet. Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2014;130(19):1749-1767. PMID: 25070666 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070666. Gulati M, Bairey Merz CN. Cardiovascular disease in women. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart failure - discharge. You were in the hospital to have your heart failure treated. Heart failure occurs when the muscles of your heart are weak or have trouble relaxing, or both. Your heart is a pump that moves fluids through your body. As with any pump, if the flow out of the pump is not enough, fluids do not move well and they get stuck in places they should not be. In your body, this means that fluid collects in your lungs, abdomen, and legs. While you were in the hospital: Your health care team closely adjusted the fluids you drank or received through an intravenous (IV) line. They also watched and measured how much urine you produced. You may have received medicines to help your body get rid of extra fluids. You may have had tests to check how well your heart was working. Your energy will slowly return. You may need help taking care of yourself when you first get home. You may feel sad or depressed. All of these things are normal. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat but after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Throughout the day, ask yourself: Is my energy level normal? Do I get more short of breath when I am doing my everyday activities? Are my clothes or shoes feeling tight? Are my ankles or legs swelling? Am I coughing more often? Does my cough sound wet? Do I get short of breath at night or when I lie down? If you are having new (or different) symptoms, ask yourself: Did I eat something different than usual or try a new food? Did I take all of my medicines the right way at the right times?. Your health care provider may ask you to limit how much you drink. When your heart failure is not very severe, you may not have to limit your fluids too much. As your heart failure gets worse, you may be asked to limit fluids to 6 to 9 cups (1.5 to 2 liters) a day. You will need to eat less salt. Salt can make you thirsty, and being thirsty can cause you to drink too much fluid. Extra salt also makes fluid stay in your body. Lots of foods that DO NOT taste salty, or that you DO NOT add salt to, still contain a lot of salt. You may need to take a diuretic, or water pill. DO NOT drink alcohol. Alcohol makes it harder for your heart muscles to work. Ask your provider what to do on special occasions where alcohol and foods you are trying to avoid will be served. If you smoke, stop. Ask for help quitting if you need it. DO NOT let anybody smoke in your home. Learn more about what you should eat to make your heart and blood vessels healthier. Avoid fatty foods. Stay away from fast-food restaurants. Avoid some prepared and frozen foods. Learn fast food tips. Try to stay away from things that are stressful for you. If you feel stressed all the time, or if you are very sad, talk with your provider who can refer you to a counselor. Have your entire drug prescriptions filled before you go home. It is very important that you take your drugs the way your health care provider told you to. DO NOT take any other drugs or herbs without asking your provider about them first. Take your drugs with water. DO NOT take them with grapefruit juice, since it may change how your body absorbs certain medicines. Ask your provider or pharmacist if this will be a problem for you. The drugs below are given to many people who have heart failure. Sometimes there is a reason they may not be safe to take, though. These drugs may help protect your heart. Talk with your provider if you are not already on any of these drugs: Antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners) such as aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), or warfarin (Coumadin) to help keep your blood from clotting Beta blocker and ACE inhibitor medicines to lower your blood pressure Statins or other drugs to lower your cholesterol Talk to your provider before changing the way you take your medicines. Never just stop taking these drugs for your heart, or any drugs you may be taking for Diabetes, high blood pressure, or other medical conditions you have. If you are taking a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadin), you will need to have extra blood tests to make sure your dose is correct. Your provider may refer you to cardiac rehabilitation program. There, you will learn how to slowly increase your exercise and how to take care of your heart disease. Make sure you avoid heavy lifting. Make sure you know the warning signs of heart failure and of a heart attack. Know what to do when you have chest pain, or angina. Always ask your provider before starting sexual activity again. DO NOT take sildenafil (Viagra), or vardenafil (Levitra), tadalafil (Cialis), or any herbal remedy for erection problems without checking first. Make sure your home is set up to be safe and easy for you for you to move around in and avoid falls. If you are unable to walk around very much, ask your provider for exercises you can do while you are sitting. Make sure you get a flu shot every year. You may also need a pneumonia shot. Ask your provider about this. Your provider may call you to see how you are doing and to make sure you are checking your weight and taking your medicines. You will need follow-up appointments at your provider's office. You will likely need to have certain lab tests to check your sodium and potassium levels and monitor how your kidneys are working. Call your provider if: You gain more than 2 pounds (lb) (1 kilogram, kg) in a day, or 5 lb (2 kg) in a week. You are very tired and weak. You are dizzy and lightheaded. You are more short of breath when you are doing your normal activities. You have new shortness of breath when you are sitting. You need to sit up or use more pillows at night because you are short of breath when you are lying down. You wake up 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep because you are short of breath. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You feel pain or pressure in your chest. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. Your have swelling in your feet, ankles or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have stomach pain and tenderness. You have symptoms that you think may be from your medicines. Your pulse, or heartbeat, gets very slow or very fast, or it is not steady. Congestive heart failure - discharge; CHF - discharge; HF - discharge. Januzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart failure - fluids and diuretics. When you have heart failure, your heart does not pump out enough blood. This causes fluids to build up in your body. If you drink too many fluids, you may get symptoms such as swelling, weight gain, and shortness of breath. Limiting how much you drink and how much salt (sodium) you take in can help prevent these symptoms. Your family members can help you take care of yourself. They can keep an eye on how much you drink. They can make sure you are taking your medicines the right way. And they can learn to recognize your symptoms early. Your health care provider may ask you to lower the amount of fluids you drink: When your heart failure is not very bad, you may not have to limit your fluids too much. As your heart failure gets worse, you may need to limit fluids to 6 to 9 cups (1.5 to 2 liters) a day. Remember, some foods, such as soups, puddings, gelatin, ice cream, popsicles and others contain fluids. When you eat chunky soups, use a fork if you can, and leave the broth behind. Use a small cup at home for your liquids at meals, and drink just 1 cupful (240 mL). After drinking 1 cup (240 mL) of fluid at a restaurant, turn your cup over to let your server know you DO NOT want more. Find ways to keep from getting too thirsty: When you are thirsty, chew some gum, rinse your mouth with cold water and spit it out, or suck on something such as hard candy, a slice of lemon, or small pieces of ice. Stay cool. Getting overheated will make you thirsty. If you have trouble keeping track of it, write down how much you are drinking during the day. Eating too much salt can make you thirsty, which can make you drink too much. Extra salt also makes more fluid stay in your body. Many foods contain 'hidden salt,' including prepared, canned and frozen foods. Learn how to eat a low-salt diet. Diuretics help your body get rid of extra fluid. They are often called 'water pills.' There are many brands of diuretics. Some are taken 1 time a day. Others are taken 2 times a day. The three common types are: Thiazides: Chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Hygroton), indapamide (Lozol), hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, HydroDiuril), and metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn) Loop diuretics: Bumentanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix), and torasemide (Demadex) Potassium-sparing agents: Amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium) There are also diuretics that contain a combination of two of the drugs above. When you are taking diuretics, you will need to have regular checkups so that your provider can check your potassium levels and monitor how your kidneys are working. Diuretics make you urinate more often. Try not to take them at night before you go to bed. Take them at the same time every day. Common side effects of diuretics are: Fatigue, muscle cramps, or weakness from low potassium levels Dizziness or lightheadedness Numbness or tingling Heart palpitations, or a 'fluttery' heartbeat Gout Depression Irritability Urinary incontinence (not being able to hold your urine) Loss of sex drive (from potassium-sparing diuretics), or inability to have an erection Hair growth, menstrual changes, and a deepening voice in women (from potassium-sparing diuretics) Breast swelling in men or breast tenderness in women (from potassium-sparing diuretics) Allergic reactions -- if you are allergic to sulfa drugs, you should not use thiazides. Be sure to take your diuretic the way you have been told. You will get to know what weight is right for you. Weighing yourself will help you know if there is too much fluid in your body. You might also find that your clothes and shoes are feeling tighter than normal when there is too much fluid in your body. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat and after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Call your provider if your weight goes up by more than 2 to 3 pounds (1 to 1.5 kilograms, kg) in a day or 5 pounds (2 kg) in a week. Also call your provider if you lose a lot of weight. Call your provider if: You are tired or weak. You feel short of breath when you are active or when you are at rest. You feel short of breath when you lie down, or an hour or two after falling asleep. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. You have swelling in your feet, ankles, or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have gained or lost weight. You have pain and tenderness in your belly. You have symptoms that you think might be from your medicines. Your pulse, or heartbeat, gets very slow or very fast, or it is not steady. HF - fluids and diuretics; CHF - ICD discharge; Cardiomyopathy - ICD discharge. Januzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart : Heart failure - home monitoring. Knowing your body and the symptoms that tell you your heart failure is getting worse will help you stay healthier and out of the hospital. At home, you should watch for changes in your: Blood pressure Heart rate Pulse Weight When watching out for warning signs, you can catch problems before they get too serious. Sometimes these simple checks will remind you that you forgot to take a pill, or that you have been drinking too much fluid or eating too much salt. Be sure to write down the results of your home self-checks so that you can share them with your health care provider. Your doctor's office may have a 'telemonitor,' a device you can use to send your information automatically. A nurse will go over your self-check results with you in a regular (sometimes weekly) phone call. Throughout the day, ask yourself: Is my energy level normal? Am I getting more short of breath when I am doing my everyday activities? Are my clothes or shoes feeling tight? Are my ankles or legs swelling? Am I coughing more often? Does my cough sound wet? Do I get short of breath at night? These are signs that there is too much fluid building up in your body. You will need to learn how to limit your fluids and salt intake to prevent these things from happening. You will get to know what weight is right for you. Weighing yourself will help you know if there is too much fluid in your body. You might also find that your clothes and shoes are feeling tighter than normal when there is too much fluid in your body. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat and after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Call your provider if your weight goes up by more than 3 pounds (about 1.5 kilograms) in a day or 5 pounds (2 kilograms) in a week. Also call your provider if you lose a lot of weight. Know what your normal pulse rate is. Your provider will tell you what yours should be. You can take your pulse in the wrist area below the base of your thumb. Use your index and third fingers of your other hand to find your pulse. Use a second hand and count the number of beats for 30 seconds. Then double that number. That is your pulse. Radial pulse Your provider may give you special equipment to check your heart rate. Your provider may ask you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. Make sure you get a good quality, well-fitting home device. Show it to your doctor or nurse. It will probably have a cuff with a stethoscope or a digital readout. Practice with your provider to make sure you are taking your blood pressure correctly. Blood pressure Watch this video about: Blood pressure. Call your provider if: You are tired or weak. You feel short of breath when you are active or when you are at rest. You have shortness of breath when you lie down, or an hour or two after falling asleep. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. You have swelling in your feet, ankles, or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have gained or lost weight. You have pain and tenderness in your belly. You have symptoms you think might be from your medicines. Your pulse or heartbeat gets very slow or very fast, or it is not regular. Your blood pressure is lower or higher than is normal for you. HF - home monitoring; CHF - home monitoring; Cardiomyopathy - home monitoring. Radial pulse Radial pulse. Januzzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. |
| Heart Animals | XTRA | 3.89,20,73,80,95,125,160,465,727,787,880,3000 | animals with heart shape |
| Heart Blockage | XTRA | 59,60,61 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Catheterization | ETDF | 110,570,800,1520,15290,52500,62500,196500,412500,673110 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Defects Congenital | ETDF | 140,220,730,5250,7250,52510,167530,326160,569710,719340 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Disease | HC | 381000 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease - resources. Resources - heart disease. Coronary artery blockage Coronary artery blockage Prevention of heart disease Prevention of heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease - risk factors. A risk factor is something about you that increases your chance of getting a disease or having a certain health condition. Some risk factors for heart disease you cannot change, but some you can. Changing the risk factors that you have control over may help you live a longer, healthier life. Some of your heart disease risks that you CANNOT change are: Your age. Risk of heart disease increases with age. Your gender. Men have a higher risk of getting heart disease than women who are still menstruating. After menopause, the risk for women gets closer to the risk for men. Your genes or race. If your parents had heart disease, you are at higher risk. African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians, Hawaiians, and some Asian Americans also have a higher risk for heart problems. Some of the risks for heart disease that you CAN change are: Not smoking. If you do smoke, quit. Controlling your cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medicines. Controlling high blood pressure through diet, exercise, and medicines, if needed. Controlling diabetes through diet, exercise, and medicines, if needed. Exercising at least 30 minutes a day. Keeping to a healthy weight by eating healthy foods, eating less, and joining a weight loss program, if you need to lose weight. Learning healthy ways to cope with stress through special classes or programs, or things like meditation or yoga. Limiting how much alcohol you drink to 1 drink a day for women and 2 a day for men. Good nutrition is important to your heart health and will help control some of your risk factors. Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Choose lean proteins, such as chicken, fish, beans and legumes. Choose low-fat dairy products, such as 1% milk and other low-fat items. Avoid sodium (salt) and fats found in fried foods, processed foods, and baked goods. Eat fewer animal products that contain cheese, cream, or eggs. Read labels, and stay away from 'saturated fat' and anything that contains 'partially-hydrogenated' or 'hydrogenated' fats. These products are usually loaded with unhealthy fats. Follow these guidelines and the advice of your health care provider to lower your chances of developing heart disease. Heart disease - prevention; CVD - risk factors; Cardiovascular disease - risk factors; Coronary artery disease - risk factors; CAD - risk factors. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guidelines on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-2984. PMID: 24239922 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239922. Hansson GK, Hamsten A. Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease and depression. Heart disease and depression are linked in a number of ways. Some symptoms of depression, such as lack of energy, can make it harder to take care of your health. People who are depressed may be more likely to: Drink alcohol, overeat, or smoke to deal with feelings of depression Not exercise Feel stress, which increases your risk for abnormal heart rhythms and high blood pressure. Not take their medicines correctly All of these factors: Increase your risk of having a heart attack Increase your risk of dying after a heart attack Increases the risk of being readmitted to the hospital Slow down your recovery after a heart attack or heart surgery. It is pretty common to feel down or sad after having a heart attack or heart surgery. However, you should start to feel more positive as you recover. If the sad feelings do not go away or more symptoms develop, do not feel ashamed. Instead, you should call your health care provider. You may have depression that needs to be treated. Other signs of depression include: Feeling irritable Having trouble concentrating or making decisions Feeling tired or not having energy Feeling hopeless or helpless Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much A big change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss A loss of pleasure in activities you usually enjoy, including sex Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate, and guilt Repeated thoughts of death or suicide. Treatment for depression may depend on how severe it is. There are two main types of treatments for depression: Talk therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy commonly used to treat depression. It helps you change thinking patterns and behaviors that might add to your depression. Other types of therapy may also be helpful. Antidepressant medicines. There are many kinds of antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are two of the most common used to treat depression. Your provider or therapist can help you find one that works for you. If your depression is mild, talk therapy may be enough to help. If you have moderate to severe depression, your provider may suggest both talk therapy and medicine. Depression can make it hard to feel like doing anything. But there are ways you can help yourself feel better. Here are a few tips: Move more. Regular exercise can help reduce depression. However, if you are recovering from heart problems, you should get your doctor's OK before starting to exercise. Your doctor may recommend joining a cardiac rehabilitation program. If cardiac rehab is not right for you, ask your doctor to suggest other exercise programs. Take an active role in your health. Studies show that being involved in your recovery and overall health can help you feel more positive. This includes taking your medicines as directed and sticking to your diet plan. Reduce your stress. Spend time each day doing things you find relaxing, such as listening to music. Or consider meditation, tai chi, or other relaxation methods. Seek social support. Sharing your feelings and fears with people you trust can help you feel better. It can help you better handle stress and depression. Some studies show it may even help you live longer. Follow healthy habits. Get enough sleep and eat a healthy diet. Avoid alcohol, marijuana, and other recreational drugs. Call 911, a suicide hotline, or go to a nearby emergency room if you have thoughts of harming yourself or others. Call your health care provider if: You hear voices that are not there. You cry often without cause. Your depression has affected your ability to participate in your recovery, or your work, or family life for longer than 2 weeks. You have 3 or more symptoms of depression. You think one of your medicines may be making you feel depressed. DO NOT change or stop taking any medicines without talking to your provider. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129(12):1350-1369. PMID: 24566200 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566200. Vaccarino V, Bremner JD. Psychiatric and behavioral aspects of cardiovascular disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease and diet. A healthy diet and lifestyle can reduce your risk for: Heart disease , heart attacks, and stroke Conditions that lead to heart disease, including high cholesterol , high blood pressure, and obesity Other chronic health problems, including type 2 diabetes , osteoporosis , and some forms of cancer This article makes recommendations that can help prevent heart disease and other conditions that can affect the health of your heart. People who currently have a heart condition, such as heart failure, or other health problems, such as diabetes, should talk with their health care provider about what type of diet is best. You may need to make certain changes to your diet that are not included in these recommendations. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Fruits and vegetables are part of a heart-healthy diet. They are good sources of fiber , vitamins, and minerals. Most are low in fat, calories, sodium, and cholesterol. Eat 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Get more fiber by eating whole fruits instead of drinking juice. Fruits and vegetables GRAINS Include whole wheat bread and pasta, brown rice, and starchy vegetables (such as peas, potatoes, corn, winter squash, and lima beans). These foods are high in the B vitamins, iron, and fiber. Choose whole grain foods (such as whole-wheat bread, cereal, crackers, and pasta or brown rice) for at least half of your daily grain intake. Grain products provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and complex carbohydrates. Eating too many grains, especially refined gain foods (such as white bread, pasta, and baked goods) can cause weight gain. Limit high-fat baked goods such as butter rolls, cheese crackers, and croissants, and cream sauces for pasta. Avoid packaged snacks that contain partially hydrogenated oils or trans fats. EATING HEALTHY PROTEIN Meat, poultry, seafood, dried peas, lentils, nuts, and eggs are good sources of protein, B vitamins, iron, and other vitamins and minerals. Fish in diet You should: Limit high-fat proteins. These include meats such as duck, goose, prime cuts of steak, organ meats such as kidneys and liver, and prepared meats such as sausage, hot dogs, and high-fat lunch meats. Trim off all visible fat before cooking the meat. Eat at least 2 servings of low-mercury fish per week. Cook by baking, broiling, roasting, steaming, boiling, or microwaving instead of deep frying. For the main entree, use less meat or have meatless meals a few times a week. Get protein from plant-based protein foods instead. Use skinless turkey, chicken, fish, or lean red meat to reduce the amount of saturated fat in your diet. Milk and other dairy products are good sources of protein, calcium, the B vitamins niacin and riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Use skim or 1% milk. Cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk should be low-fat or non-fat. FATS, OILS, AND CHOLESTEROL Some types of fat are healthier than others. A diet high in saturated and trans fats causes cholesterol to build up in your arteries (blood vessels). This puts you at risk for heart attack, stroke, and other major health problems. Avoid or limit foods that are high in these fats. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats that come from vegetable sources have many health benefits. Obesity and health You should: Limit total fat intake to 25% to 35% of your total daily calories. The American Heart Association recommends eating a healthy diet that limits 5% to 6% of calories from saturated fat. Foods with a lot of saturated fats include animal products such as butter, cheese, whole milk, ice cream, sour cream, lard, and fatty meats such as bacon. Some vegetable oils (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils) also contain saturated fats. These fats are solid at room temperature. Limit trans fats as much as possible by avoiding hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats. These are often found in packaged snacks and solid margarine. Eat less than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol each day. (One egg yolk contains an average of 184 mg of cholesterol.) Think about the following when choosing a margarine: Choose soft margarine (tub or liquid) over harder stick forms. Choose margarines with liquid vegetable oil as the first ingredient. Even better, choose 'light' margarines that list water as the first ingredient. These are even lower in saturated fat. Read the package label to choose a margarine that does not have trans fats. Trans fatty acids are unhealthy fats that form when vegetable oil undergoes hydrogenation. Trans fats can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol level in your blood. They can also lower your HDL (good) cholesterol level. To avoid trans fats, limit fried foods, commercial baked goods (donuts, cookies, and crackers), and hard margarines. OTHER TIPS TO KEEP YOUR HEART HEALTHY You may find it helpful to talk to a dietitian about your eating choices. The American Heart Association is a good source of information on diet and heart disease. Balance the number of calories you eat with the number you use each day to maintain a healthy body weight. You can ask your doctor or dietitian to help you figure out a good number of calories for you. Limit your intake of foods high in calories or low in nutrition, including foods like soft drinks and candy that contain a lot of sugar. The American Heart Association recommends that sodium intake be no more than 2,300 milligrams (about 1 teaspoon, or 5 mg) a day with an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults. Cut down on salt by reducing the amount of salt you add to food when eating and cooking. Also limit packaged foods that have salt added to them, such as canned soups and vegetables, cured meats, and some frozen meals. Always check the nutrition label for the sodium content per serving and be sure to pay attention to the number of servings per container. Season foods with lemon juice, fresh herbs or spices instead. Foods with more than 300 mg of sodium per serving may not fit into a reduced sodium diet. Exercise regularly. For example, walk for at least 30 minutes a day, in blocks of 10 minutes or longer. Try to move at least 30 minutes most, if not all, days of the week. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Women should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink per day. Men should not have more than 2 alcoholic drinks each day. One drink is defined as 12 ounces (355 milliliters, mL) of beer, 5 ounces (148 mL) of wine, or a 1 1/2-ounce (44 mL) shot of liquor. Diet - heart disease; CAD - diet; Coronary artery disease - diet; Coronary heart disease - diet. Cholesterol - drug treatment. Healthy diet Healthy diet Fish in diet Fish in diet Fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables Obesity and health Obesity and health. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-2984. PMID: 24239922 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239922. Heimburger DC. Nutrition's interface with health and disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease and intimacy. Both you and your provider may be concerned that having sex will bring on a heart attack. Your provider can tell you when it is safe to have sex again. After a heart attack or heart procedure: You may have an exercise test, to see how your heart reacts to exercise. Sometimes, at least the first 2 weeks or so after a heart attack, your provider may advise avoiding sex. Make sure you know the symptoms that could mean your heart is working too hard. They include: Chest pain or pressure Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, or faint Nausea Trouble breathing Uneven or fast pulse If you have any of these symptoms during the day, avoid sex and talk to your provider. If you notice these symptoms during (or soon after) having sex, stop the activity. Call your provider to discuss your symptoms. After heart surgery or a heart attack, your provider may say it is safe to have sex again. But your health issues may change the way you feel about or experience sex and close contact with your partner. Besides being worried about having a heart attack during sex, you may feel: Less interested in having sex or being close with your partner Like sex is less enjoyable Sad or depressed Feel worried or stressed Like you are a different person now Women may have trouble feeling aroused. Men may have trouble getting or keeping an erection, or have other problems. Your partner may have the same feelings you are having and may be afraid to have sex with you. If you have any questions or concerns about intimacy, talk to your provider. Your provider can help you find out what is causing the problem and suggest ways to deal with it. It may not be easy to talk about such private things, but there may be a treatment that could help you. If you find it hard to talk to your heart doctor about these topics, talk to your primary care provider. If you are depressed, anxious, or afraid, medicine or talk therapy may help. Classes in lifestyle change, stress management, or therapy may help you, family members, and partners. If the problem is caused by side effects of medicine you are taking, that medicine may be adjusted, changed, or another medicine may be added. Men who have trouble getting or keeping an erection may be prescribed a medicine to treat this. These include medicines like sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis). The above medicines may not be safe if you are taking other medicine. DO NOT take them if you are taking nitroglycerin or nitrates. Taking both kinds of these medicines can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. DO NOT buy these medicines through the mail or another doctor who does not know your full health history. To get the right prescription, talk to the doctor who knows your health history and all the medicines you take. If you have new symptoms of heart trouble during sexual activity, stop the activity. Call your provider for advice. If the symptoms do not go away within 5 to 10 minutes, call 911. Levine GN, Steinke EE, Bakaeen FG, et al. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(8):1058-1072. PMID: 22267844 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267844. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA. Stable ischemic heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Disease : Heart disease and women. CAD - women; Coronary artery disease - women. Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view Acute MI Acute MI Healthy diet Healthy diet. Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2014;130(19):1749-1767. PMID: 25070666 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070666. Gulati M, Bairey Merz CN. Cardiovascular disease in women. |
| Heart Disease & COPD Comprehensive | ETDF | 70,410,700,970,2750,7500,15310,67500,115700,356720 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure are different conditions. ... With activity, blood flow must increase, and your heart must pump harder and faster. If your heart can't keep up, blood Ňbacks upÓ into your lungs. This fluid congestion causes shortness of breath. |
| Heart Diseases | ETDF | 70,220,700,2750,7250,50000,67500,115700,356720,475520 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Failure | ETDF | 140,220,750,5290,7250,50000,167500,334250,425000,805290 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - discharge. You were in the hospital to have your heart failure treated. Heart failure occurs when the muscles of your heart are weak or have trouble relaxing, or both. Your heart is a pump that moves fluids through your body. As with any pump, if the flow out of the pump is not enough, fluids do not move well and they get stuck in places they should not be. In your body, this means that fluid collects in your lungs, abdomen, and legs. While you were in the hospital: Your health care team closely adjusted the fluids you drank or received through an intravenous (IV) line. They also watched and measured how much urine you produced. You may have received medicines to help your body get rid of extra fluids. You may have had tests to check how well your heart was working. Your energy will slowly return. You may need help taking care of yourself when you first get home. You may feel sad or depressed. All of these things are normal. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat but after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Throughout the day, ask yourself: Is my energy level normal? Do I get more short of breath when I am doing my everyday activities? Are my clothes or shoes feeling tight? Are my ankles or legs swelling? Am I coughing more often? Does my cough sound wet? Do I get short of breath at night or when I lie down? If you are having new (or different) symptoms, ask yourself: Did I eat something different than usual or try a new food? Did I take all of my medicines the right way at the right times?. Your health care provider may ask you to limit how much you drink. When your heart failure is not very severe, you may not have to limit your fluids too much. As your heart failure gets worse, you may be asked to limit fluids to 6 to 9 cups (1.5 to 2 liters) a day. You will need to eat less salt. Salt can make you thirsty, and being thirsty can cause you to drink too much fluid. Extra salt also makes fluid stay in your body. Lots of foods that DO NOT taste salty, or that you DO NOT add salt to, still contain a lot of salt. You may need to take a diuretic, or water pill. DO NOT drink alcohol. Alcohol makes it harder for your heart muscles to work. Ask your provider what to do on special occasions where alcohol and foods you are trying to avoid will be served. If you smoke, stop. Ask for help quitting if you need it. DO NOT let anybody smoke in your home. Learn more about what you should eat to make your heart and blood vessels healthier. Avoid fatty foods. Stay away from fast-food restaurants. Avoid some prepared and frozen foods. Learn fast food tips. Try to stay away from things that are stressful for you. If you feel stressed all the time, or if you are very sad, talk with your provider who can refer you to a counselor. Have your entire drug prescriptions filled before you go home. It is very important that you take your drugs the way your health care provider told you to. DO NOT take any other drugs or herbs without asking your provider about them first. Take your drugs with water. DO NOT take them with grapefruit juice, since it may change how your body absorbs certain medicines. Ask your provider or pharmacist if this will be a problem for you. The drugs below are given to many people who have heart failure. Sometimes there is a reason they may not be safe to take, though. These drugs may help protect your heart. Talk with your provider if you are not already on any of these drugs: Antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners) such as aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), or warfarin (Coumadin) to help keep your blood from clotting Beta blocker and ACE inhibitor medicines to lower your blood pressure Statins or other drugs to lower your cholesterol Talk to your provider before changing the way you take your medicines. Never just stop taking these drugs for your heart, or any drugs you may be taking for Diabetes, high blood pressure, or other medical conditions you have. If you are taking a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadin), you will need to have extra blood tests to make sure your dose is correct. Your provider may refer you to cardiac rehabilitation program. There, you will learn how to slowly increase your exercise and how to take care of your heart disease. Make sure you avoid heavy lifting. Make sure you know the warning signs of heart failure and of a heart attack. Know what to do when you have chest pain, or angina. Always ask your provider before starting sexual activity again. DO NOT take sildenafil (Viagra), or vardenafil (Levitra), tadalafil (Cialis), or any herbal remedy for erection problems without checking first. Make sure your home is set up to be safe and easy for you for you to move around in and avoid falls. If you are unable to walk around very much, ask your provider for exercises you can do while you are sitting. Make sure you get a flu shot every year. You may also need a pneumonia shot. Ask your provider about this. Your provider may call you to see how you are doing and to make sure you are checking your weight and taking your medicines. You will need follow-up appointments at your provider's office. You will likely need to have certain lab tests to check your sodium and potassium levels and monitor how your kidneys are working. Call your provider if: You gain more than 2 pounds (lb) (1 kilogram, kg) in a day, or 5 lb (2 kg) in a week. You are very tired and weak. You are dizzy and lightheaded. You are more short of breath when you are doing your normal activities. You have new shortness of breath when you are sitting. You need to sit up or use more pillows at night because you are short of breath when you are lying down. You wake up 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep because you are short of breath. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You feel pain or pressure in your chest. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. Your have swelling in your feet, ankles or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have stomach pain and tenderness. You have symptoms that you think may be from your medicines. Your pulse, or heartbeat, gets very slow or very fast, or it is not steady. Congestive heart failure - discharge; CHF - discharge; HF - discharge. Januzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - fluids and diuretics. When you have heart failure, your heart does not pump out enough blood. This causes fluids to build up in your body. If you drink too many fluids, you may get symptoms such as swelling, weight gain, and shortness of breath. Limiting how much you drink and how much salt (sodium) you take in can help prevent these symptoms. Your family members can help you take care of yourself. They can keep an eye on how much you drink. They can make sure you are taking your medicines the right way. And they can learn to recognize your symptoms early. Your health care provider may ask you to lower the amount of fluids you drink: When your heart failure is not very bad, you may not have to limit your fluids too much. As your heart failure gets worse, you may need to limit fluids to 6 to 9 cups (1.5 to 2 liters) a day. Remember, some foods, such as soups, puddings, gelatin, ice cream, popsicles and others contain fluids. When you eat chunky soups, use a fork if you can, and leave the broth behind. Use a small cup at home for your liquids at meals, and drink just 1 cupful (240 mL). After drinking 1 cup (240 mL) of fluid at a restaurant, turn your cup over to let your server know you DO NOT want more. Find ways to keep from getting too thirsty: When you are thirsty, chew some gum, rinse your mouth with cold water and spit it out, or suck on something such as hard candy, a slice of lemon, or small pieces of ice. Stay cool. Getting overheated will make you thirsty. If you have trouble keeping track of it, write down how much you are drinking during the day. Eating too much salt can make you thirsty, which can make you drink too much. Extra salt also makes more fluid stay in your body. Many foods contain 'hidden salt,' including prepared, canned and frozen foods. Learn how to eat a low-salt diet. Diuretics help your body get rid of extra fluid. They are often called 'water pills.' There are many brands of diuretics. Some are taken 1 time a day. Others are taken 2 times a day. The three common types are: Thiazides: Chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Hygroton), indapamide (Lozol), hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, HydroDiuril), and metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn) Loop diuretics: Bumentanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix), and torasemide (Demadex) Potassium-sparing agents: Amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium) There are also diuretics that contain a combination of two of the drugs above. When you are taking diuretics, you will need to have regular checkups so that your provider can check your potassium levels and monitor how your kidneys are working. Diuretics make you urinate more often. Try not to take them at night before you go to bed. Take them at the same time every day. Common side effects of diuretics are: Fatigue, muscle cramps, or weakness from low potassium levels Dizziness or lightheadedness Numbness or tingling Heart palpitations, or a 'fluttery' heartbeat Gout Depression Irritability Urinary incontinence (not being able to hold your urine) Loss of sex drive (from potassium-sparing diuretics), or inability to have an erection Hair growth, menstrual changes, and a deepening voice in women (from potassium-sparing diuretics) Breast swelling in men or breast tenderness in women (from potassium-sparing diuretics) Allergic reactions -- if you are allergic to sulfa drugs, you should not use thiazides. Be sure to take your diuretic the way you have been told. You will get to know what weight is right for you. Weighing yourself will help you know if there is too much fluid in your body. You might also find that your clothes and shoes are feeling tighter than normal when there is too much fluid in your body. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat and after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Call your provider if your weight goes up by more than 2 to 3 pounds (1 to 1.5 kilograms, kg) in a day or 5 pounds (2 kg) in a week. Also call your provider if you lose a lot of weight. Call your provider if: You are tired or weak. You feel short of breath when you are active or when you are at rest. You feel short of breath when you lie down, or an hour or two after falling asleep. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. You have swelling in your feet, ankles, or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have gained or lost weight. You have pain and tenderness in your belly. You have symptoms that you think might be from your medicines. Your pulse, or heartbeat, gets very slow or very fast, or it is not steady. HF - fluids and diuretics; CHF - ICD discharge; Cardiomyopathy - ICD discharge. Januzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - home monitoring. Knowing your body and the symptoms that tell you your heart failure is getting worse will help you stay healthier and out of the hospital. At home, you should watch for changes in your: Blood pressure Heart rate Pulse Weight When watching out for warning signs, you can catch problems before they get too serious. Sometimes these simple checks will remind you that you forgot to take a pill, or that you have been drinking too much fluid or eating too much salt. Be sure to write down the results of your home self-checks so that you can share them with your health care provider. Your doctor's office may have a 'telemonitor,' a device you can use to send your information automatically. A nurse will go over your self-check results with you in a regular (sometimes weekly) phone call. Throughout the day, ask yourself: Is my energy level normal? Am I getting more short of breath when I am doing my everyday activities? Are my clothes or shoes feeling tight? Are my ankles or legs swelling? Am I coughing more often? Does my cough sound wet? Do I get short of breath at night? These are signs that there is too much fluid building up in your body. You will need to learn how to limit your fluids and salt intake to prevent these things from happening. You will get to know what weight is right for you. Weighing yourself will help you know if there is too much fluid in your body. You might also find that your clothes and shoes are feeling tighter than normal when there is too much fluid in your body. Weigh yourself every morning on the same scale when you get up -- before you eat and after you use the bathroom. Make sure you are wearing similar clothing each time you weigh yourself. Write down your weight every day on a chart so that you can keep track of it. Call your provider if your weight goes up by more than 3 pounds (about 1.5 kilograms) in a day or 5 pounds (2 kilograms) in a week. Also call your provider if you lose a lot of weight. Know what your normal pulse rate is. Your provider will tell you what yours should be. You can take your pulse in the wrist area below the base of your thumb. Use your index and third fingers of your other hand to find your pulse. Use a second hand and count the number of beats for 30 seconds. Then double that number. That is your pulse. Radial pulse Your provider may give you special equipment to check your heart rate. Your provider may ask you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. Make sure you get a good quality, well-fitting home device. Show it to your doctor or nurse. It will probably have a cuff with a stethoscope or a digital readout. Practice with your provider to make sure you are taking your blood pressure correctly. Blood pressure Watch this video about: Blood pressure. Call your provider if: You are tired or weak. You feel short of breath when you are active or when you are at rest. You have shortness of breath when you lie down, or an hour or two after falling asleep. You are wheezing and having trouble breathing. You have a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. You have swelling in your feet, ankles, or legs. You have to urinate a lot, especially at night. You have gained or lost weight. You have pain and tenderness in your belly. You have symptoms you think might be from your medicines. Your pulse or heartbeat gets very slow or very fast, or it is not regular. Your blood pressure is lower or higher than is normal for you. HF - home monitoring; CHF - home monitoring; Cardiomyopathy - home monitoring. Radial pulse Radial pulse. Januzzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - medicines. You will need to take most of your heart failure medicines every day. Some medicines are taken once a day. Others need to be taken 2 or more times daily. It is very important that you take your medicines at the right time and in the way your doctor has told you. Never stop taking your heart medicines without talking to your health care provider first. This is also true for other medicines you take, such as drugs for diabetes, high blood pressure, and other serious conditions. Your provider may also tell you to take certain medicines or change your doses when your symptoms get worse. DO NOT change your medicines or doses without talking to provider. Always tell your provider before you take any new medicines. This includes over-the-counter medicines such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), as well as drugs such as Sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis). Also tell your provider before you take any type of herb or supplement. ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) work by opening blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. These medicines can: Reduce the work your heart has to do Help your heart muscle pump better Keep your heart failure from getting worse Common side effects of these drugs include: Dry cough Lightheadedness Fatigue Upset stomach Edema Headache Diarrhea When you take these medicines, you will need to have blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working and to measure your potassium levels. Most of the time, your provider will prescribe either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB. A new drug class called angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI's) combines an ARB drug with a new type of drug. ARNI's may be used to treat heart failure. Beta blockers slow your heart rate and decrease the strength with which your heart muscle contracts in the short term. Long term beta blockers help keep your heart failure from becoming worse. Over time they may also help strengthen your heart. Common beta blockers used for heart failure include carvedilol (Coreg), bisoprolol (Zebeta), and metoprolol (Toprol). DO NOT abruptly stop taking these drugs. This can increase the risk of angina and even a heart attack. Other side effects include lightheadedness, depression, fatigue, and memory loss. Diuretics help your body get rid of extra fluid. Some types of diuretics may also help in other ways. These drugs are often called 'water pills.' There are many brands of diuretics. Some are taken once a day. Others are taken 2 times a day. The most common types are: Thiazides. Chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Hygroton), indapamide (Lozol), hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, HydroDiuril), and metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn) Loop diuretics. Bumentanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix), and torasemide (Demadex) Potassium-sparing agents. Amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium) When you take these medicines, you will need regular blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working and measure your potassium levels. Many people with heart disease take either aspirin or clopidogrel (Plavix). These drugs help prevent blood clots from forming in your arteries. This can lower your risk of a stroke or heart attack. Coumadin (Warfarin) is recommended for patients with heart failure who have a higher risk for blood clots. You will need to have extra blood tests to make sure your dose is correct. You may also need to make changes to your diet. Drugs used less commonly for heart failure include: Digoxin to help increase the heart's pumping strength and slow the heart rate. Hydralazine and nitrates to open up arteries and help the heart muscle pump better. These drugs are mainly used by patients who are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure or angina (chest pain) from coronary artery disease (CAD). Statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs are used when needed. Antiarrhythmic medicines are sometimes used by heart failure patients who have abnormal heart rhythms. One such drug is amiodarone. A new medicine, Ivabradine (Corlanor), acts to lower the heart rate and may help people with heart failure by reducing the hearts' workload. CHF - medicines; Congestive heart failure - medicines; Cardiomyopathy - medicines; HF - medicines. Mann DL. Management of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - overview. Heart failure is most often a long-term (chronic) condition, but it may come on suddenly. It can be caused by many different heart problems. The condition may affect only the right side or only the left side of the heart. More often, both sides of the heart are involved. Heart failure is present when: Your heart muscle cannot pump (eject) the blood out of the heart very well. This is called systolic heart failure, or heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Your heart muscle is stiff and does not fill up with blood easily. This is called diastolic heart failure, or heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). As the heart's pumping becomes less effective, blood may back up in other areas of the body. Fluid may build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the arms and legs. This is called congestive heart failure. Circulation of blood through the heart The most common causes of heart failure are: Coronary artery disease (CAD), a narrowing or blockage of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. This can weaken the heart muscle over time or suddenly. High blood pressure that is not well controlled, leading to problems with stiffness, or eventually leading to muscle weakening. Other heart problems that may cause heart failure are: Congenital heart disease Heart attack (when coronary artery disease results in a sudden blockage of a heart artery) Heart valves that are leaky or narrowed Infection that weakens the heart muscle Some types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Other diseases that can cause or contribute to heart failure: Amyloidosis Emphysema Overactive thyroid Sarcoidosis Severe anemia Too much iron in the body Underactive thyroid. Symptoms of heart failure often begin slowly. At first, they may only occur when you are very active. Over time, you may notice breathing problems and other symptoms even when you are resting. Symptoms may also appear suddenly after the heart is damaged from a heart attack or other problem. Common symptoms are: Cough Fatigue, weakness, faintness Loss of appetite Need to urinate at night Pulse that feels fast or irregular, or a sensation of feeling the heartbeat (palpitations) Shortness of breath when you are active or after you lie down Swollen (enlarged) liver or abdomen Swollen feet and ankles Waking up from sleep after a couple of hours due to shortness of breath Weight gain. Your health care provider will examine you for signs of heart failure: Fast or difficult breathing Leg swelling (edema) Neck veins that stick out (are distended) Sounds (crackles) from fluid buildup in your lungs, heard through a stethoscope Swelling of the liver or abdomen Uneven or fast heartbeat and abnormal heart sounds Foot swelling Many tests are used to diagnose and monitor heart failure. An echocardiogram (echo) is most often the best first test for people when heart failure is being evaluated. Your provider will use it to guide your treatment. Other imaging tests can look at how well your heart is able to pump blood, and how much the heart muscle is damaged. Many blood tests may also be used to: Help diagnose and monitor heart failure Identify risks for various types of heart disease Look for possible causes of heart failure, or problems that may make your heart failure worse Monitor for side effects of medicines you may be taking. MONITORING AND SELF CARE If you have heart failure, your provider will monitor you closely. You will have follow-up visits at least every 3 to 6 months, but sometimes much more often. You will also have tests to check your heart function. Knowing your body and the symptoms that your heart failure is getting worse will help you stay healthier and out of the hospital. At home, watch for changes in your heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, and weight. Weight gain, especially over a day or two, can be a sign that your body is holding on to extra fluid and your heart failure is getting worse. Talk to your provider about what you should do if your weight goes up or you develop more symptoms. Limit how much salt you eat. Your provider may also ask you to limit how much fluid you drink during the day. Other important changes to make in your lifestyle: Ask your provider how much alcohol you may drink. DO NOT smoke. Stay active. Walk or ride a stationary bicycle. Your provider can provide a safe and effective exercise plan for you. DO NOT exercise on days when your weight has gone up from fluid or you are not feeling well. Lose weight if you are overweight. Lower your cholesterol by changing your lifestyle. Get enough rest, including after exercise, eating, or other activities. This allows your heart to rest too. MEDICINES, SURGERY, AND DEVICES You will need to take medicines to treat your heart failure. Medicines treat the symptoms, prevent your heart failure from getting worse, and help you live longer. It is very important that you take your medicine as your health care team directed. These medicines: Help the heart muscle pump better Keep your blood from clotting Lower your cholesterol levels Open up blood vessels or slow your heart rate so your heart does not have to work as hard Reduce damage to the heart Reduce the risk of abnormal heart rhythms Replace potassium Rid your body of excess fluid and salt (sodium) It is very important that you take your medicine as directed. DO NOT take any other drugs or herbs without first asking your provider about them. Drugs that may make your heart failure worse include: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) The following surgeries and devices may be recommended for some people with heart failure: Coronary bypass surgery (CABG) or angioplasty with or without stenting may help improve blood flow to the damaged or weakened heart muscle. Heart valve surgery may be done if changes in a heart valve are causing your heart failure. A pacemaker can help treat slow heart rates or help both sides of your heart contract at the same time. A defibrillator sends an electrical pulse to stop life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms. END-STAGE HEART FAILURE Severe heart failure occurs when treatments no longer work. Certain treatments may be used when a person is waiting for (or instead of) a heart transplant: Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) Left or right ventricular assist device (LVAD) Total artificial heart At a certain point, the provider will decide whether it is best to keep treating heart failure aggressively. The person, along with his or her family and doctors, may want to discuss palliative or comfort care at this time. Often, you can control heart failure by taking medicine, changing your lifestyle, and treating the condition that caused it. Heart failure can suddenly get worse due to: Ischemia (lack of blood flow to the heart muscle) Eating high-salt foods Heart attack Infections or other illnesses Not taking medicines correctly New, abnormal heart rhythms Most of the time, heart failure is a chronic illness that gets worse over time. Some people develop severe heart failure. Medicines, other treatments, and surgery no longer help at this stage. People with heart failure may be at risk for dangerous heart rhythms. These people often receive an implanted defibrillator. Call your provider if you develop: Increased cough or phlegm Sudden weight gain or swelling Weakness Other new or unexplained symptoms Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if: You faint You have fast and irregular heartbeat (especially if you also have other symptoms) You feel a severe crushing chest pain. Most cases of heart failure can be prevented by living a healthy lifestyle and taking steps aimed at reducing your risk for heart disease.. CHF; Congestive heart failure; Left-sided heart failure; Right-sided heart failure - cor pulmonale; Cardiomyopathy - heart failure; HF. ACE inhibitors Antiplatelet drugs - P2Y12 inhibitors Being active when you have heart disease Heart bypass surgery - discharge Heart failure - discharge Heart failure - fluids and diuretics Heart failure - home monitoring Heart failure - what to ask your doctor Heart pacemaker - discharge Implantable cardioverter defibrillator - discharge. Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view Circulation of blood through the heart Circulation of blood through the heart Foot swelling Foot swelling. Allen LA and Stevenson LW. Management of patients with cardiovascular disease approaching the end of life. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - palliative care. Chronic heart failure very often gets worse over time. Many people who have heart failure die of the condition. It can be hard to think and talk about the type of care you want at the end of your life. However, discussing these subjects with your doctors and loved ones may help bring you peace of mind. You may have already discussed heart transplantation and the use of a ventricular assist device with your doctor. At some point, you will be faced with the decision about whether to continue active or aggressive treatment of heart failure. Then, you may want to discuss the option of palliative or comfort care with your providers and loved ones. Many people wish to stay in their homes during the end of life period. This is often possible with the support of loved ones, caregivers, and a hospice program. You may need to make changes in your home to make life easier and keep you safe. Hospice units in hospitals and other nursing facilities are also an option. Advance care directives are documents that state the type of care you would like to have if you are unable to speak for yourself. Fatigue and breathlessness are common problems at the end of life. These symptoms can be distressing. You may feel short of breath and have trouble breathing. Other symptoms may include tightness in the chest, feeling as if you are not getting enough air, or even feeling like you're being smothered. Family or caregivers can help by: Encouraging the person to sit upright Increasing the airflow in a room by using a fan or opening a window Helping the person relax and not panic Using oxygen will help you combat shortness of breath and keep a person with end-stage heart failure comfortable. Safety measures (such as not smoking) are very important when using oxygen at home. Morphine can also help shortness of breath. It is available as a pill, liquid, or tablet that dissolves under the tongue. Your provider will tell you how to take morphine. Symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, and nausea can make it hard for people with heart failure to take in enough calories and nutrients. Wasting of muscles and weight loss are part of the natural disease process. It can help to eat several small meals. Choosing foods that are appealing and easy to digest can make it easier to eat. Caregivers should not try to force a person with heart failure to eat. This does not help the person live longer and may be uncomfortable. Talk to your provider about things you can do to help manage nausea or vomiting and constipation. Anxiety, fear, and sadness are common among people with end-stage heart failure. Family and caregivers should look for signs of these problems. Asking the person about his or her feelings and fears can make it easier to discuss them. Morphine can also help with fearfulness and anxiety. Certain antidepressants may also be useful. Pain is a common problem in the end stages of many diseases, including heart failure. Morphine and other pain medicines can help. Common over-the-counter pain medicines, such as ibuprofen, are often not safe for people with heart failure. Some people may have problems with bladder control or bowel function. Talk with your provider before using any medicines, laxatives, or suppositories for these symptoms. CHF - palliative; Congestive heart failure - palliative; Cardiomyopathy - palliative; HF - palliative; Cardiac cachexia; End-of-life-heart failure. Goodlin SJ, Bonow RO. Care of patients with end-stage heart disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - surgeries and devices. A heart pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device that sends a signal to your heart. The signal makes your heart beat at the correct pace. Pacemaker Pacemakers may be used: To correct abnormal heart rhythms. The heart may beat too slowly, too fast, or in an irregular manner. To better coordinate the beating of the heart in people with heart failure. These are called biventricular pacemakers. When your heart is weakened, gets too large, and does not pump blood very well, you are at high risk for abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden cardiac death. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a device that detects heart rhythms. It quickly sends an electrical shock to the heart to change the rhythm back to normal. Most biventricular pacemakers can also work as implantable cardio-defibrillators (ICD). The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. CAD may become worse and make it harder to manage your symptoms. Coronary artery disease Watch this video about: Coronary artery disease After performing certain tests your health care provider may feel that opening a narrowed or blocked blood vessel will improve your heart failure symptoms. Suggested procedures may include: Angioplasty and stent placement Heart bypass surgery. Blood that flows between the chambers of your heart, or out of your heart into the aorta, must pass through a heart valve. These valves open enough to allow blood to flow through. They then close, keeping blood from flowing backward. When these valves do not work well (become too leaky or too narrow), blood does not flow correctly through the heart to the body. This problem may cause heart failure or make heart failure worse. Heart valve surgery may be needed to repair or replace one of the valves. Some types of surgery are done for severe heart failure when other treatments no longer work. These procedures are often used when a person is waiting for a heart transplant. They are also sometimes used long term in cases when transplant is not planned or possible. Examples of some of these devices include left ventricular assist device (LVAD) , right ventricular assist devices (RVAD) or a total artificial hearts. They are considered for use if you have severe heart failure that cannot be controlled with medicine or a special pacemaker. Ventricular assist devices (VAD) help your heart pump blood from the pumping chambers of your heart to either the lungs or to the rest of your body These pumps may be implanted in your body or connected to a pump outside your body. You may be on a waiting list for a heart transplant. Some patients who get a VAD are very ill and may already be on a heart-lung bypass machine. Total artificial hearts are being developed, but are not yet in wide use. Devices inserted thru a catheter such as intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) are sometimes used. An IABP is a thin balloon that is inserted into an artery (most often in the leg) and threaded into the main artery exiting the heart (aorta). These devices can help maintain heart function in the short term. Because they can be placed quickly, they are useful for patients who have a sudden and severe decline in heart function They are used in people who are waiting for recovery or for more advanced assist devices. CHF - surgery; Congestive heart failure - surgery; Cardiomyopathy - surgery; HF - surgery; Intra-aortic balloon pumps - heart failure; IABP - heart failure; Catheter based assist devices - heart failure. Pacemaker Pacemaker. Aaronson KD, Pagani FD. Mechanical circulatory support. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - tests. An echocardiogram (echo) is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. The picture is much more detailed than a plain x-ray image. This test helps your health care provider learn more about how well your heart contracts and relaxes. It also provides information about the size of your heart and how well the heart valves are working. An echocardiogram is the best test to: Identify which type of heart failure (systolic, diastolic, valvular) Monitor your heart failure and guide your treatment Heart failure can be diagnosed if the echocardiogram shows that the pumping function of the heart is too low. This is called an ejection fraction. A normal ejection fraction is around 55% to 65%. If only some parts of the heart are not working correctly, it may mean that there is a blockage in the artery of the heart that delivers blood to that area. Many other imaging tests are used to look at how well your heart is able to pump blood and the extent of heart muscle damage. You may have a chest x-ray done in your provider's office if your symptoms suddenly become worse. However, a chest x-ray cannot diagnose heart failure. Ventriculography is another test that measures the overall squeezing strength of the heart (ejection fraction). Like an echocardiogram, it can show parts of the heart muscle that are not moving well. This test uses x-ray contrast fluid to fill the pumping chamber of the heart and evaluate its function. It is often done at the same time as other tests, such as coronary angiography. MRI , CT , or PET scans of the heart may be done to check how much heart muscle damage is present. It can also help detect the reason for a patient's heart failure. Stress tests are done to see whether the heart muscle is getting enough blood flow and oxygen when it is working hard (under stress). Types of stress tests include: Nuclear stress test Exercise stress test Stress echocardiogram Your provider may order a heart catheterization if any imaging tests show that you have narrowing in one of your arteries, or if you are having chest pain (angina). Several different blood tests can be used to learn more about your condition. Tests are done to: Help diagnose the cause for and monitor heart failure. Identify risk factors for heart disease. Look for possible causes of heart failure or problems that may make your heart failure worse. Monitor side effects of medications you may be taking. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine tests help monitor how well your kidneys are working. You will need these tests regularly if: You are taking medicines called ACE inhibitors or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) Your provider makes changes to the doses of your medicines You have more severe heart failure Sodium and potassium levels in your blood will need to be measured on a regular basis when there are changes made for some medicines including: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or certain types of water pills (amiloride, spironolactone, and triamterene) that can make your potassium levels too high Most other types of water pills, which can make your sodium too low or your potassium too high Anemia, or low red blood cell count, can make your heart failure worse. Your provider will check your CBC or complete blood count on a regular basis or when your symptoms become worse. CHF - tests; Congestive heart failure - tests; Cardiomyopathy - tests; HF - tests. Mann DL. Management of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure - what to ask your doctor. What kinds of heath checks do I need to do at home and how do I do them? How do I check my pulse and blood pressure? How should I check my weight? When should I do these checks? What supplies do I need? How should I keep track of my blood pressure, weight, and pulse? What are the signs and symptoms that my heart failure is getting worse? Will I always have the same symptoms? What should I do if my weight goes up? If my legs swell up? If I feel more short of breath? If my clothes feel tight? What are the signs and symptoms that I am having angina or a heart attack? When should I call the doctor? When should I call 911? What medicines am I taking to treat heart failure? Do they have any side effects? What should I do if I miss a dose? Is it ever safe to stop taking any of these medicines on my own? What over-the-counter medicines are NOT compatible with my regular medicines? How much activity or exercise can I do? Which activities are better to start with? Are there activities or exercises that are not safe for me? Is it safe for me to exercise on my own? Do I need to go to a cardiac rehabilitation program? Are there limits on what I can do at work? What should I do if I feel sad or very worried about my heart disease? How can I change the way I live to make my heart stronger? How much water or fluid can I drink every day? How much salt can I eat? What are other types of seasoning I can use instead of salt? What is a heart-healthy diet? Is it ever ok to eat something that is not heart-healthy? What are some ways to eat healthy when I go to a restaurant? Is it ok to drink alcohol? How much is ok? Is it ok to be around other people who are smoking? Is my blood pressure normal? What is my cholesterol, and do l need to take medicines for it? Is it ok to be sexually active? Is it safe to use sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), or tadalafil (Cialis) for erection problems?. What to ask your doctor about heart failure; HF - what to ask your doctor. McmurrayJJV, Pfeffer MA. Heart failure: Management and prognosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure in children - home care. Home monitoring helps you and your child stay on top of your child's heart failure. Doing so can help catch problems before they get too serious. Sometimes these simple checks will remind you that your child has been drinking too much fluid or eating too much salt. Be sure to write down the results of your child's home checks so that you can share them with your child's health care provider. You may need to keep a chart, or the doctor's office may have a 'telemonitor,' a device you can use to send your child's information automatically. A nurse will go over your child's home results with you in a regular phone call. Throughout the day, watch for these signs or symptoms in your child: Low energy level Shortness of breath when doing everyday activities Clothes or shoes that feel tight Swelling in the ankles or legs Coughing more often or a wet cough Shortness of breath at night Weighing your child will help you know if there is too much fluid in their body. You should: Weigh your child every morning on the same scale upon awakening. Before they eat and after they use the bathroom. Make sure your child wears similar clothing each time. Ask your child's provider what range their weight should stay within. Also call the provider if your child loses a lot of weight. Babies and infants' bodies are working extra hard because of heart failure. Infants may be too tired to drink enough breast milk or formula when feeding. So they often need extra calories to help them grow. Your child's provider may suggest a formula that has more calories packed into every ounce. You may need to keep track of how much formula is taken, and report when your child has diarrhea. Babies and infants will also need extra nutrition through a feeding tube. Older children also may not eat enough due to a decrease in appetite. Even older children may require a feeding tube, either all of the time, just part of the day, or when weight loss occurs. When more severe heart failure is present, your child may need to limit the amount of salt and total fluids taken in every day. Your child will need to take medicines to treat heart failure. Medicines treat the symptoms and prevent heart failure from getting worse. It is very important that your child take the medicine as directed by the health care team. These medicines: Help the heart muscle pump better Keep blood from clotting Open up blood vessels or slow the heart rate so the heart does not have to work as hard Reduce damage to the heart Reduce the risk of abnormal heart rhythms Replace potassium Rid the body of excess fluid and salt (sodium) Your child should take heart failure medicines as directed. DO NOT allow your child to take any other drugs or herbs without first asking your child's provider about them. Common drugs that may make heart failure worse include: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) If your child requires oxygen at home , you will need to know how to store and use oxygen. If you are traveling, plan ahead. You will also need to learn about oxygen safety in the home. Some children may need to limit or restrict certain activities or sports. Be sure to discuss this with the provider. Call your child's provider if your child: Is tired or weak. Feels short of breath when active or at rest. Has a bluish skin color around the mouth or on the lips and tongue. Is wheezing and having trouble breathing. This is seen more in infants. Has a cough that does not go away. It may be dry and hacking, or it may sound wet and bring up pink, foamy spit. Has swelling in the feet, ankles, or legs. Has gained or lost weight. Has pain and tenderness in the belly. Has a very slow or very fast pulse or heartbeat, or it is not regular. Has blood pressure that is lower or higher than is normal for your child. Congestive heart failure (CHF) - home monitoring for children; Cor pulmonale - home monitoring for children; Cardiomyopathy - heart failure home monitoring for children. American Heart Association. Heart failure in children and adolescents. Updated April 6, 2015. www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/AboutHeartFailure/Heart-Failure-in-Children-and-Adolescents_UCM_311919_Article.jsp#.V9GZWpgrKUk. Accessed July 1, 2016. Bernstein D. Heart failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Heart Failure : Heart failure in children - overview. The heart is composed of two independent pumping systems. One is on the right side, and the other is on the left. Each has two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle. The ventricles are the major pumps in the heart. The right system receives blood from the veins of the whole body. This is 'used' blood, which is poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. The left system receives blood from the lungs. This blood is now rich in oxygen. Blood leaves the heart through the aorta, the major artery that feeds blood to the entire body. Valves are muscular flaps that open and close so blood will flow in the right direction. There are four valves in the heart. One common way heart failure occurs in children is when the blood from the left side of the heart mixes with the right side of the heart. This leads to an overflow of blood into the lungs or one or more chambers of the heart. This occurs most often due to birth defects of the heart or major blood vessels. These include: A hole between the right or left upper or lower chambers of the heart A defect of the major arteries Defective heart valves that are leaky or narrowed A defect in the formation of the heart chambers Abnormal development or damage to the heart muscle is the other common cause of heart failure. This may be due to: Infection from a virus or bacteria that causes damage to the heart muscle or heart valves Drugs used for other illnesses, most often cancer drugs Abnormal heart rhythms Muscle disorders, such as muscular dystrophy Genetic disorders leading to abnormal development of the heart muscle. As the heart's pumping becomes less effective, blood may back up in other areas of the body. Fluid may build up in the lungs, liver, abdomen, and the arms and legs. This is called congestive heart failure. Symptoms of heart failure may be present at birth, start during the first weeks of life, or develop slowly in an older child. Symptoms of heart failure in infants may include: Breathing problems, such as rapid breathing or breathing that appears to take more effort. These may be noticed when the child is resting or when feeding or crying. Taking longer than normal to feed, or becoming too tired to continue feeding after a short time. Noticing a fast or strong heart beat thru the chest wall when the child is at rest. Not gaining enough weight. Common symptoms in older children are: Cough Fatigue, weakness, faintness Loss of appetite Need to urinate at night Pulse that feels fast or irregular, or a sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations) Shortness of breath when the child is active or after lying down Swollen (enlarged) liver or abdomen Swollen feet and ankles Waking up from sleep after a couple of hours due to shortness of breath Weight gain. The health care provider will examine your child for signs of heart failure: Fast or difficult breathing Leg swelling (edema) Neck veins that stick out (are distended) Sounds (crackles) from fluid buildup in your child s lungs, heard through a stethoscope Swelling of the liver or abdomen Uneven or fast heartbeat and abnormal heart sounds Many tests are used to diagnose and monitor heart failure. A chest x-ray and an echocardiogram are most often the best first tests when heart failure is being evaluated. Your provider will use them to guide your child's treatment. Cardiac catheterization involves passing a thin flexible tube (catheter) into the right or left side of the heart. It may be done to measure pressure, blood flow, and oxygen levels in different parts of the heart. Other imaging tests can look at how well your child's heart is able to pump blood, and how much the heart muscle is damaged. Many blood tests may also be used to: Help diagnose and monitor heart failure Look for possible causes of heart failure or problems that may make heart failure worse Monitor for side effects of medicines your child may be taking. Treatment often involves a combination of monitoring, self-care, and medicines and other medical treatments. MONITORING AND SELF-CARE Your child will have follow-up visits at least every 3 to 6 months, but sometimes much more often. Your child will also have tests to check heart function. All parents and caregivers must learn how to monitor the child at home.You also need to learn the symptoms that heart failure is getting worse. Recognizing the symptoms early will help your child stay out of the hospital. At home, watch for changes in heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, and weight. Talk to your child's doctor about what you should do when weight goes up or your child develops more symptoms. Limit how much salt your child eats. Your doctor may also ask you to limit how much fluid your child drinks during the day. Your child needs to get enough calories to grow and develop. Some children require feeding tubes. Your child's provider can provide a safe and effective exercise and activity plan. MEDICINES, SURGERY, AND DEVICES Your child will need to take medicines to treat heart failure. Medicines treat the symptoms and prevent heart failure from getting worse. It is very important that your child take any medicines as directed by the health care team. These medicines: Help the heart muscle pump better Keep blood from clotting Open up blood vessels or slow the heart rate so the heart does not have to work as hard Reduce damage to the heart Reduce the risk of abnormal heart rhythms Rid the body of excess fluid and salt (sodium) Replace potassium Prevent blood clots from forming Your child should take medicines as directed. DO NOT take any other drugs or herbs without first asking the provider about them. Common drugs that may make heart failure worse include: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) The following surgeries and devices may be recommended for some children with heart failure: Surgery to correct different heart defects Heart valve surgery A pacemaker can help treat slow heart rates or help both sides of your child's heart contract at the same time. A pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device that is inserted under the skin on the chest. Children with heart failure may be at risk for dangerous heart rhythms. They often receive an implanted defibrillator. Heart transplantation may be needed for severe, end-stage heart failure. Long-term outcomes depend on a number of factors. These include: What types of heart defects are present and whether they can be repaired Severity of any permanent damage to the heart muscle Other health or genetic problems that may be present Often, heart failure can be controlled by taking medicine, making changes in lifestyle, and treating the condition that caused it. Call your provider if your child develops: Increased cough or phlegm Sudden weight gain or swelling Poor feeding or poor weight gain over time Weakness Other new or unexplained symptoms Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if your child: Faints Has a fast and irregular heartbeat (especially with other symptoms) Feels a severe crushing chest pain. Congestive heart failure - children; Cor pulmonale - children; Cardiomyopathy - children; CHF - children; Congenital heart defect - heart failure in children; Cyanotic heart disease - heart failure in children; Birth defect of the heart - heart failure in children. Bernstein D. Heart failure. |
| Heart Function Balance | XTRA | 696 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Function Normalize | XTRA | 1.19,3.89,20,73,80,95,125,160,250,465,660,690,696,727.5,787,880,3000 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart General | CAFL | 20,81,162,5000 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Septal Defects | ETDF | 140,220,650,5290,7850,51020,167500,324370,551030,725520 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heart Tonic | CAFL | 80,160,20,73,3.9,3000,880,787,727,465,162,125,95,20,1.2 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. Lab animals only. See Chlamydia, Staphylacoccus, Circulatory Stasis, and Kidney programs. |
| Heart Tonic Animals | XTRA | 1.19,3.89,20,73,80,95,125,160,162,465,727,787,880,3000 | it supports restorative, circulation, elevated cholesterol levels, arrhythmia, angina, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure for all species |
| Heart Valve Diseases | ETDF | 110,220,730,3750,7050,51270,137500,236420,472290,851170 | Note: cardiac conditions are inherently unstable. |
| Heartburn Chronic | CAFL | 832,2720,2170,2127,1800,1600,1550,802,1500,880,787,727,685,465,444,1865,125,95,72,20 | Take a good calcium/magnesium supplement and use the Water Cure. See Acidosis, Hernia, Hyperacidity, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus General, and Heliobacter programs. |
| Heartworms | BIO | 543,2322 | Also called Dog Heartworm. Parasitic mosquito-borne filaria that can infect other animals, and humans. See Dirofilaria Immitis and Parasites Heartworms. |
| Heartworms | CAFL | 200,535,799,1077,2322 | Also called Dog Heartworm. Parasitic mosquito-borne filaria that can infect other animals, and humans. See Dirofilaria Immitis and Parasites Heartworms. |
| Heat Generation | XTRA | 5.5,6 | Heat generation is an unavoidable phenomenon during the process of metal cutting, which is the major damaging factor for the cutting tool condition. |
| Heat Stress Disorders | ETDF | 70,410,730,850,7500,20000,57500,150000,225520,322060 | The minor disorders are given as sunburn, prickly heat and heat syncope; the major, as heat exhaustion, heat cramps (both disorders of electrolyte and water metabolism), tropical anhidrotic asthenia and hyper-pyrexia (both failures of heat regulation). |
| Heavy Metal Toxicity | XTRA | 317,1902,4202.3,5333.69,9887,14164.1,15952.79,19007.15,19007.2,19169.38,19516.29,21822.15 | A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic, all of which appear in the World Health Organization's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. Other examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, silver, antimony and thallium. |
| Heavy Metals | CAFL | 30000 | The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic,all of which appear in the World Health Organization's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. Other examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, silver, antimony and thallium. |
| Heel Spurs | XTRA | 1.19,120,250 | Bony projections called osteophytes that can build up at joint margins. Also see Bone Spurs. |
| Helicobacter Pylori | ETDF | 250,850,2230,30000,95000,107100,225300,438950,633100,823410 | Also called Heliobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. Encyclopedia Entry for Helicobacter Pylori : Helicobacter pylori infection. H pylori bacteria are most likely passed directly from person to person. This tends to happen during childhood. The infection remains throughout life if not treated. It's not clear how the bacteria are passed from one person to another. The bacteria may spread from: Mouth-to-mouth contact GI tract illness (particularly when vomiting occurs) Contact with stool (fecal material) Contaminated food and water The bacteria may trigger ulcers in the following way: H pylori enters the mucus layer of the stomach and attaches to the stomach lining. H pylori cause the stomach to produce more stomach acid. This damages the stomach lining, leading to ulcers in some people. Besides ulcers, H pylori bacteria can also cause a chronic inflammation in the stomach (gastritis) or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenitis). H pylori can also sometimes lead to stomach cancer or a rare type of stomach lymphoma. About 10% to 15% of people infected with H pylori develop peptic ulcer disease. Small ulcers may not cause any symptoms. Some ulcers can cause serious bleeding. An aching or burning pain in your abdomen is a common symptom. The pain may be worse with an empty stomach. The pain can differ from person to person, and some people have no pain. Other symptoms include: Feeling of fullness or bloating and problems drinking as much fluid as usual Hunger and an empty feeling in the stomach, often 1 to 3 hours after a meal Mild nausea that may go away with vomiting Loss of appetite Weight loss without trying Burping Bloody or dark, tarry stools or bloody vomit. Your health care provider will test you for H pylori if you: Have peptic ulcers or a history of ulcers Have discomfort and pain in the stomach lasting more than a month Tell your provider about the medicines you take. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also cause ulcers. If you show the symptoms of infection, the provider may perform following tests for H pylori. These include: Breath test -- urea breath test (Carbon Isotope-urea Breath Test, or UBT). Your provider will make you swallow a special substance that has urea. If H pylori are present, the bacteria turn the urea into carbon dioxide. This is detected and recorded in your exhaled breath after 10 minutes. Blood test -- measures antibodies to H pylori in your blood. Stool test -- detects the presence of bacteria in the stool. Biopsy -- tests a tissue sample taken from the stomach lining using endoscopy. The sample is checked for bacterial infection. In order for your ulcer to heal and to reduce the chance it will come back, you will be given medicines to: Kill the H pylori bacteria (if present) Reduce acid levels in the stomach Take all of your medicines as you have been told. Other lifestyle changes can also help. If you have a peptic ulcer and an H pylori infection, treatment is recommended. The standard treatment involves different combinations of the following medicines for 10 to 14 days: Antibiotics to kill H pylori Proton pump inhibitors to help lower acid levels in the stomach Bismuth (the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol) may be added to help kill the bacteria Taking all of these medicines for up to 14 days is not easy. But doing so gives you the best chance for getting rid of the H pylori bacteria and preventing ulcers in the future. If you take your medicines, there is a good chance that the H pylori infection will be cured. You will be much less likely to get another ulcer. Sometimes, H pylori can be hard to fully cure. Repeated courses of different treatments may be needed. A stomach biopsy will sometimes be done to test the germ to see which antibiotic might work best. This can help guide future treatment. In some cases, H pylori can't be cured with any therapy, though the symptoms may be able to be reduced. If cured, reinfection may occur in areas where sanitary conditions are poor. A long-term (chronic) infection with H pylori may lead to: Peptic ulcer disease Chronic inflammation Gastric and upper intestine ulcers Stomach cancer Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma Complications may include: Severe blood loss Scarring from an ulcer may make it harder for the stomach to empty Perforation or hole of the stomach and intestines. Severe symptoms that begin suddenly may indicate a blockage in the intestine, perforation, or hemorrhage, all of which are emergencies. Symptoms may include: Tarry, black, or bloody stools Severe vomiting, which may include blood or a substance with the appearance of coffee grounds (a sign of a serious hemorrhage) or the entire stomach contents (a sign of intestinal obstruction) Severe abdominal pain, with or without vomiting or evidence of blood Anyone who has any of these symptoms should go to the emergency room right away. H pylori infection. Morgan DR, Crowe SE. Helicobacter pylori infection. Encyclopedia Entry for Helicobacter Pylori : Helicobacter Pylori. May cause: Alzheimer's disease Anxiety disorder Atherosclerosis Autoimmune diseases Stomach ulcers Metabolic syndrome Obesity Psoriasis Sarcoidosis Stroke Stomach cancer Pancreatic cancer Anemia Iron-Deficiency. Information from Marcello Allegretti. Encyclopedia Entry for Helicobacter Pylori : Helicobacter pylori infection. Source of disease: Helicobacter pylori |
| Heliobacter Pylori 1 | XTRA | 347,352,676,695,705,728,880,2167,2779,2819,2950 | Also called Helicobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. |
| Heliobacter Pylori 2 | CAFL | 2950,2819,2779,2167,880,728,705,695,676 | Also called Helicobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. Stomach |
| Heliobacter Pylori 3 | CAFL | 2167,728,880,2950 | Also called Helicobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. |
| Heliobacter Pylori 4 | XTRA | 695,705,2779,2819 | Also called Helicobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. |
| Heliobacter Pylori 5 | XTRA | 0.2,0.4,0.59,0.8 | Also called Helicobacter Pylori. See Ulcer programs. Usually present in Morgellons. |
| Helminthiasis | ETDF | 60,490,730,1270,12330,5870,112710,252500,492500,675290 | Infection of worms like tapeworm, flukes, or roundworm. See appropriate program if parasite has been identified. |
| Helminthosporium | BIO | 793,969 | Pathogenic plant fungi, some of which can infect man. |
| Hemangioma | ETDF | 150,240,700,830,2500,17500,432500,555910,625290,775520 | Blood vessel malformation resembling tumor in children, usually benign and self-correcting. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemangioma : Hemangioma. About one third of hemangiomas are present at birth. The rest appear in the first several months of life. The hemangioma may be: In the top skin layers ( capillary hemangioma ) Deeper in the skin (cavernous hemangioma) A mixture of both. Symptoms of a hemangioma are: A red to reddish-purple, raised sore (lesion) on the skin A massive, raised, tumor with blood vessels Most hemangiomas are on the face and neck. The health care provider will do a physical exam to diagnose a hemangioma. If the buildup of blood vessels is deep inside the body, a CT or MRI scan may be needed. A hemangioma may occur with other rare conditions. Other tests to check for related problems may be done. The majority of small or uncomplicated hemangiomas may not need treatment. They often go away on their own and the appearance of the skin returns to normal. Sometimes, a laser may be used to remove the small blood vessels. Cavernous hemangiomas that involve the eyelid and block vision can be treated with lasers or steroid injections to shrink them. This allows vision to develop normally. Large cavernous hemangiomas or mixed hemangiomas may be treated with steroids, taken by mouth or injected into the hemangioma. Taking beta-blocker medicines may also help reduce the size of a hemangioma. Small superficial hemangiomas will often disappear on their own. About half go away by age 5, and almost all disappear by age 9. These complications can occur from a hemangioma: Bleeding (especially if the hemangioma is injured) Problems with breathing and eating Psychological problems, from skin appearance Secondary infections and sores Visible changes in the skin Vision problems. All birthmarks, including hemangiomas, should be evaluated by your health care provider during a regular exam. Hemangiomas of the eyelid that may cause problems with vision must be treated soon after birth. Hemangiomas that interfere with eating or breathing also need to be treated early. Call your provider if a hemangioma is bleeding or develops a sore. There is no known way to prevent hemangiomas. Cavernous hemangioma; Strawberry nevus; Birthmark - hemangioma. Hemangioma - angiogram Hemangioma - angiogram Hemangioma on the face (nose) Hemangioma on the face (nose) Circulatory system Circulatory system Hemangioma excision Hemangioma excision. Habif TP. Vascular tumors and malformations. |
| Hemangioma Cavernous | ETDF | 30,370,970,2750,81500,172500,396500,475290,533630,876290 | Malformation involving multiple blood vessels and resembling tumor. |
| Hematologic Diseases | ETDF | 70,250,570,870,2250,72500,96500,226320,526160,682020 | Disorders primarily affecting the blood. |
| Hematoma Epidural Cranial | ETDF | 370,970,2500,17500,71500,96500,179930,224370,451220,567210 | Traumatic brain injury with build-up of blood between brain and skull. |
| Hematoma Subdural | ETDF | 210,250,4570,42690,112250,412500,596500,643740,825520,971000 | Traumatic brain injury with build-up of blood between brain and dura mater. |
| Hematospermia | ETDF | 80,240,650,5250,73250,147180,351520,412580,539210,725290 | Presence of blood in semen. Most often benign, but thought to be a slight predictor of prostate cancer. |
| Hematuria | ETDF | 40,260,680,2280,12850,45230,167500,396500,425520,625290 | Presence of blood in urine. May signal kidney stones or a tumor in the urinary tract. See Gravel Deposits, Kidney Stones, Kidney Calculi, Bladder TBC, and Cancer Bladder programs. |
| Hematuria | KHZ | 10,260,680,2280,12850,45230,167500,396500,425520,625290 | Presence of blood in urine. May signal kidney stones or a tumor in the urinary tract. See Gravel Deposits, Kidney Stones, Kidney Calculi, Bladder TBC, and Cancer Bladder programs. |
| Hemianopsia | ETDF | 130,580,730,2580,5780,145910,372520,428010,511190,605590 | Loss of vision or blindness in half the visual field, usually one side of the vertical midline. |
| Hemiplegia | ETDF | 110,490,780,2250,77500,102710,262500,455910,837500,910500 | Paralysis of one side of the body. |
| Hemobartonella Felis | BIO | 603,957 | Gram-negative bacterium that causes severe anemia in cats and can infect humans. |
| Hemochromatosis | ETDF | 120,350,850,189590,287580,342520,467500,591290,619340,897010 | Also called Iron overload. May be hereditary, genetic, or due to repeated blood transfusions. Also see Hemosiderosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemochromatosis : Hemochromatosis. Hemochromatosis may be a genetic disorder passed down through families. People with this type absorb too much iron through their digestive tract. Iron builds up in the body. The liver, heart, and pancreas are common organs where iron builds up. It is present at birth, but may not be diagnosed for years. Hemochromatosis may also occur as a result of: Other blood disorders, such as thalassemia or certain anemias. Too many blood transfusions over time may lead to iron overload. Long-term alcohol use and other health conditions. This disorder affects more men than women. It is common in white people of western European descent. Symptoms may include any of the following: Abdominal pain Fatigue, lack of energy, weakness Generalized darkening of skin color (often referred to as bronzing) Joint pain Loss of body hair Loss of sexual desire Weight loss. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show liver and spleen swelling, and skin color changes. Blood tests may help make the diagnosis. Tests may include: Ferritin level Iron level Percentage of transferrin saturation (high) Genetic testing Other tests may include: Blood sugar (glucose) level Alpha fetoprotein Echocardiogram to examine the heart's function Electrocardiogram (ECG) to look at the electrical activity of the heart Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound Liver function tests The condition may be confirmed with a liver biopsy or genetic testing. If a genetic defect is confirmed, other blood tests can be used to find out if other family members are at risk for iron overload. The goal of treatment is to remove excess iron from the body and treat any organ damage. A procedure called phlebotomy is the best method for removing excess iron from the body: One half liter of blood is removed from the body each week until the body's iron stores are depleted. This may take many months to do. After that, the procedure may be done less often to maintain normal iron storage. Why the procedure is needed depends on your symptoms and levels of hemoglobin and serum ferritin and how much iron you take in your diet. Other health problems such as diabetes, decreased testosterone levels in men, arthritis, liver failure, and heart failure will be treated. If you are diagnosed with hemochromatosis, your provider may recommend a diet to reduce how much iron is absorbed through your digestive tract. Your provider may recommend the following: Do not drink alcohol, especially if you have liver damage. Do not take iron pills or vitamins containing iron. Do not use iron cookware. Limit foods fortified with iron, such as 100% iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Untreated, iron overload can lead to liver damage. Extra iron may also build up in other areas of the body, including the thyroid gland, testicles, pancreas, pituitary gland, heart, or joints. Early treatment can help prevent complications such as liver disease, heart disease, arthritis or diabetes. How well you do depends on the amount of organ damage. Some organ damage can be reversed when hemochromatosis is detected early and treated aggressively with phlebotomy. Complications include: Liver cirrhosis Liver failure Liver cancer The disease may lead to the development of: Arthritis Diabetes Heart problems Increased risk for certain bacterial infections Testicular atrophy Skin color changes. Call your provider if symptoms of hemochromatosis develop. Call for an appointment with your provider (for screening) if a family member has been diagnosed with hemochromatosis. Screening family members of a person diagnosed with hemochromatosis may detect the disease early so that treatment can be started before organ damage has occurred in other affected relatives. Iron overload; Blood transfusion - hemochromatosis. Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly. Bacon BR, Britton RS. Hemochromatosis. |
| Hemoglobin Normalize Production | XTRA | 2452 | Iron plays an important role in hemoglobin production. A protein called transferrin binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. This helps your body make red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin. Blood |
| Hemoglobinopathies | ETDF | 80,410,1890,145560,297250,315290,407500,562530,735680,854380 | Genetic defects causing abnormal hemoglobin molecule structure. |
| Hemoglobinuria Paroxysmal | ETDF | 190,230,3950,62500,162500,219110,320100,472530,888030,937390 | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired, life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by destruction of red blood cells by the complement system, a part of the body's innate immune system. |
| Hemophilia 1 | XTRA | 603,751,778,845 | Also spelled Haemophilia. Hereditary blood clotting disorder. |
| Hemophilia 2 | CAFL | 603 | Also spelled Haemophilia. Hereditary blood clotting disorder. Blood |
| Hemophilia A | ETDF | 50,460,3800,18890,175200,212970,321510,471210,647070,815560 | Also spelled Haemophilia. Hereditary blood clotting disorder. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemophilia A : Hemophilia A. When you bleed, a series of reactions take place in the body that helps blood clots form. This process is called the coagulation cascade. It involves special proteins called coagulation, or clotting, factors. You may have a higher chance of excess bleeding if one or more of these factors are missing or are not functioning like they should. Factor VIII (eight) is one such coagulation factor. Hemophilia A is the result of the body not making enough factor VIII. Hemophilia A is caused by an inherited X-linked recessive trait, with the defective gene located on the X chromosome. Females have two copies of the X chromosome. So if the factor VIII gene on one chromosome does not work, the gene on the other chromosome can do the job of making enough factor VIII. Males have only one X chromosome. If the factor VIII gene is missing on a boy's X chromosome, he will have hemophilia A. For this reason, most people with hemophilia A are male. If a woman has a defective factor VIII gene, she is considered a carrier. This means the defective gene can be passed down to her children. Boys born to such women have a 50% chance of having hemophilia A. Their daughters have a 50% chance of being a carrier. All female children of men with hemophilia carry the defective gene. Risk factors for hemophilia A include: Family history of bleeding Being male. Severity of symptoms vary. Prolonged bleeding is the main symptom. It is often first seen when an infant is circumcised. Other bleeding problems usually show up when the infant starts crawling and walking. Mild cases may go unnoticed until later in life. Symptoms may first occur after surgery or injury. Internal bleeding may occur anywhere. Symptoms can include: Bleeding into joints with associated pain and swelling Blood in the urine or stool Bruising Gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract bleeding Nosebleeds Prolonged bleeding from cuts, tooth extraction, and surgery Bleeding that starts without cause. If you are the first person in the family to have a suspected bleeding disorder, your health care provider will order a series of tests called a coagulation study. Once the specific defect has been identified, other people in your family will need tests to diagnose the disorder. Tests to diagnose hemophilia A include: Prothrombin time Bleeding time Fibrinogen level Partial thromboplastin time ( PTT ) Serum factor VIII activity. Treatment includes replacing the missing clotting factor. You will receive factor VIII concentrates. How much you get depends on: Severity of bleeding Site of bleeding Your weight and height Mild hemophilia may be treated with desmopressin (DDAVP). This medicine helps the body release factor VIII that is stored within the lining of blood vessels. To prevent a bleeding crisis, people with hemophilia and their families can be taught to give factor VIII concentrates at home at the first signs of bleeding. People with severe forms of the disease may need regular preventive treatment. DDAVP or factor VIII concentrate may also be needed before having dental extractions or surgery. You should get the hepatitis B vaccine. People with hemophilia are more likely to get hepatitis B because they may receive blood products. Some people with hemophilia A develop antibodies to factor VIII. These antibodies are called inhibitors. The inhibitors attack factor VIII so that it no longer works. In such cases, a man-made clotting factor called VIIa can be given. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a hemophilia support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. With treatment, most people with hemophilia A are able to lead a fairly normal life. If you have hemophilia A, you should have regular checkups with a hematologist. Complications may include: Long-term joint problems, which may require a joint replacement Bleeding in the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage) Blood clots due to treatment. Call your provider if: Symptoms of a bleeding disorder develops A family member has been diagnosed with hemophilia A You have hemophilia A and you plan to have children; genetic counseling is available. Genetic counseling may be recommended. Testing can identify women and girls who carry the hemophilia gene. Identify women and girls who carry the hemophilia gene. Testing can be done during pregnancy on a baby in the mother's womb. Factor VIII deficiency; Classic hemophilia; Bleeding disorder - hemophilia A. Blood clots Blood clots. Carcao M, Moorehead P, Lillicrap D. Hemophilia A and B. |
| Hemophilia B | ETDF | 60,230,970,7500,175200,212970,321510,471210,647070,815560 | Also spelled Haemophilia. Hereditary blood clotting disorder. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemophilia B : Hemophilia B. When you bleed, a series of reactions take place in the body that helps blood clots form. This process is called the coagulation cascade. It involves special proteins called coagulation, or clotting factors. You may have a higher chance of excess bleeding if one or more of these factors are missing or are not functioning like they should. Factor IX (nine) is one such coagulation factor. Hemophilia B is the result of the body not making enough factor IX. Hemophilia B is caused by an inherited X-linked recessive trait, with the defective gene located on the X chromosome. Females have two copies of the X chromosome. If the factor IX gene on one chromosome does not work, the gene on the other chromosome can do the job of making enough factor IX. Males have only one X chromosome. If the factor IX gene is missing on a boy's X chromosome, he will have Hemophilia B. For this reason, most people with hemophilia B are male. If a woman has a defective factor IX gene, she is considered a carrier. This means the defective gene can be passed down to her children. Boys born to such women have a 50% chance of having hemophilia B. Their daughters have a 50% chance of being a carrier. All female children of men with hemophilia carry the defective gene. Risk factors for hemophilia B include: Family history of bleeding Being male. Severity of symptoms can vary. Prolonged bleeding is the main symptom. It is often first seen when the infant is circumcised. Other bleeding problems usually show up when the infant starts crawling and walking. Mild cases may go unnoticed until later in life. Symptoms may first occur after surgery or injury. Internal bleeding may occur anywhere. Symptoms may include: Bleeding into joints with associated pain and swelling Blood in the urine or stool Bruising Gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract bleeding Nosebleeds Prolonged bleeding from cuts, tooth extraction, and surgery Bleeding that starts without cause. If you are the first person in the family to have a suspected bleeding disorder, your health care provider will order a series of tests called a coagulation study. Once the specific defect has been identified, other people in your family will need tests to diagnose the disorder. Tests to diagnose hemophilia B include: Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time Bleeding time Fibrinogen level Serum factor IX activity. Treatment includes replacing the missing clotting factor. You will receive factor IX concentrates. How much you get depends on: Severity of bleeding Site of bleeding Your weight and height To prevent a bleeding crisis, people with hemophilia and their families can be taught to give factor IX concentrates at home at the first signs of bleeding. People with severe forms of the disease may need regular, preventive infusions. If you have severe hemophilia, you may also need to take factor IX concentrate before surgery or certain types of dental work. You should get the hepatitis B vaccine. People with hemophilia are more likely to get hepatitis B because they may receive blood products. Some people with hemophilia B develop antibodies to factor IX. These antibodies are called inhibitors. The inhibitors attack factor IX so that it no longer works. In such cases, a man-made clotting factor called VIIa can be given. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a hemophilia support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. With treatment, most people with hemophilia B are able to lead a fairly normal life. If you have hemophilia B, you should have regular checkups with a hematologist. Complications may include: Long-term joint problems, which may require a joint replacement Bleeding in the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage) Thrombosis due to treatment. Call your provider if: Symptoms of a bleeding disorder develop A family member has been diagnosed with hemophilia B If you have hemophilia B, and you plan to have children; genetic counseling is available. Genetic counseling may be recommended. Testing can identify women and girls who carry the hemophilia gene. Testing can be done during pregnancy on a baby that is in the mother's womb. Christmas disease; Factor IX hemophilia; Bleeding disorder - hemophilia B. X-linked recessive genetic defects - how boys are affected X-linked recessive genetic defects - how boys are affected X-linked recessive genetic defects - how girls are affected X-linked recessive genetic defects - how girls are affected X-linked recessive genetic defects X-linked recessive genetic defects Blood cells Blood cells Blood clots Blood clots. Carcao M, Moorehead P, Lillicrap D. Hemophilia A and B. |
| Hemoptysis | ETDF | 170,180,870,2750,22010,41580,187520,265290,692500,742060 | Coughing up blood. |
| Hemorrhage 1 | CAFL | 1550,802 | Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage or haemorrhage, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a wound in the skin. Blood |
| Hemorrhage 2 | XTRA | 800,802,1550,10000 | Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage or haemorrhage, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a wound in the skin. |
| Hemorrhage Postpartum | ETDF | 40,550,780,162120,210500,453720,515190,683000,712230,993410 | Postpartum hemorrhage is excessive bleeding following the birth of a baby.The average amount of blood loss for a cesarean birth is approximately 1,000 ml (or one quart). Most postpartum hemorrhage occurs right after delivery, but it can occur later as well. |
| Hemorrhagic Fevers Viral | ETDF | 30,120,950,2500,22500,51330,193500,356720,426160,567700 | Viruses causing this include Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Rift Valley Fever, and Hantavirus, among others. |
| Hemorrhoids | BIO | 447 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. Other use: Grippe Va 2 L. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemorrhoids : Hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are very common. They result from increased pressure on the anus. This can occur during pregnancy or childbirth, and due to constipation. The pressure causes the normal anal veins and tissue to swell. This tissue can bleed, often during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids may be caused by: Straining during bowel movements Constipation Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet Certain diseases, such as cirrhosis Hemorrhoids may be inside or outside the body. Internal hemorrhoids occur just inside the anus, at the beginning of the rectum. When they are large, they may fall outside (prolapse). The most common problem with internal hemorrhoids is bleeding during bowel movements. External hemorrhoids occur outside the anus. They can result in difficulty cleaning the area after a bowel movement. If a blood clot forms in an external hemorrhoid, it can be very painful (thrombosed external hemorrhoid). Hemorrhoids are most often not painful, but if a blood clot forms, they can be very painful. Common symptoms include: Painless bright red blood from the rectum Anal itching Anal ache or pain, especially while sitting Pain during bowel movements One or more hard tender lumps near the anus. Most of the time, a health care provider can diagnose hemorrhoids by simply looking at the rectal area. External hemorrhoids can often be detected this way. Tests that may help diagnose the problem include: Rectal exam Sigmoidoscopy Anoscopy. Treatments for hemorrhoids include: Over-the-counter corticosteroid (for example, cortisone) creams to help reduce pain and swelling Hemorrhoid creams with lidocaine to help reduce pain Stool softeners to help reduce straining and constipation Things you can do to reduce itching include: Apply witch hazel to the area with a cotton swab. Wear cotton underwear. Avoid toilet tissue with perfumes or colors. Use baby wipes instead. Try not to scratch the area. Sitz baths can help you to feel better. Sit in warm water for 10 to 15 minutes. If your hemorrhoids do not get better with home treatments, you may need some type of office treatment to shrink the hemorrhoids. If office treatment is not enough, some type of surgery may be necessary, such as removal of the hemorrhoids ( hemorrhoidectomy ). These procedures are generally used for people with severe bleeding or prolapse who have not responded to other therapy. The blood in the hemorrhoid may form clots. This can cause tissue around it to die. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove hemorrhoids with clots. Rarely, severe bleeding may also occur. Iron deficiency anemia can result from long-term blood loss. Call for your provider if: Hemorrhoid symptoms do not improve with home treatment. You have rectal bleeding. Your provider may want to check for other, more serious causes of the bleeding. Get medical help right away if: You lose a lot of blood You are bleeding and feel dizzy, lightheaded, or faint. Constipation, straining during bowel movements, and sitting on the toilet too long raise your risk for hemorrhoids. To prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, you should: Drink plenty of fluids. Eat a high-fiber diet of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Consider using fiber supplements. Use stool softeners to prevent straining. Rectal lump; Piles; Lump in the rectum; Rectal bleeding - hemorrhoids; Blood in the stool - hemorrhoids . Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoid surgery - series Hemorrhoid surgery - series. Abdelnaby A, Downs JM. Diseases of the anorectum. |
| Hemorrhoids | CAFL | 4474,6117,774,1550,447,880,802,727 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. Anus Encyclopedia Entry for Hemorrhoids : Hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are very common. They result from increased pressure on the anus. This can occur during pregnancy or childbirth, and due to constipation. The pressure causes the normal anal veins and tissue to swell. This tissue can bleed, often during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids may be caused by: Straining during bowel movements Constipation Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet Certain diseases, such as cirrhosis Hemorrhoids may be inside or outside the body. Internal hemorrhoids occur just inside the anus, at the beginning of the rectum. When they are large, they may fall outside (prolapse). The most common problem with internal hemorrhoids is bleeding during bowel movements. External hemorrhoids occur outside the anus. They can result in difficulty cleaning the area after a bowel movement. If a blood clot forms in an external hemorrhoid, it can be very painful (thrombosed external hemorrhoid). Hemorrhoids are most often not painful, but if a blood clot forms, they can be very painful. Common symptoms include: Painless bright red blood from the rectum Anal itching Anal ache or pain, especially while sitting Pain during bowel movements One or more hard tender lumps near the anus. Most of the time, a health care provider can diagnose hemorrhoids by simply looking at the rectal area. External hemorrhoids can often be detected this way. Tests that may help diagnose the problem include: Rectal exam Sigmoidoscopy Anoscopy. Treatments for hemorrhoids include: Over-the-counter corticosteroid (for example, cortisone) creams to help reduce pain and swelling Hemorrhoid creams with lidocaine to help reduce pain Stool softeners to help reduce straining and constipation Things you can do to reduce itching include: Apply witch hazel to the area with a cotton swab. Wear cotton underwear. Avoid toilet tissue with perfumes or colors. Use baby wipes instead. Try not to scratch the area. Sitz baths can help you to feel better. Sit in warm water for 10 to 15 minutes. If your hemorrhoids do not get better with home treatments, you may need some type of office treatment to shrink the hemorrhoids. If office treatment is not enough, some type of surgery may be necessary, such as removal of the hemorrhoids ( hemorrhoidectomy ). These procedures are generally used for people with severe bleeding or prolapse who have not responded to other therapy. The blood in the hemorrhoid may form clots. This can cause tissue around it to die. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove hemorrhoids with clots. Rarely, severe bleeding may also occur. Iron deficiency anemia can result from long-term blood loss. Call for your provider if: Hemorrhoid symptoms do not improve with home treatment. You have rectal bleeding. Your provider may want to check for other, more serious causes of the bleeding. Get medical help right away if: You lose a lot of blood You are bleeding and feel dizzy, lightheaded, or faint. Constipation, straining during bowel movements, and sitting on the toilet too long raise your risk for hemorrhoids. To prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, you should: Drink plenty of fluids. Eat a high-fiber diet of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Consider using fiber supplements. Use stool softeners to prevent straining. Rectal lump; Piles; Lump in the rectum; Rectal bleeding - hemorrhoids; Blood in the stool - hemorrhoids . Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoid surgery - series Hemorrhoid surgery - series. Abdelnaby A, Downs JM. Diseases of the anorectum. |
| Hemorrhoids | ETDF | 100,570,2830,12330,30000,87530,196500,551030,777300,866410 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hemorrhoids : Hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are very common. They result from increased pressure on the anus. This can occur during pregnancy or childbirth, and due to constipation. The pressure causes the normal anal veins and tissue to swell. This tissue can bleed, often during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids may be caused by: Straining during bowel movements Constipation Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet Certain diseases, such as cirrhosis Hemorrhoids may be inside or outside the body. Internal hemorrhoids occur just inside the anus, at the beginning of the rectum. When they are large, they may fall outside (prolapse). The most common problem with internal hemorrhoids is bleeding during bowel movements. External hemorrhoids occur outside the anus. They can result in difficulty cleaning the area after a bowel movement. If a blood clot forms in an external hemorrhoid, it can be very painful (thrombosed external hemorrhoid). Hemorrhoids are most often not painful, but if a blood clot forms, they can be very painful. Common symptoms include: Painless bright red blood from the rectum Anal itching Anal ache or pain, especially while sitting Pain during bowel movements One or more hard tender lumps near the anus. Most of the time, a health care provider can diagnose hemorrhoids by simply looking at the rectal area. External hemorrhoids can often be detected this way. Tests that may help diagnose the problem include: Rectal exam Sigmoidoscopy Anoscopy. Treatments for hemorrhoids include: Over-the-counter corticosteroid (for example, cortisone) creams to help reduce pain and swelling Hemorrhoid creams with lidocaine to help reduce pain Stool softeners to help reduce straining and constipation Things you can do to reduce itching include: Apply witch hazel to the area with a cotton swab. Wear cotton underwear. Avoid toilet tissue with perfumes or colors. Use baby wipes instead. Try not to scratch the area. Sitz baths can help you to feel better. Sit in warm water for 10 to 15 minutes. If your hemorrhoids do not get better with home treatments, you may need some type of office treatment to shrink the hemorrhoids. If office treatment is not enough, some type of surgery may be necessary, such as removal of the hemorrhoids ( hemorrhoidectomy ). These procedures are generally used for people with severe bleeding or prolapse who have not responded to other therapy. The blood in the hemorrhoid may form clots. This can cause tissue around it to die. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove hemorrhoids with clots. Rarely, severe bleeding may also occur. Iron deficiency anemia can result from long-term blood loss. Call for your provider if: Hemorrhoid symptoms do not improve with home treatment. You have rectal bleeding. Your provider may want to check for other, more serious causes of the bleeding. Get medical help right away if: You lose a lot of blood You are bleeding and feel dizzy, lightheaded, or faint. Constipation, straining during bowel movements, and sitting on the toilet too long raise your risk for hemorrhoids. To prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, you should: Drink plenty of fluids. Eat a high-fiber diet of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Consider using fiber supplements. Use stool softeners to prevent straining. Rectal lump; Piles; Lump in the rectum; Rectal bleeding - hemorrhoids; Blood in the stool - hemorrhoids . Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoid surgery - series Hemorrhoid surgery - series. Abdelnaby A, Downs JM. Diseases of the anorectum. |
| Hemorrhoids 1 | XTRA | 727,800,880 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. |
| Hemorrhoids 2 | XTRA | 447,660,690,727.5,774,802,880,1550,4474,6117 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. |
| Hemorrhoids 3 | XTRA | 727,802,880,1550 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. |
| Hemorrhoids 4 | XTRA | 447,727,774,802,880,1550,4474,6117 | Also called Piles. Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. |
| Hemorrhoids Piles | XTRA | 20,447,727,800,880,1550 | Also run circulation and circulatory programs alternatively on consecutive days for 10 days. Place electrodes on thighs. |
| Hemosiderosis | ETDF | 140,250,950,7500,10530,20000,57500,325560,497610,660410 | Form of Iron overload disorder resulting in accumulation of hemosiderin. Also see Hemochromatosis. |
| Hendra Virus Disease | ETDF | 70,330,1060,5200,27530,102370,145470,203000,486100,535910 | Bat virus capable of causing illness and death in equines, domestic animals, and humans. |
| Hepatitis | VEGA | 224,317 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A - hepatitis A virus (Picornavirus: Enterovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B - hepatitis B virus (Hepadnavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C - hepatitis C virus (Flavivirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis D - hepatitis D virus (Deltavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis E - hepatitis E virus (Calicivirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A - children. HAV is found in the stool (feces) and blood of an infected child. A child can catch hepatitis A by: Coming in contact with the blood or stool of a person who has the disease. Eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated by blood or stools containing the HAV. Fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. Eating food prepared by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Being lifted or carried by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Traveling to another country without being vaccinated for hepatitis A. Children can get hepatitis A at day care center from other children or from child care workers who have the virus and do not practice good hygiene. Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is typically the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Most children age 6 years and younger do not have any symptoms. This means that your child could have the disease, and you may not know it. This can make it easy to spread the disease among young children. When symptoms occur, they appear about 2 to 6 weeks after infection. The child may have flu-like symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild. Severe or fulminant hepatitis (liver failure) is rare in healthy children. The symptoms are often easy to manage and include: Dark urine Tiredness Loss of appetite Fever Nausea and vomiting Pale stools Abdominal pain (over the liver) Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ). The health care provider will perform a physical exam of your child. This is done to check for pain and swelling in the liver. The provider will perform a blood test to look for: Raised antibodies (proteins that fight infection) due to HAV Elevated liver enzymes due to liver damage or inflammation. There is no drug treatment for hepatitis A. Your child's immune system will fight the virus. Managing the symptoms can help your child feel better while recovering: Have your child rest when symptoms are the worst. DO NOT give acetaminophen to your child without first talking with your child's provider. It can be toxic because the liver is already weak. Give your child fluids in the form of fruit juices or electrolyte solutions, such as Pedialyte. This helps prevent dehydration. While rare, symptoms may be severe enough that children with HAV need extra fluids through a vein (IV). HAV does not remain in a child's body after the infection is gone. As a result, it does not cause a long-term infection in the liver. Rarely, a new case can cause severe liver failure that develops rapidly. The possible complications of hepatitis A in children can be: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis. Contact your child's provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis A. Also contact the provider if your child has: Dry mouth due to loss of fluids No tears while crying Swelling in the arms, hands, feet, stomach, or face Blood in stools. You can protect your child from hepatitis A by having your child vaccinated. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children between their first and second birthdays (ages 12 to 23 months). You and your child should be vaccinated if you are traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. If your child has been exposed to hepatitis A, speak to your child's doctor regarding the possible need for treatment with immunoglobulin therapy. If your child attends day care: Make sure the children and staff at the day care center have had their hepatitis A vaccine. Inspect the area where diapers are changed to ensure that proper hygiene is followed. If your child gets hepatitis A, you can take these steps to help prevent the disease from spreading to other children or adults: Thoroughly wash your hands before and after preparing food, before eating, and before giving food to your child. Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, after changing your child's diaper, and if you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other body fluids. Help your child learn good hygiene. Teach your child to wash his or her hands before eating food and after using the bathroom. Avoid eating infected food or drinking polluted water. Viral hepatitis - children; Infectious hepatitis - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is spread from person to person through contact with the feces (stool) of people who are infected, which can easily happen if someone does not wash his or her hands properly. You can also get hepatitis A from food, water, or objects contaminated with HAV. Symptoms of hepatitis A can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or joint pain severe stomach pains and diarrhea (mainly in children), or jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements). These symptoms usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure and usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. If you have hepatitis A, you may be too ill to work. Children often do not have symptoms, but most adults do. You can spread HAV without having symptoms. Hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death, although this is rare and occurs more commonly in persons 50 years of age or older and persons with other liver diseases, such as hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. Hepatitis A vaccines were recommended in the United States beginning in 1996. Since then, the number of cases reported each year in the U.S. has dropped from around 31,000 cases to fewer than 1,500 cases. 2. HEPATITIS A VACCINE Hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine. You will need 2 doses for long-lasting protection. These doses should be given at least 6 months apart. Children are routinely vaccinated between their first and second birthdays (12 through 23 months of age). Older children and adolescents can get the vaccine after 23 months. Adults who have not been vaccinated previously and want to be protected against hepatitis A can also get the vaccine. You should get hepatitis A vaccine if you: are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, are a man who has sex with other men, use illegal drugs, have a chronic liver disease such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C, are being treated with clotting-factor concentrates, work with hepatitis A-infected animals or in a hepatitis A research laboratory, or expect to have close personal contact with an international adoptee from a country where hepatitis A is common. Ask your healthcare provider if you want more information about any of these groups. There are no known risks to getting hepatitis A vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving you the vaccine: If you have any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis A vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If you are not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis A vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis A vaccine include: soreness or redness where the shot was given low-grade fever headache tiredness If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis A vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease. A person with hepatitis A passes the virus to an object or food due to poor hand-washing after using the toilet. You take part in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. Risk factors include: Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East IV drug use Living in a nursing home center Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. Symptoms include: Dark urine Fatigue Itching Loss of appetite Low-grade fever Nausea and vomiting Pale or clay-colored stools Yellow skin (jaundice). The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may show that your liver is enlarged and tender. Blood tests may show: Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is usually positive before IgG) IgM antibodies which appear during the acute infection Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests), especially transaminase enzyme levels. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. You should rest and stay well hydrated when the symptoms are the worst. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and drugs that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) during the acute illness and for several months after recovery. Fatty foods may cause vomiting and are best avoided during the acute phase of the illness. The virus does not remain in the body after the infection is gone. Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you've recovered. Also, you can't get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis. The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the toilet may help prevent such outbreaks. Ask your provider about getting either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine if you are exposed to the disease and have not had hepatitis A or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons for getting one or both of these treatments include: You have hepatitis B or C or any form of chronic liver disease. You live with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or noninjected, with someone who has hepatitis A. You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A. You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis. You are planning to travel to places where hepatitis A is common. Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after you get the first dose. You will need to get a booster shot 6 to 12 months later for long-term protection. Travelers should take the following steps to protect against getting the disease: Avoid dairy products. Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in unclean water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. DO NOT buy food from street vendors. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If bottled water is not available, boiling water is the best way to get rid of hepatitis A. Bring the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute to make it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away. Viral hepatitis; Infectious hepatitis. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis A Hepatitis A. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136-138. PMID: 28182599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B - children. HBV is found in the blood or body fluids (semen, tears, or saliva) of an infected person. The virus is not present in the stool (feces). A child can get HBV through contact with the blood or body fluids of a person who has the virus. Exposure can occur from: A mother with HBV at the time of birth. It does not appear that HBV is passed to the fetus while still in the mother's womb. A bite from an infected person that breaks the skin. Blood, saliva, or any other body fluid from an infected person that may touch a break or opening in a child's skin, eyes, or mouth. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush, with a someone who has the virus. Being stuck with a needle after use by an HBV-infected person. A child cannot get hepatitis B from hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Breastfeeding by a mother with hepatitis B is safe if the child is treated properly at the time of birth. Teenagers who are not vaccinated can get HBV during unprotected sex or drug use. Most children with hepatitis B have none or only a few symptoms. Children younger than 5 years rarely have symptoms of hepatitis B. Older children may develop symptoms 3 to 4 months after the virus enters the body. The main symptoms of a new or recent infection are: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint pain Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Dark urine If the body is able to fight HBV, the symptoms end in a few weeks to 6 months. This is called acute hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B does not cause any lasting problems. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel. These tests can help diagnose: A new infection (acute hepatitis B) A chronic or long-term infection (chronic hepatitis B) An infection that occurred in the past, but is no longer present The following tests detect liver damage and the risk for liver cancer from chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound Liver cancer tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein The provider will also check the viral load of HBV in the blood. This test shows how well your child's treatment is working. Acute hepatitis B does not need any special treatment. Your child's immune system will fight the disease. If there is no sign of the HBV infection after 6 months, then your child has recovered fully. However, while the virus is present, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis B needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to relieve any symptoms, prevent the disease from spreading, and help prevent liver disease. Make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy foods Your child's provider also may recommend antiviral medicines. The medicines decrease or remove HBV from the blood: Interferon alpha-2b (Intron A) can be given to children age 1 year and older. Lamivudine (Epivir) and entecavir (Baraclude) are used in children age 2 years and older. Tenofovir (Viread) is given to children age 12 years and older. It is not always clear what medicines should be given. Children with chronic hepatitis B may get these medicines when: Liver function quickly gets worse The liver shows signs of long-term damage HBV level is high in the blood. Many children are able to rid their body of the HBV and do not have a long-term infection. However, some children never get rid of HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B infection. Younger children are more prone to chronic hepatitis B. These children do not feel sick, and lead a relatively healthy life. However, over time, they may develop symptoms of long-term (chronic) liver damage. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the long-term (chronic) condition. A positive blood test after 6 months confirms chronic hepatitis B. The disease will not affect your child's growth and development. Regular monitoring plays an important role in managing the disease in children. You should also help your child learn how to avoid spreading the disease now and into adulthood. The possible complications of hepatitis B include: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your child's provider if: Your child has symptoms of hepatitis B Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away New symptoms develop The child belongs to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and has not had the HBV vaccine. If a pregnant woman has acute or chronic hepatitis B, these steps are taken to prevent the virus from being transmitted to a baby at birth: Newborn babies should receive their first hepatitis B vaccine and one dose of immunoglobulins (IG) within 12 hours. The baby should complete all hepatitis B vaccines as recommended during the first six months. Some pregnant women may receive drugs to lower the level of HBV in their blood. To prevent hepatitis B infection: Children should get the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 months. Children who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Children should avoid contact with blood and body fluids. Children should not share toothbrushes or any other items that may be infected. All women should be screened for HBV during pregnancy. Mothers with an HBV infection can breastfeed their child after immunization. Silent infection - HBV children; Antivirals - hepatitis B children; HBV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis B children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis B children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: hepatitis B. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: your baby's first vaccines. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/multi.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis B is a serious disease that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong illness. Hepatitis B virus infection can be either acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the hepatitis B virus. This can lead to: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and/or vomiting jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements) pain in muscles, joints, and stomach. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the hepatitis B virus remains in a person s body. Most people who go on to develop chronic hepatitis B do not have symptoms, but it is still very serious and can lead to: liver damage (cirrhosis) liver cancer death Chronically-infected people can spread hepatitis B virus to others, even if they do not feel or look sick themselves. Up to 1.4 million people in the United States may have chronic hepatitis B infection. About 90% of infants who get hepatitis B become chronically infected and about 1 out of 4 of them dies. Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of a person who is not infected. People can become infected with the virus through: Birth (a baby whose mother is infected can be infected at or after birth) Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person Contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person Sex with an infected partner Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments Each year about 2,000 people in the United States die from hepatitis B-related liver disease. Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B and its consequences, including liver cancer and cirrhosis. 2. HEPATITIS B VACCINE Hepatitis B vaccine is made from parts of the hepatitis B virus. It cannot cause hepatitis B infection. The vaccine is usually given as 3 or 4 shots over a 6-month period. Infants should get their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will usually complete the series at 6 months of age. All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet gotten the vaccine should also be vaccinated. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for unvaccinated adults who are at risk for hepatitis B virus infection, including: People whose sex partners have hepatitis B Sexually active persons who are not in a long-term monogamous relationship Persons seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease Men who have sexual contact with other men People who share needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment People who have household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus Health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or body fluids Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled persons Persons in correctional facilities Victims of sexual assault or abuse Travelers to regions with increased rates of hepatitis B People with chronic liver disease, kidney disease, HIV infection, or diabetes Anyone who wants to be protected from hepatitis B There are no known risks to getting hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis B vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis B vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis B vaccine include: Soreness where the shot was given Temperature of 99.9 F (37.7 C) or higher If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov/ , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your health care provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis B vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B infection is caused by the HBV. You can catch hepatitis B through contact with the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva) of a person who has the virus. Exposure may occur: After a needlestick or sharps injury If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth, or open sores or cuts People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Have unprotected sex with an infected partner Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use Share personal items (such as toothbrush, razor, and nail clippers) with a person who has the virus Were born to a hepatitis-B infected mother All blood used for blood transfusions is screened, so the chance of getting the virus in this way is very small. After you first become infected with the HBV: You may have no symptoms. You may feel sick for a period of days or weeks. You may become very ill very quickly (called fulminant hepatitis). Symptoms of hepatitis B may not appear for up to 6 months after the time of infection. Early symptoms include: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint aches Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and dark urine Symptoms will go away in a few weeks to months if your body is able to fight off the infection. Some people never get rid of the HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B. People with chronic hepatitis may not have symptoms and not know they are infected. Over time, they may develop symptoms of liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver. You can spread the HBV to other people, even if you have no symptoms. A series of blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel is done for suspected hepatitis. It can help detect: New infection Older infection that is still active Older infection that is no longer active The following tests are done to look for liver damage if you have chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time You will also have a test to measure the level of HBV in your blood (viral load). This lets your health care provider know how your treatment is working. People at higher risk for hepatitis should be screened with a blood test. This may be needed even when they have no symptoms. Factors that lead to increased risk include: The risk factors described above in the Causes section. People from countries where a higher number of people have hepatitis B. These countries or areas include Japan, some Mediterranean countries, parts of Asia and the Middle East, West Africa and South Sudan. Acute hepatitis, unless severe, needs no treatment. Liver and other body functions are watched using blood tests. You should get plenty of bed rest, drink plenty of fluids, and eat healthy foods. Aggressive hepatitis Some people with chronic hepatitis may be treated with antiviral drugs. These medicines can decrease or remove hepatitis B from the blood. One of the medicines is an injection called interferon. They also help to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is not always clear which people with chronic hepatitis B should receive drug therapy and when it should be started. You are more likely to receive these medicines if: Your liver function is quickly becoming worse. You develop symptoms of long-term liver damage. You have high levels of the HBV in your blood. You are pregnant. For these medicines to work best, you need to take them as instructed by your provider. Ask what side effects you can expect and what to do if you have them. Not everybody who needs to take these medicines responds well. If you develop liver failure, you may be considered for a liver transplant. A liver transplant is the only cure in some cases of liver failure. Other steps you can take: Avoid alcohol. Check with your provider before taking any over-the-counter medicines or herbal supplements. This includes medicines such as acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen. Severe liver damage, or cirrhosis , can be caused by hepatitis B. Some people benefit from attending a liver disease support group. The acute illness most often goes away after 2 to 3 weeks. The liver most often returns to normal within 4 to 6 months in most people. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the chronic condition. Very few adults who get the virus develop chronic hepatitis B. About 1 in 100 people who get hepatitis B dies from the condition. There is a much higher rate of liver cancer in people who have chronic hepatitis B. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis B. Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away in 2 to 3 weeks, or new symptoms develop. You belong to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and have not had the HBV vaccine. Hepatitis B. Children and people at high risk for hepatitis B should get the hepatitis B vaccine. Babies should get a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 to 18 months. Children younger than age 19 who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Health care workers and those who live with someone who has hepatitis B should get the vaccine. Infants born to mothers who have acute hepatitis B or have had the infection in the past should get a special hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. The hepatitis B vaccine or a hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) shot may help prevent infection if you receive it within 24 hours of contact with the virus. Measures to avoid contact with blood and body fluids can help prevent the spread of hepatitis B from person-to-person. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Digestive system Digestive system Aggressive hepatitis Aggressive hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis B. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); ACIP Adult Immunization Work Group. Advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) recommended immunization schedules for adults aged 19 years and older -- United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(4):91-92. PMID: 25654609 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654609. LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(1):58-66. PMID 24863637 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863637. Pawlotsky J-M. Chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C - children. A child may get HCV from an HCV-infected mother, at the time of birth. Almost 6 out of every 100 infants born to mothers with an HCV infection have hepatitis C. There is no treatment to prevent hepatitis C at birth. Adolescents and teens can also get an HCV infection. There are many causes of hepatitis C in teens, including: Being stuck with a needle after use by an HCV-infected person Coming in contact with the blood of an infected person Using street drugs Having unprotected sexual contact with a person with HCV Getting tattoos or acupuncture therapy with infected needles Hepatitis C does not spread from breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Symptoms develop in children about 4 to 12 weeks after infection. If the body is able to fight HCV, the symptoms end within a few weeks to 6 months. This condition is called acute hepatitis C infection. However, some children never get rid of HCV. This condition is called chronic hepatitis C infection. Most children with hepatitis C (acute or chronic) do not show any symptoms until more advanced liver damage is present. If symptoms do occur, they may include: Pain in the right upper abdomen Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Tiredness Fever Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests to detect HCV in blood. Two most common blood tests are: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to find the hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Infants born to hepatitis C-positive mothers should undergo testing at 18 months of age. This is the time when antibodies from the mother will decrease. At that time, the test will more truly reflect the baby's antibody status. The following tests detect liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound These tests show how well your child's treatment is working. The main aim of treatment in children is to relieve the symptoms and stop the disease from spreading. If your child has symptoms, make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy food Acute hepatitis C does not need any special treatment. However, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis C needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications. If there is no sign of the HCV infection after 6 months, then your child has fully recovered. However, if your child develops chronic hepatitis C, it can cause liver disease later in life. Your child's provider may recommend antiviral medicines for chronic HCV. These medicines: Have fewer side effects Are easier to take Are taken by mouth The choice of whether to use medicines in children for hepatitis C is not clear. Medicines that have been used, interferon and ribavirin, carry a lot of side effects and some risks. Newer and safer medicines have been approved for adults, but not yet for children. Many experts recommend waiting on treatment of HCV in children until these newer medicines are approved for use in children. Children younger than 3 years old may not need any treatment. Infection in this age group often resolves without any complications. The possible complications of hepatitis C are: Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis C. You should also contact your provider if you have hepatitis C and become pregnant. There are no vaccinations for hepatitis C. Therefore, prevention plays an important role in managing the disease. In a household where someone with hepatitis C is living, take these steps to help prevent the spread of the disease : Avoid contact with blood. Clean any blood spills using bleach and water. Mothers with HCV should not breastfeed if nipples are cracked and bleeding. Cover cuts and sores to avoid contact with body fluids. Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or any other items that may be infected. Silent infection - HCV children; Antivirals - hepatitis C children; HCV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis C - children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis C - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C You can catch hepatitis C if the blood of someone who has hepatitis C enters your body. Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury If blood from someone who has hepatitis C contacts a cut on your skin or contacts your eyes or mouth People at risk of hepatitis C are those who: Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Have regular contact with blood at work (such as a health care worker) Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C Were born to a mother who had hepatitis C Received a tattoo or acupuncture with needles that were not disinfected properly after being used on another person (risk is very low with practitioners who have a tattoo license or permit or an acupuncture license) Received an organ transplant from a donor who has hepatitis C Share personal items, such as toothbrushes and razors, with someone who has hepatitis C (less common) Received a blood transfusion (rare in the United States since blood screening became available in 1992). Most people who are recently infected with hepatitis C do not have symptoms. Some people have yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Chronic infection often causes no symptoms. But fatigue, depression and other problems can occur. Persons who have long-term (chronic) infection often have no symptoms until their liver becomes scarred ( cirrhosis ). Most people with this condition are ill and have many health problems. The following symptoms may occur with hepatitis C infection: Pain in the right upper abdomen Abdominal swelling due to fluid ( ascites ) Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Fatigue Fever Itching Jaundice Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Blood tests are done to check for hepatitis C: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Everyone born from 1945 to 1965 (the baby boomer generation) should get a one-time test for hepatitis C. Genetic testing is done to check for the type of hepatitis C (genotype). There are six types of the virus (genotypes 1 through 6). Test results can help your doctor choose treatment that is best for you. The following tests are done to identify and monitor liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy. You should talk to your health care provider about your treatment options and when treatment should begin. The goal of treatment is to rid the body of the virus. This can prevent liver damage that may lead to liver failure or liver cancer. Your provider will monitor you by checking liver blood tests, viral load (the amount of HCV in your blood), imaging tests, and biopsy results. Treatment is especially important for people who are showing signs of liver fibrosis or scarring. Antiviral medicines are used to treat hepatitis C. These drugs help fight the HCV. Newer antiviral drugs: Provide a much improved cure rate Have fewer side effects and are easier to take Are taken by mouth for 8 to 24 weeks The choice of which medicine depends on the genotype of the HCV you have. A liver transplant may be recommended for people who develop cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. Your provider can tell you more about liver transplant. If you have hepatitis C: Do not take over-the-counter medicines that you have not taken before without asking your provider. Also ask about vitamins and other supplements. Do not use alcohol or street drugs. Alcohol can speed up the damage to your liver. It can also reduce how well medicines work. Ask your provider whether you need the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. If you have not received a vaccine for hepatitis A or B or have not had these forms of hepatitis, you may need vaccination for them. Joining a support group can help ease the stress of having hepatitis C. Ask your provider about liver disease resources and support groups in your area. Most people (75% to 85%) who are infected with the virus develop chronic hepatitis C. This condition poses a risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, or both. The outlook for hepatitis C depends in part on the genotype. A good response to treatment occurs when the virus can no longer be detected in the blood 12 weeks or more after treatment. This is called 'sustained virologic response' (SVR). Up to 90% of those treated for some genotypes have this type of response. Some people do not respond to initial treatment. They may need to be re-treated with a different class of medicines. Also, some people can become re-infected or infected with a different genotype strain. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis You believe you have been exposed to the HCV. Steps that can be taken to help prevent the spread of hepatitis C from one person to another include: Health care workers should follow precautions when handling blood. Do not share needles with anyone. Do not get tattoos or body piercings or receive acupuncture from someone who does not have a permit or license. Do not share personal items, such as razors and toothbrushes. Practice safe sex. If you or your partner is infected with hepatitis C and you have been in a stable and monogamous (no other partners) relationship, the risk of giving the virus to, or getting the virus from, the other person is low. HCV cannot be spread by casual contact, such as holding hands, kissing, coughing or sneezing, breastfeeding, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses. Currently there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Sustained virologic response - hepatitis C; SVR - hepatitis C. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis C Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Hepatitis C. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm. Updated October 17, 2016. Accessed March 11, 2018. Fathi H, Clark A, Hill NR, Dusheiko G. Effectiveness of current and future regimens for treating genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infection: a large-scale systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):722 PMID: 29145802 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145802. Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):637-648. PMID: 28319996 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319996. Ferreira VL, Assis Jarek NA, Tonin FS, et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1: A pairwise meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(4):749-755. PMID: 27785825 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27785825. Jakobsen JC, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, et al. Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD012143. PMID: 28585310 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28922704. Jacobson IM, Lim JK, Fried MW. American Gastroenterological Association Institute clinical practice update-expert review: care of patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1578-1587 PMID: 28344022. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28344022. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(5):349-357. PMID: 23798026 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23798026. Ray SC, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis D (Delta agent). Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is found only in people who carry the hepatitis B virus. HDV may make liver disease worse in people who have either recent (acute) or long-term (chronic) hepatitis B. It can even cause symptoms in people who carry hepatitis B virus but who never had symptoms. Hepatitis D infects about 15 million people worldwide. It occurs in a small number of people who carry hepatitis B. Risk factors include: Abusing intravenous (IV) or injection drugs Being infected while pregnant (the mother can pass the virus to the baby) Carrying the hepatitis B virus Men having sexual intercourse with other men Receiving many blood transfusions. Hepatitis D may make the symptoms of hepatitis B worse. Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Fatigue Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting. You may need the following tests: Anti-hepatitis D antibody Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (blood test). Many of the medicines used to treat hepatitis B are not helpful for treating hepatitis D. You may receive a medicine called alpha interferon for up to 12 months if you have a long-term HDV infection. A liver transplant for end-stage chronic hepatitis B may be effective. People with an acute HDV infection most often get better over 2 to 3 weeks. Liver enzyme levels return to normal within 16 weeks. About 1 in 10 of those who are infected may develop long-term (chronic) liver inflammation (hepatitis). Complications may include: Chronic active hepatitis Acute liver failure. Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis B. Steps to prevent the condition include: Detect and treat hepatitis B infection as soon as possible to help prevent hepatitis D. Avoid intravenous (IV) drug abuse. If you use IV drugs, avoid sharing needles. Get vaccinated against hepatitis B. Adults who are at high risk for hepatitis B infection and all children should get this vaccine. If you do not get Hepatitis B, you cannot get Hepatitis D. Delta agent. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus. Landaverde C, Perrillo R. Hepatitis D. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis virus panel. Blood is most often drawn from a vein the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. Next, the provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed. The puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. The blood sample is sent to a lab to be examined. Blood (serology) tests are used to check for antibodies to each of the hepatitis viruses. No special preparation is needed. Some people feel moderate pain when the needle is inserted to draw blood. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, you may feel some throbbing. Your provider may order this test if you have signs of hepatitis. It is used to: Detect current or previous hepatitis infection Determine how contagious a person with hepatitis is Monitor a person who is being treated for hepatitis The test may be performed for other conditions, such as: Chronic persistent hepatitis Hepatitis D (delta agent) Nephrotic syndrome. A normal result means no hepatitis antibodies are found in the blood sample. This is called a negative result. Normal value ranges may vary slightly depending on the lab doing the test. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. There are different tests for hepatitis A and B. A positive test is considered abnormal. A positive test may mean: You currently have a hepatitis infection. This may be a new infection (acute hepatitis), or it may be an infection that you have had for a long time ( chronic hepatitis). You had a hepatitis infection in the past, but you no longer have the infection and can't spread it to others. Hepatitis A test results: IgM anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies, you have had a recent infection with hepatitis A Total (IgM and IgG) antibodies to hepatitis A, you have a previous or past infection, or immunity to hepatitis A Hepatitis B test results: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): you have an active hepatitis B infection, either recent or chronic (long-term) Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (Anti-HBc), you have a recent or past hepatitis B infection Antibody to HBsAg (Anti-HBs): you have a past hepatitis B infection or you have received the hepatitis B vaccine and are unlikely to become infected Hepatitis B type e antigen (HBeAg): you have a chronic hepatitis B infection and you are more likely to spread the infection to others through sexual contact or by sharing needles Antibodies to hepatitis C can most often be detected 4 to 10 weeks after you get the infection. Other types of tests may be done to decide on treatment and monitor the hepatitis C infection. Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Hepatitis A antibody test; Hepatitis B antibody test; Hepatitis C antibody test; Hepatitis D antibody test. Blood test Blood test Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis. Hepatitis can be caused by: Immune cells in the body attacking the liver Infections from viruses (such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C), bacteria, or parasites Liver damage from alcohol or poison Medicines, such as an overdose of acetaminophen Fatty liver Liver disease can also be caused by inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis, a condition that involves having too much iron in your body. Other causes include Wilson disease, a disorder in which the body retains too much copper. Hepatitis may start and get better quickly. It may also become a long-term condition. In some cases, hepatitis may lead to liver damage, liver failure, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. There are several factors that can affect how severe the condition is. These may include the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have. Hepatitis A, for example, is most often short-term and does not lead to chronic liver problems. The symptoms of hepatitis include: Pain or bloating in the belly area Dark urine and pale or clay-colored stools Fatigue Low grade fever Itching Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Weight loss You may not have symptoms when first infected with hepatitis B or C. You can still develop liver failure later. If you have any risk factors for either type of hepatitis, you should be tested often. You will have a physical exam to look for: Enlarged and tender liver Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) Yellowing of the skin You may have lab tests to diagnose and monitor your condition, including: Ultrasound of the abdomen Autoimmune blood markers Blood tests to diagnose Hepatitis A, B, or C Liver function tests Liver biopsy to check for liver damage (may be needed in some cases) Paracentesis (if fluid is in your abdomen). Your health care provider will talk to you about treatment options. Treatments will vary, depending on the cause of your liver disease. You may need to eat a high-calorie diet if you are losing weight. There are support groups for people with all types of hepatitis. These groups can help you learn about the latest treatments and how to cope with having the disease. The outlook for hepatitis will depend on what is causing the liver damage. Complications may include: Permanent liver damage, called cirrhosis Liver failure Liver cancer. Seek care immediately if you: Have symptoms from too much acetaminophen or other medicines. You may need to have your stomach pumped Vomit blood Have bloody or tarry stools Are confused or delirious Call your provider if: You have any symptoms of hepatitis or believe that you have been exposed to hepatitis A, B, or C. You cannot keep food down due to excessive vomiting. You may need to receive nutrition through a vein (intravenously). You feel sick and have travelled to Asia, Africa, South America, or Central America. Talk to your provider about having a vaccine to prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Steps for preventing the spread of hepatitis B and C from one person to another include: Avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. DO NOT share drug needles or other drug equipment (such as straws for snorting drugs). Clean blood spills with a mixture of 1 part household bleach to 9 parts water. DO NOT get tattoos or body piercings with instruments that have not been cleaned properly. To reduce your risk of spreading or catching hepatitis A: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Liver anatomy Liver anatomy. Czaja AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B virus. Orthohepadnavirus. Human, Chimpanzees. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C virus. Hepacivirus. Human. Sexual, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis delta virus. Deltavirus. Human. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis E virus. Hepevirus. Human, pig, monkeys, some rodents, chicken. Zoonosis, food. Associated with Hepatitis |
| Hepatitis | XTRA | 1.19,28,727,802,880,1550 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A - hepatitis A virus (Picornavirus: Enterovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B - hepatitis B virus (Hepadnavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C - hepatitis C virus (Flavivirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis D - hepatitis D virus (Deltavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis E - hepatitis E virus (Calicivirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A - children. HAV is found in the stool (feces) and blood of an infected child. A child can catch hepatitis A by: Coming in contact with the blood or stool of a person who has the disease. Eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated by blood or stools containing the HAV. Fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. Eating food prepared by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Being lifted or carried by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Traveling to another country without being vaccinated for hepatitis A. Children can get hepatitis A at day care center from other children or from child care workers who have the virus and do not practice good hygiene. Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is typically the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Most children age 6 years and younger do not have any symptoms. This means that your child could have the disease, and you may not know it. This can make it easy to spread the disease among young children. When symptoms occur, they appear about 2 to 6 weeks after infection. The child may have flu-like symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild. Severe or fulminant hepatitis (liver failure) is rare in healthy children. The symptoms are often easy to manage and include: Dark urine Tiredness Loss of appetite Fever Nausea and vomiting Pale stools Abdominal pain (over the liver) Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ). The health care provider will perform a physical exam of your child. This is done to check for pain and swelling in the liver. The provider will perform a blood test to look for: Raised antibodies (proteins that fight infection) due to HAV Elevated liver enzymes due to liver damage or inflammation. There is no drug treatment for hepatitis A. Your child's immune system will fight the virus. Managing the symptoms can help your child feel better while recovering: Have your child rest when symptoms are the worst. DO NOT give acetaminophen to your child without first talking with your child's provider. It can be toxic because the liver is already weak. Give your child fluids in the form of fruit juices or electrolyte solutions, such as Pedialyte. This helps prevent dehydration. While rare, symptoms may be severe enough that children with HAV need extra fluids through a vein (IV). HAV does not remain in a child's body after the infection is gone. As a result, it does not cause a long-term infection in the liver. Rarely, a new case can cause severe liver failure that develops rapidly. The possible complications of hepatitis A in children can be: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis. Contact your child's provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis A. Also contact the provider if your child has: Dry mouth due to loss of fluids No tears while crying Swelling in the arms, hands, feet, stomach, or face Blood in stools. You can protect your child from hepatitis A by having your child vaccinated. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children between their first and second birthdays (ages 12 to 23 months). You and your child should be vaccinated if you are traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. If your child has been exposed to hepatitis A, speak to your child's doctor regarding the possible need for treatment with immunoglobulin therapy. If your child attends day care: Make sure the children and staff at the day care center have had their hepatitis A vaccine. Inspect the area where diapers are changed to ensure that proper hygiene is followed. If your child gets hepatitis A, you can take these steps to help prevent the disease from spreading to other children or adults: Thoroughly wash your hands before and after preparing food, before eating, and before giving food to your child. Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, after changing your child's diaper, and if you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other body fluids. Help your child learn good hygiene. Teach your child to wash his or her hands before eating food and after using the bathroom. Avoid eating infected food or drinking polluted water. Viral hepatitis - children; Infectious hepatitis - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is spread from person to person through contact with the feces (stool) of people who are infected, which can easily happen if someone does not wash his or her hands properly. You can also get hepatitis A from food, water, or objects contaminated with HAV. Symptoms of hepatitis A can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or joint pain severe stomach pains and diarrhea (mainly in children), or jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements). These symptoms usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure and usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. If you have hepatitis A, you may be too ill to work. Children often do not have symptoms, but most adults do. You can spread HAV without having symptoms. Hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death, although this is rare and occurs more commonly in persons 50 years of age or older and persons with other liver diseases, such as hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. Hepatitis A vaccines were recommended in the United States beginning in 1996. Since then, the number of cases reported each year in the U.S. has dropped from around 31,000 cases to fewer than 1,500 cases. 2. HEPATITIS A VACCINE Hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine. You will need 2 doses for long-lasting protection. These doses should be given at least 6 months apart. Children are routinely vaccinated between their first and second birthdays (12 through 23 months of age). Older children and adolescents can get the vaccine after 23 months. Adults who have not been vaccinated previously and want to be protected against hepatitis A can also get the vaccine. You should get hepatitis A vaccine if you: are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, are a man who has sex with other men, use illegal drugs, have a chronic liver disease such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C, are being treated with clotting-factor concentrates, work with hepatitis A-infected animals or in a hepatitis A research laboratory, or expect to have close personal contact with an international adoptee from a country where hepatitis A is common. Ask your healthcare provider if you want more information about any of these groups. There are no known risks to getting hepatitis A vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving you the vaccine: If you have any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis A vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If you are not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis A vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis A vaccine include: soreness or redness where the shot was given low-grade fever headache tiredness If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis A vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease. A person with hepatitis A passes the virus to an object or food due to poor hand-washing after using the toilet. You take part in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. Risk factors include: Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East IV drug use Living in a nursing home center Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. Symptoms include: Dark urine Fatigue Itching Loss of appetite Low-grade fever Nausea and vomiting Pale or clay-colored stools Yellow skin (jaundice). The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may show that your liver is enlarged and tender. Blood tests may show: Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is usually positive before IgG) IgM antibodies which appear during the acute infection Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests), especially transaminase enzyme levels. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. You should rest and stay well hydrated when the symptoms are the worst. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and drugs that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) during the acute illness and for several months after recovery. Fatty foods may cause vomiting and are best avoided during the acute phase of the illness. The virus does not remain in the body after the infection is gone. Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you've recovered. Also, you can't get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis. The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the toilet may help prevent such outbreaks. Ask your provider about getting either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine if you are exposed to the disease and have not had hepatitis A or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons for getting one or both of these treatments include: You have hepatitis B or C or any form of chronic liver disease. You live with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or noninjected, with someone who has hepatitis A. You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A. You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis. You are planning to travel to places where hepatitis A is common. Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after you get the first dose. You will need to get a booster shot 6 to 12 months later for long-term protection. Travelers should take the following steps to protect against getting the disease: Avoid dairy products. Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in unclean water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. DO NOT buy food from street vendors. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If bottled water is not available, boiling water is the best way to get rid of hepatitis A. Bring the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute to make it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away. Viral hepatitis; Infectious hepatitis. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis A Hepatitis A. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136-138. PMID: 28182599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B - children. HBV is found in the blood or body fluids (semen, tears, or saliva) of an infected person. The virus is not present in the stool (feces). A child can get HBV through contact with the blood or body fluids of a person who has the virus. Exposure can occur from: A mother with HBV at the time of birth. It does not appear that HBV is passed to the fetus while still in the mother's womb. A bite from an infected person that breaks the skin. Blood, saliva, or any other body fluid from an infected person that may touch a break or opening in a child's skin, eyes, or mouth. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush, with a someone who has the virus. Being stuck with a needle after use by an HBV-infected person. A child cannot get hepatitis B from hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Breastfeeding by a mother with hepatitis B is safe if the child is treated properly at the time of birth. Teenagers who are not vaccinated can get HBV during unprotected sex or drug use. Most children with hepatitis B have none or only a few symptoms. Children younger than 5 years rarely have symptoms of hepatitis B. Older children may develop symptoms 3 to 4 months after the virus enters the body. The main symptoms of a new or recent infection are: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint pain Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Dark urine If the body is able to fight HBV, the symptoms end in a few weeks to 6 months. This is called acute hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B does not cause any lasting problems. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel. These tests can help diagnose: A new infection (acute hepatitis B) A chronic or long-term infection (chronic hepatitis B) An infection that occurred in the past, but is no longer present The following tests detect liver damage and the risk for liver cancer from chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound Liver cancer tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein The provider will also check the viral load of HBV in the blood. This test shows how well your child's treatment is working. Acute hepatitis B does not need any special treatment. Your child's immune system will fight the disease. If there is no sign of the HBV infection after 6 months, then your child has recovered fully. However, while the virus is present, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis B needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to relieve any symptoms, prevent the disease from spreading, and help prevent liver disease. Make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy foods Your child's provider also may recommend antiviral medicines. The medicines decrease or remove HBV from the blood: Interferon alpha-2b (Intron A) can be given to children age 1 year and older. Lamivudine (Epivir) and entecavir (Baraclude) are used in children age 2 years and older. Tenofovir (Viread) is given to children age 12 years and older. It is not always clear what medicines should be given. Children with chronic hepatitis B may get these medicines when: Liver function quickly gets worse The liver shows signs of long-term damage HBV level is high in the blood. Many children are able to rid their body of the HBV and do not have a long-term infection. However, some children never get rid of HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B infection. Younger children are more prone to chronic hepatitis B. These children do not feel sick, and lead a relatively healthy life. However, over time, they may develop symptoms of long-term (chronic) liver damage. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the long-term (chronic) condition. A positive blood test after 6 months confirms chronic hepatitis B. The disease will not affect your child's growth and development. Regular monitoring plays an important role in managing the disease in children. You should also help your child learn how to avoid spreading the disease now and into adulthood. The possible complications of hepatitis B include: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your child's provider if: Your child has symptoms of hepatitis B Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away New symptoms develop The child belongs to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and has not had the HBV vaccine. If a pregnant woman has acute or chronic hepatitis B, these steps are taken to prevent the virus from being transmitted to a baby at birth: Newborn babies should receive their first hepatitis B vaccine and one dose of immunoglobulins (IG) within 12 hours. The baby should complete all hepatitis B vaccines as recommended during the first six months. Some pregnant women may receive drugs to lower the level of HBV in their blood. To prevent hepatitis B infection: Children should get the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 months. Children who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Children should avoid contact with blood and body fluids. Children should not share toothbrushes or any other items that may be infected. All women should be screened for HBV during pregnancy. Mothers with an HBV infection can breastfeed their child after immunization. Silent infection - HBV children; Antivirals - hepatitis B children; HBV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis B children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis B children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: hepatitis B. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: your baby's first vaccines. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/multi.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis B is a serious disease that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong illness. Hepatitis B virus infection can be either acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the hepatitis B virus. This can lead to: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and/or vomiting jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements) pain in muscles, joints, and stomach. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the hepatitis B virus remains in a person s body. Most people who go on to develop chronic hepatitis B do not have symptoms, but it is still very serious and can lead to: liver damage (cirrhosis) liver cancer death Chronically-infected people can spread hepatitis B virus to others, even if they do not feel or look sick themselves. Up to 1.4 million people in the United States may have chronic hepatitis B infection. About 90% of infants who get hepatitis B become chronically infected and about 1 out of 4 of them dies. Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of a person who is not infected. People can become infected with the virus through: Birth (a baby whose mother is infected can be infected at or after birth) Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person Contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person Sex with an infected partner Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments Each year about 2,000 people in the United States die from hepatitis B-related liver disease. Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B and its consequences, including liver cancer and cirrhosis. 2. HEPATITIS B VACCINE Hepatitis B vaccine is made from parts of the hepatitis B virus. It cannot cause hepatitis B infection. The vaccine is usually given as 3 or 4 shots over a 6-month period. Infants should get their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will usually complete the series at 6 months of age. All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet gotten the vaccine should also be vaccinated. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for unvaccinated adults who are at risk for hepatitis B virus infection, including: People whose sex partners have hepatitis B Sexually active persons who are not in a long-term monogamous relationship Persons seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease Men who have sexual contact with other men People who share needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment People who have household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus Health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or body fluids Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled persons Persons in correctional facilities Victims of sexual assault or abuse Travelers to regions with increased rates of hepatitis B People with chronic liver disease, kidney disease, HIV infection, or diabetes Anyone who wants to be protected from hepatitis B There are no known risks to getting hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis B vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis B vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis B vaccine include: Soreness where the shot was given Temperature of 99.9 F (37.7 C) or higher If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov/ , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your health care provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis B vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B infection is caused by the HBV. You can catch hepatitis B through contact with the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva) of a person who has the virus. Exposure may occur: After a needlestick or sharps injury If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth, or open sores or cuts People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Have unprotected sex with an infected partner Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use Share personal items (such as toothbrush, razor, and nail clippers) with a person who has the virus Were born to a hepatitis-B infected mother All blood used for blood transfusions is screened, so the chance of getting the virus in this way is very small. After you first become infected with the HBV: You may have no symptoms. You may feel sick for a period of days or weeks. You may become very ill very quickly (called fulminant hepatitis). Symptoms of hepatitis B may not appear for up to 6 months after the time of infection. Early symptoms include: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint aches Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and dark urine Symptoms will go away in a few weeks to months if your body is able to fight off the infection. Some people never get rid of the HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B. People with chronic hepatitis may not have symptoms and not know they are infected. Over time, they may develop symptoms of liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver. You can spread the HBV to other people, even if you have no symptoms. A series of blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel is done for suspected hepatitis. It can help detect: New infection Older infection that is still active Older infection that is no longer active The following tests are done to look for liver damage if you have chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time You will also have a test to measure the level of HBV in your blood (viral load). This lets your health care provider know how your treatment is working. People at higher risk for hepatitis should be screened with a blood test. This may be needed even when they have no symptoms. Factors that lead to increased risk include: The risk factors described above in the Causes section. People from countries where a higher number of people have hepatitis B. These countries or areas include Japan, some Mediterranean countries, parts of Asia and the Middle East, West Africa and South Sudan. Acute hepatitis, unless severe, needs no treatment. Liver and other body functions are watched using blood tests. You should get plenty of bed rest, drink plenty of fluids, and eat healthy foods. Aggressive hepatitis Some people with chronic hepatitis may be treated with antiviral drugs. These medicines can decrease or remove hepatitis B from the blood. One of the medicines is an injection called interferon. They also help to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is not always clear which people with chronic hepatitis B should receive drug therapy and when it should be started. You are more likely to receive these medicines if: Your liver function is quickly becoming worse. You develop symptoms of long-term liver damage. You have high levels of the HBV in your blood. You are pregnant. For these medicines to work best, you need to take them as instructed by your provider. Ask what side effects you can expect and what to do if you have them. Not everybody who needs to take these medicines responds well. If you develop liver failure, you may be considered for a liver transplant. A liver transplant is the only cure in some cases of liver failure. Other steps you can take: Avoid alcohol. Check with your provider before taking any over-the-counter medicines or herbal supplements. This includes medicines such as acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen. Severe liver damage, or cirrhosis , can be caused by hepatitis B. Some people benefit from attending a liver disease support group. The acute illness most often goes away after 2 to 3 weeks. The liver most often returns to normal within 4 to 6 months in most people. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the chronic condition. Very few adults who get the virus develop chronic hepatitis B. About 1 in 100 people who get hepatitis B dies from the condition. There is a much higher rate of liver cancer in people who have chronic hepatitis B. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis B. Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away in 2 to 3 weeks, or new symptoms develop. You belong to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and have not had the HBV vaccine. Hepatitis B. Children and people at high risk for hepatitis B should get the hepatitis B vaccine. Babies should get a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 to 18 months. Children younger than age 19 who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Health care workers and those who live with someone who has hepatitis B should get the vaccine. Infants born to mothers who have acute hepatitis B or have had the infection in the past should get a special hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. The hepatitis B vaccine or a hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) shot may help prevent infection if you receive it within 24 hours of contact with the virus. Measures to avoid contact with blood and body fluids can help prevent the spread of hepatitis B from person-to-person. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Digestive system Digestive system Aggressive hepatitis Aggressive hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis B. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); ACIP Adult Immunization Work Group. Advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) recommended immunization schedules for adults aged 19 years and older -- United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(4):91-92. PMID: 25654609 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654609. LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(1):58-66. PMID 24863637 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863637. Pawlotsky J-M. Chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C - children. A child may get HCV from an HCV-infected mother, at the time of birth. Almost 6 out of every 100 infants born to mothers with an HCV infection have hepatitis C. There is no treatment to prevent hepatitis C at birth. Adolescents and teens can also get an HCV infection. There are many causes of hepatitis C in teens, including: Being stuck with a needle after use by an HCV-infected person Coming in contact with the blood of an infected person Using street drugs Having unprotected sexual contact with a person with HCV Getting tattoos or acupuncture therapy with infected needles Hepatitis C does not spread from breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Symptoms develop in children about 4 to 12 weeks after infection. If the body is able to fight HCV, the symptoms end within a few weeks to 6 months. This condition is called acute hepatitis C infection. However, some children never get rid of HCV. This condition is called chronic hepatitis C infection. Most children with hepatitis C (acute or chronic) do not show any symptoms until more advanced liver damage is present. If symptoms do occur, they may include: Pain in the right upper abdomen Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Tiredness Fever Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests to detect HCV in blood. Two most common blood tests are: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to find the hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Infants born to hepatitis C-positive mothers should undergo testing at 18 months of age. This is the time when antibodies from the mother will decrease. At that time, the test will more truly reflect the baby's antibody status. The following tests detect liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound These tests show how well your child's treatment is working. The main aim of treatment in children is to relieve the symptoms and stop the disease from spreading. If your child has symptoms, make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy food Acute hepatitis C does not need any special treatment. However, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis C needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications. If there is no sign of the HCV infection after 6 months, then your child has fully recovered. However, if your child develops chronic hepatitis C, it can cause liver disease later in life. Your child's provider may recommend antiviral medicines for chronic HCV. These medicines: Have fewer side effects Are easier to take Are taken by mouth The choice of whether to use medicines in children for hepatitis C is not clear. Medicines that have been used, interferon and ribavirin, carry a lot of side effects and some risks. Newer and safer medicines have been approved for adults, but not yet for children. Many experts recommend waiting on treatment of HCV in children until these newer medicines are approved for use in children. Children younger than 3 years old may not need any treatment. Infection in this age group often resolves without any complications. The possible complications of hepatitis C are: Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis C. You should also contact your provider if you have hepatitis C and become pregnant. There are no vaccinations for hepatitis C. Therefore, prevention plays an important role in managing the disease. In a household where someone with hepatitis C is living, take these steps to help prevent the spread of the disease : Avoid contact with blood. Clean any blood spills using bleach and water. Mothers with HCV should not breastfeed if nipples are cracked and bleeding. Cover cuts and sores to avoid contact with body fluids. Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or any other items that may be infected. Silent infection - HCV children; Antivirals - hepatitis C children; HCV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis C - children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis C - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C You can catch hepatitis C if the blood of someone who has hepatitis C enters your body. Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury If blood from someone who has hepatitis C contacts a cut on your skin or contacts your eyes or mouth People at risk of hepatitis C are those who: Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Have regular contact with blood at work (such as a health care worker) Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C Were born to a mother who had hepatitis C Received a tattoo or acupuncture with needles that were not disinfected properly after being used on another person (risk is very low with practitioners who have a tattoo license or permit or an acupuncture license) Received an organ transplant from a donor who has hepatitis C Share personal items, such as toothbrushes and razors, with someone who has hepatitis C (less common) Received a blood transfusion (rare in the United States since blood screening became available in 1992). Most people who are recently infected with hepatitis C do not have symptoms. Some people have yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Chronic infection often causes no symptoms. But fatigue, depression and other problems can occur. Persons who have long-term (chronic) infection often have no symptoms until their liver becomes scarred ( cirrhosis ). Most people with this condition are ill and have many health problems. The following symptoms may occur with hepatitis C infection: Pain in the right upper abdomen Abdominal swelling due to fluid ( ascites ) Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Fatigue Fever Itching Jaundice Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Blood tests are done to check for hepatitis C: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Everyone born from 1945 to 1965 (the baby boomer generation) should get a one-time test for hepatitis C. Genetic testing is done to check for the type of hepatitis C (genotype). There are six types of the virus (genotypes 1 through 6). Test results can help your doctor choose treatment that is best for you. The following tests are done to identify and monitor liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy. You should talk to your health care provider about your treatment options and when treatment should begin. The goal of treatment is to rid the body of the virus. This can prevent liver damage that may lead to liver failure or liver cancer. Your provider will monitor you by checking liver blood tests, viral load (the amount of HCV in your blood), imaging tests, and biopsy results. Treatment is especially important for people who are showing signs of liver fibrosis or scarring. Antiviral medicines are used to treat hepatitis C. These drugs help fight the HCV. Newer antiviral drugs: Provide a much improved cure rate Have fewer side effects and are easier to take Are taken by mouth for 8 to 24 weeks The choice of which medicine depends on the genotype of the HCV you have. A liver transplant may be recommended for people who develop cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. Your provider can tell you more about liver transplant. If you have hepatitis C: Do not take over-the-counter medicines that you have not taken before without asking your provider. Also ask about vitamins and other supplements. Do not use alcohol or street drugs. Alcohol can speed up the damage to your liver. It can also reduce how well medicines work. Ask your provider whether you need the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. If you have not received a vaccine for hepatitis A or B or have not had these forms of hepatitis, you may need vaccination for them. Joining a support group can help ease the stress of having hepatitis C. Ask your provider about liver disease resources and support groups in your area. Most people (75% to 85%) who are infected with the virus develop chronic hepatitis C. This condition poses a risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, or both. The outlook for hepatitis C depends in part on the genotype. A good response to treatment occurs when the virus can no longer be detected in the blood 12 weeks or more after treatment. This is called 'sustained virologic response' (SVR). Up to 90% of those treated for some genotypes have this type of response. Some people do not respond to initial treatment. They may need to be re-treated with a different class of medicines. Also, some people can become re-infected or infected with a different genotype strain. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis You believe you have been exposed to the HCV. Steps that can be taken to help prevent the spread of hepatitis C from one person to another include: Health care workers should follow precautions when handling blood. Do not share needles with anyone. Do not get tattoos or body piercings or receive acupuncture from someone who does not have a permit or license. Do not share personal items, such as razors and toothbrushes. Practice safe sex. If you or your partner is infected with hepatitis C and you have been in a stable and monogamous (no other partners) relationship, the risk of giving the virus to, or getting the virus from, the other person is low. HCV cannot be spread by casual contact, such as holding hands, kissing, coughing or sneezing, breastfeeding, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses. Currently there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Sustained virologic response - hepatitis C; SVR - hepatitis C. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis C Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Hepatitis C. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm. Updated October 17, 2016. Accessed March 11, 2018. Fathi H, Clark A, Hill NR, Dusheiko G. Effectiveness of current and future regimens for treating genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infection: a large-scale systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):722 PMID: 29145802 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145802. Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):637-648. PMID: 28319996 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319996. Ferreira VL, Assis Jarek NA, Tonin FS, et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1: A pairwise meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(4):749-755. PMID: 27785825 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27785825. Jakobsen JC, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, et al. Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD012143. PMID: 28585310 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28922704. Jacobson IM, Lim JK, Fried MW. American Gastroenterological Association Institute clinical practice update-expert review: care of patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1578-1587 PMID: 28344022. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28344022. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(5):349-357. PMID: 23798026 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23798026. Ray SC, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis D (Delta agent). Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is found only in people who carry the hepatitis B virus. HDV may make liver disease worse in people who have either recent (acute) or long-term (chronic) hepatitis B. It can even cause symptoms in people who carry hepatitis B virus but who never had symptoms. Hepatitis D infects about 15 million people worldwide. It occurs in a small number of people who carry hepatitis B. Risk factors include: Abusing intravenous (IV) or injection drugs Being infected while pregnant (the mother can pass the virus to the baby) Carrying the hepatitis B virus Men having sexual intercourse with other men Receiving many blood transfusions. Hepatitis D may make the symptoms of hepatitis B worse. Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Fatigue Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting. You may need the following tests: Anti-hepatitis D antibody Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (blood test). Many of the medicines used to treat hepatitis B are not helpful for treating hepatitis D. You may receive a medicine called alpha interferon for up to 12 months if you have a long-term HDV infection. A liver transplant for end-stage chronic hepatitis B may be effective. People with an acute HDV infection most often get better over 2 to 3 weeks. Liver enzyme levels return to normal within 16 weeks. About 1 in 10 of those who are infected may develop long-term (chronic) liver inflammation (hepatitis). Complications may include: Chronic active hepatitis Acute liver failure. Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis B. Steps to prevent the condition include: Detect and treat hepatitis B infection as soon as possible to help prevent hepatitis D. Avoid intravenous (IV) drug abuse. If you use IV drugs, avoid sharing needles. Get vaccinated against hepatitis B. Adults who are at high risk for hepatitis B infection and all children should get this vaccine. If you do not get Hepatitis B, you cannot get Hepatitis D. Delta agent. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus. Landaverde C, Perrillo R. Hepatitis D. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis virus panel. Blood is most often drawn from a vein the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. Next, the provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed. The puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. The blood sample is sent to a lab to be examined. Blood (serology) tests are used to check for antibodies to each of the hepatitis viruses. No special preparation is needed. Some people feel moderate pain when the needle is inserted to draw blood. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, you may feel some throbbing. Your provider may order this test if you have signs of hepatitis. It is used to: Detect current or previous hepatitis infection Determine how contagious a person with hepatitis is Monitor a person who is being treated for hepatitis The test may be performed for other conditions, such as: Chronic persistent hepatitis Hepatitis D (delta agent) Nephrotic syndrome. A normal result means no hepatitis antibodies are found in the blood sample. This is called a negative result. Normal value ranges may vary slightly depending on the lab doing the test. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. There are different tests for hepatitis A and B. A positive test is considered abnormal. A positive test may mean: You currently have a hepatitis infection. This may be a new infection (acute hepatitis), or it may be an infection that you have had for a long time ( chronic hepatitis). You had a hepatitis infection in the past, but you no longer have the infection and can't spread it to others. Hepatitis A test results: IgM anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies, you have had a recent infection with hepatitis A Total (IgM and IgG) antibodies to hepatitis A, you have a previous or past infection, or immunity to hepatitis A Hepatitis B test results: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): you have an active hepatitis B infection, either recent or chronic (long-term) Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (Anti-HBc), you have a recent or past hepatitis B infection Antibody to HBsAg (Anti-HBs): you have a past hepatitis B infection or you have received the hepatitis B vaccine and are unlikely to become infected Hepatitis B type e antigen (HBeAg): you have a chronic hepatitis B infection and you are more likely to spread the infection to others through sexual contact or by sharing needles Antibodies to hepatitis C can most often be detected 4 to 10 weeks after you get the infection. Other types of tests may be done to decide on treatment and monitor the hepatitis C infection. Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Hepatitis A antibody test; Hepatitis B antibody test; Hepatitis C antibody test; Hepatitis D antibody test. Blood test Blood test Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis. Hepatitis can be caused by: Immune cells in the body attacking the liver Infections from viruses (such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C), bacteria, or parasites Liver damage from alcohol or poison Medicines, such as an overdose of acetaminophen Fatty liver Liver disease can also be caused by inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis, a condition that involves having too much iron in your body. Other causes include Wilson disease, a disorder in which the body retains too much copper. Hepatitis may start and get better quickly. It may also become a long-term condition. In some cases, hepatitis may lead to liver damage, liver failure, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. There are several factors that can affect how severe the condition is. These may include the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have. Hepatitis A, for example, is most often short-term and does not lead to chronic liver problems. The symptoms of hepatitis include: Pain or bloating in the belly area Dark urine and pale or clay-colored stools Fatigue Low grade fever Itching Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Weight loss You may not have symptoms when first infected with hepatitis B or C. You can still develop liver failure later. If you have any risk factors for either type of hepatitis, you should be tested often. You will have a physical exam to look for: Enlarged and tender liver Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) Yellowing of the skin You may have lab tests to diagnose and monitor your condition, including: Ultrasound of the abdomen Autoimmune blood markers Blood tests to diagnose Hepatitis A, B, or C Liver function tests Liver biopsy to check for liver damage (may be needed in some cases) Paracentesis (if fluid is in your abdomen). Your health care provider will talk to you about treatment options. Treatments will vary, depending on the cause of your liver disease. You may need to eat a high-calorie diet if you are losing weight. There are support groups for people with all types of hepatitis. These groups can help you learn about the latest treatments and how to cope with having the disease. The outlook for hepatitis will depend on what is causing the liver damage. Complications may include: Permanent liver damage, called cirrhosis Liver failure Liver cancer. Seek care immediately if you: Have symptoms from too much acetaminophen or other medicines. You may need to have your stomach pumped Vomit blood Have bloody or tarry stools Are confused or delirious Call your provider if: You have any symptoms of hepatitis or believe that you have been exposed to hepatitis A, B, or C. You cannot keep food down due to excessive vomiting. You may need to receive nutrition through a vein (intravenously). You feel sick and have travelled to Asia, Africa, South America, or Central America. Talk to your provider about having a vaccine to prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Steps for preventing the spread of hepatitis B and C from one person to another include: Avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. DO NOT share drug needles or other drug equipment (such as straws for snorting drugs). Clean blood spills with a mixture of 1 part household bleach to 9 parts water. DO NOT get tattoos or body piercings with instruments that have not been cleaned properly. To reduce your risk of spreading or catching hepatitis A: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Liver anatomy Liver anatomy. Czaja AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis B virus. Orthohepadnavirus. Human, Chimpanzees. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis C virus. Hepacivirus. Human. Sexual, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis delta virus. Deltavirus. Human. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis : Hepatitis E virus. Hepevirus. Human, pig, monkeys, some rodents, chicken. Zoonosis, food. Associated with Hepatitis |
| Hepatitis A | ETDF | 150,870,5290,27500,65290,95220,182500,233450,420800,418000 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from feces-contaminated food or water). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A - hepatitis A virus (Picornavirus: Enterovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A - children. HAV is found in the stool (feces) and blood of an infected child. A child can catch hepatitis A by: Coming in contact with the blood or stool of a person who has the disease. Eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated by blood or stools containing the HAV. Fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. Eating food prepared by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Being lifted or carried by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Traveling to another country without being vaccinated for hepatitis A. Children can get hepatitis A at day care center from other children or from child care workers who have the virus and do not practice good hygiene. Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is typically the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Most children age 6 years and younger do not have any symptoms. This means that your child could have the disease, and you may not know it. This can make it easy to spread the disease among young children. When symptoms occur, they appear about 2 to 6 weeks after infection. The child may have flu-like symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild. Severe or fulminant hepatitis (liver failure) is rare in healthy children. The symptoms are often easy to manage and include: Dark urine Tiredness Loss of appetite Fever Nausea and vomiting Pale stools Abdominal pain (over the liver) Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ). The health care provider will perform a physical exam of your child. This is done to check for pain and swelling in the liver. The provider will perform a blood test to look for: Raised antibodies (proteins that fight infection) due to HAV Elevated liver enzymes due to liver damage or inflammation. There is no drug treatment for hepatitis A. Your child's immune system will fight the virus. Managing the symptoms can help your child feel better while recovering: Have your child rest when symptoms are the worst. DO NOT give acetaminophen to your child without first talking with your child's provider. It can be toxic because the liver is already weak. Give your child fluids in the form of fruit juices or electrolyte solutions, such as Pedialyte. This helps prevent dehydration. While rare, symptoms may be severe enough that children with HAV need extra fluids through a vein (IV). HAV does not remain in a child's body after the infection is gone. As a result, it does not cause a long-term infection in the liver. Rarely, a new case can cause severe liver failure that develops rapidly. The possible complications of hepatitis A in children can be: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis. Contact your child's provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis A. Also contact the provider if your child has: Dry mouth due to loss of fluids No tears while crying Swelling in the arms, hands, feet, stomach, or face Blood in stools. You can protect your child from hepatitis A by having your child vaccinated. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children between their first and second birthdays (ages 12 to 23 months). You and your child should be vaccinated if you are traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. If your child has been exposed to hepatitis A, speak to your child's doctor regarding the possible need for treatment with immunoglobulin therapy. If your child attends day care: Make sure the children and staff at the day care center have had their hepatitis A vaccine. Inspect the area where diapers are changed to ensure that proper hygiene is followed. If your child gets hepatitis A, you can take these steps to help prevent the disease from spreading to other children or adults: Thoroughly wash your hands before and after preparing food, before eating, and before giving food to your child. Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, after changing your child's diaper, and if you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other body fluids. Help your child learn good hygiene. Teach your child to wash his or her hands before eating food and after using the bathroom. Avoid eating infected food or drinking polluted water. Viral hepatitis - children; Infectious hepatitis - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is spread from person to person through contact with the feces (stool) of people who are infected, which can easily happen if someone does not wash his or her hands properly. You can also get hepatitis A from food, water, or objects contaminated with HAV. Symptoms of hepatitis A can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or joint pain severe stomach pains and diarrhea (mainly in children), or jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements). These symptoms usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure and usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. If you have hepatitis A, you may be too ill to work. Children often do not have symptoms, but most adults do. You can spread HAV without having symptoms. Hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death, although this is rare and occurs more commonly in persons 50 years of age or older and persons with other liver diseases, such as hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. Hepatitis A vaccines were recommended in the United States beginning in 1996. Since then, the number of cases reported each year in the U.S. has dropped from around 31,000 cases to fewer than 1,500 cases. 2. HEPATITIS A VACCINE Hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine. You will need 2 doses for long-lasting protection. These doses should be given at least 6 months apart. Children are routinely vaccinated between their first and second birthdays (12 through 23 months of age). Older children and adolescents can get the vaccine after 23 months. Adults who have not been vaccinated previously and want to be protected against hepatitis A can also get the vaccine. You should get hepatitis A vaccine if you: are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, are a man who has sex with other men, use illegal drugs, have a chronic liver disease such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C, are being treated with clotting-factor concentrates, work with hepatitis A-infected animals or in a hepatitis A research laboratory, or expect to have close personal contact with an international adoptee from a country where hepatitis A is common. Ask your healthcare provider if you want more information about any of these groups. There are no known risks to getting hepatitis A vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving you the vaccine: If you have any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis A vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If you are not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis A vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis A vaccine include: soreness or redness where the shot was given low-grade fever headache tiredness If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis A vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease. A person with hepatitis A passes the virus to an object or food due to poor hand-washing after using the toilet. You take part in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. Risk factors include: Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East IV drug use Living in a nursing home center Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. Symptoms include: Dark urine Fatigue Itching Loss of appetite Low-grade fever Nausea and vomiting Pale or clay-colored stools Yellow skin (jaundice). The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may show that your liver is enlarged and tender. Blood tests may show: Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is usually positive before IgG) IgM antibodies which appear during the acute infection Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests), especially transaminase enzyme levels. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. You should rest and stay well hydrated when the symptoms are the worst. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and drugs that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) during the acute illness and for several months after recovery. Fatty foods may cause vomiting and are best avoided during the acute phase of the illness. The virus does not remain in the body after the infection is gone. Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you've recovered. Also, you can't get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis. The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the toilet may help prevent such outbreaks. Ask your provider about getting either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine if you are exposed to the disease and have not had hepatitis A or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons for getting one or both of these treatments include: You have hepatitis B or C or any form of chronic liver disease. You live with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or noninjected, with someone who has hepatitis A. You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A. You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis. You are planning to travel to places where hepatitis A is common. Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after you get the first dose. You will need to get a booster shot 6 to 12 months later for long-term protection. Travelers should take the following steps to protect against getting the disease: Avoid dairy products. Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in unclean water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. DO NOT buy food from street vendors. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If bottled water is not available, boiling water is the best way to get rid of hepatitis A. Bring the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute to make it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away. Viral hepatitis; Infectious hepatitis. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis A Hepatitis A. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136-138. PMID: 28182599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. Although those exposed usually develop lifelong immunity, the best protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A. Source of disease: Hepatitis A virus |
| Hepatitis A | VEGA | 321,3220 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from feces-contaminated food or water). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A - hepatitis A virus (Picornavirus: Enterovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A - children. HAV is found in the stool (feces) and blood of an infected child. A child can catch hepatitis A by: Coming in contact with the blood or stool of a person who has the disease. Eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated by blood or stools containing the HAV. Fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. Eating food prepared by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Being lifted or carried by someone with the disease who does not wash their hands after using the bathroom. Traveling to another country without being vaccinated for hepatitis A. Children can get hepatitis A at day care center from other children or from child care workers who have the virus and do not practice good hygiene. Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is typically the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Most children age 6 years and younger do not have any symptoms. This means that your child could have the disease, and you may not know it. This can make it easy to spread the disease among young children. When symptoms occur, they appear about 2 to 6 weeks after infection. The child may have flu-like symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild. Severe or fulminant hepatitis (liver failure) is rare in healthy children. The symptoms are often easy to manage and include: Dark urine Tiredness Loss of appetite Fever Nausea and vomiting Pale stools Abdominal pain (over the liver) Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ). The health care provider will perform a physical exam of your child. This is done to check for pain and swelling in the liver. The provider will perform a blood test to look for: Raised antibodies (proteins that fight infection) due to HAV Elevated liver enzymes due to liver damage or inflammation. There is no drug treatment for hepatitis A. Your child's immune system will fight the virus. Managing the symptoms can help your child feel better while recovering: Have your child rest when symptoms are the worst. DO NOT give acetaminophen to your child without first talking with your child's provider. It can be toxic because the liver is already weak. Give your child fluids in the form of fruit juices or electrolyte solutions, such as Pedialyte. This helps prevent dehydration. While rare, symptoms may be severe enough that children with HAV need extra fluids through a vein (IV). HAV does not remain in a child's body after the infection is gone. As a result, it does not cause a long-term infection in the liver. Rarely, a new case can cause severe liver failure that develops rapidly. The possible complications of hepatitis A in children can be: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis. Contact your child's provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis A. Also contact the provider if your child has: Dry mouth due to loss of fluids No tears while crying Swelling in the arms, hands, feet, stomach, or face Blood in stools. You can protect your child from hepatitis A by having your child vaccinated. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children between their first and second birthdays (ages 12 to 23 months). You and your child should be vaccinated if you are traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. If your child has been exposed to hepatitis A, speak to your child's doctor regarding the possible need for treatment with immunoglobulin therapy. If your child attends day care: Make sure the children and staff at the day care center have had their hepatitis A vaccine. Inspect the area where diapers are changed to ensure that proper hygiene is followed. If your child gets hepatitis A, you can take these steps to help prevent the disease from spreading to other children or adults: Thoroughly wash your hands before and after preparing food, before eating, and before giving food to your child. Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, after changing your child's diaper, and if you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other body fluids. Help your child learn good hygiene. Teach your child to wash his or her hands before eating food and after using the bathroom. Avoid eating infected food or drinking polluted water. Viral hepatitis - children; Infectious hepatitis - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is spread from person to person through contact with the feces (stool) of people who are infected, which can easily happen if someone does not wash his or her hands properly. You can also get hepatitis A from food, water, or objects contaminated with HAV. Symptoms of hepatitis A can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or joint pain severe stomach pains and diarrhea (mainly in children), or jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements). These symptoms usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure and usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. If you have hepatitis A, you may be too ill to work. Children often do not have symptoms, but most adults do. You can spread HAV without having symptoms. Hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death, although this is rare and occurs more commonly in persons 50 years of age or older and persons with other liver diseases, such as hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. Hepatitis A vaccines were recommended in the United States beginning in 1996. Since then, the number of cases reported each year in the U.S. has dropped from around 31,000 cases to fewer than 1,500 cases. 2. HEPATITIS A VACCINE Hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine. You will need 2 doses for long-lasting protection. These doses should be given at least 6 months apart. Children are routinely vaccinated between their first and second birthdays (12 through 23 months of age). Older children and adolescents can get the vaccine after 23 months. Adults who have not been vaccinated previously and want to be protected against hepatitis A can also get the vaccine. You should get hepatitis A vaccine if you: are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, are a man who has sex with other men, use illegal drugs, have a chronic liver disease such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C, are being treated with clotting-factor concentrates, work with hepatitis A-infected animals or in a hepatitis A research laboratory, or expect to have close personal contact with an international adoptee from a country where hepatitis A is common. Ask your healthcare provider if you want more information about any of these groups. There are no known risks to getting hepatitis A vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving you the vaccine: If you have any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis A vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If you are not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis A vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis A vaccine include: soreness or redness where the shot was given low-grade fever headache tiredness If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis A vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease. A person with hepatitis A passes the virus to an object or food due to poor hand-washing after using the toilet. You take part in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. Risk factors include: Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East IV drug use Living in a nursing home center Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases. Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. Symptoms include: Dark urine Fatigue Itching Loss of appetite Low-grade fever Nausea and vomiting Pale or clay-colored stools Yellow skin (jaundice). The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may show that your liver is enlarged and tender. Blood tests may show: Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is usually positive before IgG) IgM antibodies which appear during the acute infection Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests), especially transaminase enzyme levels. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. You should rest and stay well hydrated when the symptoms are the worst. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and drugs that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) during the acute illness and for several months after recovery. Fatty foods may cause vomiting and are best avoided during the acute phase of the illness. The virus does not remain in the body after the infection is gone. Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you've recovered. Also, you can't get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis. The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus: Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the toilet may help prevent such outbreaks. Ask your provider about getting either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine if you are exposed to the disease and have not had hepatitis A or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons for getting one or both of these treatments include: You have hepatitis B or C or any form of chronic liver disease. You live with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A. You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or noninjected, with someone who has hepatitis A. You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A. You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis. You are planning to travel to places where hepatitis A is common. Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after you get the first dose. You will need to get a booster shot 6 to 12 months later for long-term protection. Travelers should take the following steps to protect against getting the disease: Avoid dairy products. Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in unclean water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. DO NOT buy food from street vendors. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If bottled water is not available, boiling water is the best way to get rid of hepatitis A. Bring the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute to make it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away. Viral hepatitis; Infectious hepatitis. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis A Hepatitis A. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136-138. PMID: 28182599 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599. Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. Although those exposed usually develop lifelong immunity, the best protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus. Human,Fecal-oral, Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis A : Hepatitis A. Source of disease: Hepatitis A virus |
| Hepatitis A 1 | XTRA | 321,333,346,414,423,487,523,558,578,693,717,768,786,878,3220 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from feces-contaminated food or water). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis A 2 | CAFL | 321,346,414,423,487,558,578,693,786,878,3220,717 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from feces-contaminated food or water). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Liver |
| Hepatitis Antigen A | XTRA | 587666.5565 | From Newport. Wave=square, Duty=82.4%. A, B, C, some D. Follow with Vaccine Toxins program. Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis B | ETDF | 180,870,5290,27500,45560,95220,182500,414550,420800,418000 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B - hepatitis B virus (Hepadnavirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B - children. HBV is found in the blood or body fluids (semen, tears, or saliva) of an infected person. The virus is not present in the stool (feces). A child can get HBV through contact with the blood or body fluids of a person who has the virus. Exposure can occur from: A mother with HBV at the time of birth. It does not appear that HBV is passed to the fetus while still in the mother's womb. A bite from an infected person that breaks the skin. Blood, saliva, or any other body fluid from an infected person that may touch a break or opening in a child's skin, eyes, or mouth. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush, with a someone who has the virus. Being stuck with a needle after use by an HBV-infected person. A child cannot get hepatitis B from hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Breastfeeding by a mother with hepatitis B is safe if the child is treated properly at the time of birth. Teenagers who are not vaccinated can get HBV during unprotected sex or drug use. Most children with hepatitis B have none or only a few symptoms. Children younger than 5 years rarely have symptoms of hepatitis B. Older children may develop symptoms 3 to 4 months after the virus enters the body. The main symptoms of a new or recent infection are: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint pain Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Dark urine If the body is able to fight HBV, the symptoms end in a few weeks to 6 months. This is called acute hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B does not cause any lasting problems. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel. These tests can help diagnose: A new infection (acute hepatitis B) A chronic or long-term infection (chronic hepatitis B) An infection that occurred in the past, but is no longer present The following tests detect liver damage and the risk for liver cancer from chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound Liver cancer tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein The provider will also check the viral load of HBV in the blood. This test shows how well your child's treatment is working. Acute hepatitis B does not need any special treatment. Your child's immune system will fight the disease. If there is no sign of the HBV infection after 6 months, then your child has recovered fully. However, while the virus is present, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis B needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to relieve any symptoms, prevent the disease from spreading, and help prevent liver disease. Make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy foods Your child's provider also may recommend antiviral medicines. The medicines decrease or remove HBV from the blood: Interferon alpha-2b (Intron A) can be given to children age 1 year and older. Lamivudine (Epivir) and entecavir (Baraclude) are used in children age 2 years and older. Tenofovir (Viread) is given to children age 12 years and older. It is not always clear what medicines should be given. Children with chronic hepatitis B may get these medicines when: Liver function quickly gets worse The liver shows signs of long-term damage HBV level is high in the blood. Many children are able to rid their body of the HBV and do not have a long-term infection. However, some children never get rid of HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B infection. Younger children are more prone to chronic hepatitis B. These children do not feel sick, and lead a relatively healthy life. However, over time, they may develop symptoms of long-term (chronic) liver damage. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the long-term (chronic) condition. A positive blood test after 6 months confirms chronic hepatitis B. The disease will not affect your child's growth and development. Regular monitoring plays an important role in managing the disease in children. You should also help your child learn how to avoid spreading the disease now and into adulthood. The possible complications of hepatitis B include: Liver damage Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your child's provider if: Your child has symptoms of hepatitis B Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away New symptoms develop The child belongs to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and has not had the HBV vaccine. If a pregnant woman has acute or chronic hepatitis B, these steps are taken to prevent the virus from being transmitted to a baby at birth: Newborn babies should receive their first hepatitis B vaccine and one dose of immunoglobulins (IG) within 12 hours. The baby should complete all hepatitis B vaccines as recommended during the first six months. Some pregnant women may receive drugs to lower the level of HBV in their blood. To prevent hepatitis B infection: Children should get the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 months. Children who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Children should avoid contact with blood and body fluids. Children should not share toothbrushes or any other items that may be infected. All women should be screened for HBV during pregnancy. Mothers with an HBV infection can breastfeed their child after immunization. Silent infection - HBV children; Antivirals - hepatitis B children; HBV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis B children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis B children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: hepatitis B. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vaccine information statements: your baby's first vaccines. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/multi.html. Updated October 18, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B vaccine - what you need to know. 1. WHY GET VACCINATED? Hepatitis B is a serious disease that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong illness. Hepatitis B virus infection can be either acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the hepatitis B virus. This can lead to: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and/or vomiting jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements) pain in muscles, joints, and stomach. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the hepatitis B virus remains in a person s body. Most people who go on to develop chronic hepatitis B do not have symptoms, but it is still very serious and can lead to: liver damage (cirrhosis) liver cancer death Chronically-infected people can spread hepatitis B virus to others, even if they do not feel or look sick themselves. Up to 1.4 million people in the United States may have chronic hepatitis B infection. About 90% of infants who get hepatitis B become chronically infected and about 1 out of 4 of them dies. Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of a person who is not infected. People can become infected with the virus through: Birth (a baby whose mother is infected can be infected at or after birth) Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person Contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person Sex with an infected partner Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments Each year about 2,000 people in the United States die from hepatitis B-related liver disease. Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B and its consequences, including liver cancer and cirrhosis. 2. HEPATITIS B VACCINE Hepatitis B vaccine is made from parts of the hepatitis B virus. It cannot cause hepatitis B infection. The vaccine is usually given as 3 or 4 shots over a 6-month period. Infants should get their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will usually complete the series at 6 months of age. All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet gotten the vaccine should also be vaccinated. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for unvaccinated adults who are at risk for hepatitis B virus infection, including: People whose sex partners have hepatitis B Sexually active persons who are not in a long-term monogamous relationship Persons seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease Men who have sexual contact with other men People who share needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment People who have household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus Health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or body fluids Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled persons Persons in correctional facilities Victims of sexual assault or abuse Travelers to regions with increased rates of hepatitis B People with chronic liver disease, kidney disease, HIV infection, or diabetes Anyone who wants to be protected from hepatitis B There are no known risks to getting hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. 3. SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE Tell the person who is giving the vaccine: If the person getting the vaccine has any severe, life-threatening allergies. If you ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of hepatitis B vaccine, or have a severe allergy to any part of this vaccine, you may be advised not to get vaccinated. Ask your health care provider if you want information about vaccine components. If the person getting the vaccine is not feeling well. If you have a mild illness, such as a cold, you can probably get the vaccine today. If you are moderately or severely ill, you should probably wait until you recover. Your doctor can advise you. 4. RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible. Most people who get hepatitis B vaccine do not have any problems with it. Minor problems following hepatitis B vaccine include: Soreness where the shot was given Temperature of 99.9 F (37.7 C) or higher If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1 or 2 days. Your doctor can tell you more about these reactions. Other problems that could happen after this vaccine: People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears. Some people get shoulder pain that can be more severe and longer-lasting than the more routine soreness that can follow injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ 5. WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM? What should I look for? Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior. Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination. What should I do? If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 and get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your clinic. Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov/ , or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not give medical advice. 6. THE NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation. 7. HOW CAN I LEARN MORE? Ask your health care provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/. Vaccine information statement: hepatitis B vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated July 20, 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html. Accessed July 27, 2016. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B infection is caused by the HBV. You can catch hepatitis B through contact with the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva) of a person who has the virus. Exposure may occur: After a needlestick or sharps injury If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth, or open sores or cuts People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Have unprotected sex with an infected partner Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use Share personal items (such as toothbrush, razor, and nail clippers) with a person who has the virus Were born to a hepatitis-B infected mother All blood used for blood transfusions is screened, so the chance of getting the virus in this way is very small. After you first become infected with the HBV: You may have no symptoms. You may feel sick for a period of days or weeks. You may become very ill very quickly (called fulminant hepatitis). Symptoms of hepatitis B may not appear for up to 6 months after the time of infection. Early symptoms include: Appetite loss Fatigue Low fever Muscle and joint aches Nausea and vomiting Yellow skin and dark urine Symptoms will go away in a few weeks to months if your body is able to fight off the infection. Some people never get rid of the HBV. This is called chronic hepatitis B. People with chronic hepatitis may not have symptoms and not know they are infected. Over time, they may develop symptoms of liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver. You can spread the HBV to other people, even if you have no symptoms. A series of blood tests called the hepatitis viral panel is done for suspected hepatitis. It can help detect: New infection Older infection that is still active Older infection that is no longer active The following tests are done to look for liver damage if you have chronic hepatitis B: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time You will also have a test to measure the level of HBV in your blood (viral load). This lets your health care provider know how your treatment is working. People at higher risk for hepatitis should be screened with a blood test. This may be needed even when they have no symptoms. Factors that lead to increased risk include: The risk factors described above in the Causes section. People from countries where a higher number of people have hepatitis B. These countries or areas include Japan, some Mediterranean countries, parts of Asia and the Middle East, West Africa and South Sudan. Acute hepatitis, unless severe, needs no treatment. Liver and other body functions are watched using blood tests. You should get plenty of bed rest, drink plenty of fluids, and eat healthy foods. Aggressive hepatitis Some people with chronic hepatitis may be treated with antiviral drugs. These medicines can decrease or remove hepatitis B from the blood. One of the medicines is an injection called interferon. They also help to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is not always clear which people with chronic hepatitis B should receive drug therapy and when it should be started. You are more likely to receive these medicines if: Your liver function is quickly becoming worse. You develop symptoms of long-term liver damage. You have high levels of the HBV in your blood. You are pregnant. For these medicines to work best, you need to take them as instructed by your provider. Ask what side effects you can expect and what to do if you have them. Not everybody who needs to take these medicines responds well. If you develop liver failure, you may be considered for a liver transplant. A liver transplant is the only cure in some cases of liver failure. Other steps you can take: Avoid alcohol. Check with your provider before taking any over-the-counter medicines or herbal supplements. This includes medicines such as acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen. Severe liver damage, or cirrhosis , can be caused by hepatitis B. Some people benefit from attending a liver disease support group. The acute illness most often goes away after 2 to 3 weeks. The liver most often returns to normal within 4 to 6 months in most people. Almost all newborns and about half of children who get hepatitis B develop the chronic condition. Very few adults who get the virus develop chronic hepatitis B. About 1 in 100 people who get hepatitis B dies from the condition. There is a much higher rate of liver cancer in people who have chronic hepatitis B. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis B. Hepatitis B symptoms do not go away in 2 to 3 weeks, or new symptoms develop. You belong to a high-risk group for hepatitis B and have not had the HBV vaccine. Hepatitis B. Children and people at high risk for hepatitis B should get the hepatitis B vaccine. Babies should get a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all 3 shots in the series by age 6 to 18 months. Children younger than age 19 who have not had the vaccine should get 'catch-up' doses. Health care workers and those who live with someone who has hepatitis B should get the vaccine. Infants born to mothers who have acute hepatitis B or have had the infection in the past should get a special hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. The hepatitis B vaccine or a hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) shot may help prevent infection if you receive it within 24 hours of contact with the virus. Measures to avoid contact with blood and body fluids can help prevent the spread of hepatitis B from person-to-person. Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Digestive system Digestive system Aggressive hepatitis Aggressive hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis B. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); ACIP Adult Immunization Work Group. Advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) recommended immunization schedules for adults aged 19 years and older -- United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(4):91-92. PMID: 25654609 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654609. LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(1):58-66. PMID 24863637 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863637. Pawlotsky J-M. Chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B virus. Orthohepadnavirus. Human, Chimpanzees. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B: Approximately 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), making it the most common infectious disease in the world today. Over 350 million of those infected never rid themselves of the infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that causes symptoms such as jaundice, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain; hepatitis B is the most serious form of the disease. Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer in later years. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B virus. Orthohepadnavirus. Human, Chimpanzees. Sexual contact, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B. Source of disease: Hepatitis B virus |
| Hepatitis B 1 | XTRA | 1023.72,1027.56,1043.05,12906.25,12954.69,13150 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis B 2 | CAFL | 334,433,767,869,876,477,574,752,779 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis B 3 | XTRA | 1023.72,20562.06 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis B Antigen | HC | 414550-420800 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood or body fluids). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis C | ETDF | 200,870,5290,27500,65290,95220,182500,233450,414550,421800 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C - hepatitis C virus (Flavivirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C - children. A child may get HCV from an HCV-infected mother, at the time of birth. Almost 6 out of every 100 infants born to mothers with an HCV infection have hepatitis C. There is no treatment to prevent hepatitis C at birth. Adolescents and teens can also get an HCV infection. There are many causes of hepatitis C in teens, including: Being stuck with a needle after use by an HCV-infected person Coming in contact with the blood of an infected person Using street drugs Having unprotected sexual contact with a person with HCV Getting tattoos or acupuncture therapy with infected needles Hepatitis C does not spread from breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. Symptoms develop in children about 4 to 12 weeks after infection. If the body is able to fight HCV, the symptoms end within a few weeks to 6 months. This condition is called acute hepatitis C infection. However, some children never get rid of HCV. This condition is called chronic hepatitis C infection. Most children with hepatitis C (acute or chronic) do not show any symptoms until more advanced liver damage is present. If symptoms do occur, they may include: Pain in the right upper abdomen Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Tiredness Fever Yellow skin and eyes ( jaundice ) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Your child's health care provider will perform blood tests to detect HCV in blood. Two most common blood tests are: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to find the hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Infants born to hepatitis C-positive mothers should undergo testing at 18 months of age. This is the time when antibodies from the mother will decrease. At that time, the test will more truly reflect the baby's antibody status. The following tests detect liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasound These tests show how well your child's treatment is working. The main aim of treatment in children is to relieve the symptoms and stop the disease from spreading. If your child has symptoms, make sure that your child: Gets plenty of rest Drinks lots of fluids Eats healthy food Acute hepatitis C does not need any special treatment. However, your child can pass the virus to others. You should take steps to help prevent the disease from spreading. Chronic hepatitis C needs treatment. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications. If there is no sign of the HCV infection after 6 months, then your child has fully recovered. However, if your child develops chronic hepatitis C, it can cause liver disease later in life. Your child's provider may recommend antiviral medicines for chronic HCV. These medicines: Have fewer side effects Are easier to take Are taken by mouth The choice of whether to use medicines in children for hepatitis C is not clear. Medicines that have been used, interferon and ribavirin, carry a lot of side effects and some risks. Newer and safer medicines have been approved for adults, but not yet for children. Many experts recommend waiting on treatment of HCV in children until these newer medicines are approved for use in children. Children younger than 3 years old may not need any treatment. Infection in this age group often resolves without any complications. The possible complications of hepatitis C are: Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer These complications generally occur during adulthood. Call your provider if your child has symptoms of hepatitis C. You should also contact your provider if you have hepatitis C and become pregnant. There are no vaccinations for hepatitis C. Therefore, prevention plays an important role in managing the disease. In a household where someone with hepatitis C is living, take these steps to help prevent the spread of the disease : Avoid contact with blood. Clean any blood spills using bleach and water. Mothers with HCV should not breastfeed if nipples are cracked and bleeding. Cover cuts and sores to avoid contact with body fluids. Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or any other items that may be infected. Silent infection - HCV children; Antivirals - hepatitis C children; HCV children; Pregnancy - hepatitis C - children; Maternal transmission - hepatitis C - children. Jensen MK, Balistreri WF. Viral hepatitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C You can catch hepatitis C if the blood of someone who has hepatitis C enters your body. Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury If blood from someone who has hepatitis C contacts a cut on your skin or contacts your eyes or mouth People at risk of hepatitis C are those who: Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Have regular contact with blood at work (such as a health care worker) Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C Were born to a mother who had hepatitis C Received a tattoo or acupuncture with needles that were not disinfected properly after being used on another person (risk is very low with practitioners who have a tattoo license or permit or an acupuncture license) Received an organ transplant from a donor who has hepatitis C Share personal items, such as toothbrushes and razors, with someone who has hepatitis C (less common) Received a blood transfusion (rare in the United States since blood screening became available in 1992). Most people who are recently infected with hepatitis C do not have symptoms. Some people have yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Chronic infection often causes no symptoms. But fatigue, depression and other problems can occur. Persons who have long-term (chronic) infection often have no symptoms until their liver becomes scarred ( cirrhosis ). Most people with this condition are ill and have many health problems. The following symptoms may occur with hepatitis C infection: Pain in the right upper abdomen Abdominal swelling due to fluid ( ascites ) Clay-colored or pale stools Dark urine Fatigue Fever Itching Jaundice Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting. Blood tests are done to check for hepatitis C: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect hepatitis C antibody Hepatitis C RNA assays to measure virus levels (viral load) Everyone born from 1945 to 1965 (the baby boomer generation) should get a one-time test for hepatitis C. Genetic testing is done to check for the type of hepatitis C (genotype). There are six types of the virus (genotypes 1 through 6). Test results can help your doctor choose treatment that is best for you. The following tests are done to identify and monitor liver damage from hepatitis C: Albumin level Liver function tests Prothrombin time Liver biopsy. You should talk to your health care provider about your treatment options and when treatment should begin. The goal of treatment is to rid the body of the virus. This can prevent liver damage that may lead to liver failure or liver cancer. Your provider will monitor you by checking liver blood tests, viral load (the amount of HCV in your blood), imaging tests, and biopsy results. Treatment is especially important for people who are showing signs of liver fibrosis or scarring. Antiviral medicines are used to treat hepatitis C. These drugs help fight the HCV. Newer antiviral drugs: Provide a much improved cure rate Have fewer side effects and are easier to take Are taken by mouth for 8 to 24 weeks The choice of which medicine depends on the genotype of the HCV you have. A liver transplant may be recommended for people who develop cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. Your provider can tell you more about liver transplant. If you have hepatitis C: Do not take over-the-counter medicines that you have not taken before without asking your provider. Also ask about vitamins and other supplements. Do not use alcohol or street drugs. Alcohol can speed up the damage to your liver. It can also reduce how well medicines work. Ask your provider whether you need the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. If you have not received a vaccine for hepatitis A or B or have not had these forms of hepatitis, you may need vaccination for them. Joining a support group can help ease the stress of having hepatitis C. Ask your provider about liver disease resources and support groups in your area. Most people (75% to 85%) who are infected with the virus develop chronic hepatitis C. This condition poses a risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, or both. The outlook for hepatitis C depends in part on the genotype. A good response to treatment occurs when the virus can no longer be detected in the blood 12 weeks or more after treatment. This is called 'sustained virologic response' (SVR). Up to 90% of those treated for some genotypes have this type of response. Some people do not respond to initial treatment. They may need to be re-treated with a different class of medicines. Also, some people can become re-infected or infected with a different genotype strain. Call your provider if: You develop symptoms of hepatitis You believe you have been exposed to the HCV. Steps that can be taken to help prevent the spread of hepatitis C from one person to another include: Health care workers should follow precautions when handling blood. Do not share needles with anyone. Do not get tattoos or body piercings or receive acupuncture from someone who does not have a permit or license. Do not share personal items, such as razors and toothbrushes. Practice safe sex. If you or your partner is infected with hepatitis C and you have been in a stable and monogamous (no other partners) relationship, the risk of giving the virus to, or getting the virus from, the other person is low. HCV cannot be spread by casual contact, such as holding hands, kissing, coughing or sneezing, breastfeeding, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses. Currently there is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Sustained virologic response - hepatitis C; SVR - hepatitis C. Digestive system Digestive system Hepatitis C Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Hepatitis C. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm. Updated October 17, 2016. Accessed March 11, 2018. Fathi H, Clark A, Hill NR, Dusheiko G. Effectiveness of current and future regimens for treating genotype 3 hepatitis C virus infection: a large-scale systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):722 PMID: 29145802 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145802. Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):637-648. PMID: 28319996 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319996. Ferreira VL, Assis Jarek NA, Tonin FS, et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1: A pairwise meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(4):749-755. PMID: 27785825 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27785825. Jakobsen JC, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, et al. Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD012143. PMID: 28585310 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28922704. Jacobson IM, Lim JK, Fried MW. American Gastroenterological Association Institute clinical practice update-expert review: care of patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1578-1587 PMID: 28344022. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28344022. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(5):349-357. PMID: 23798026 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23798026. Ray SC, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C virus. Hepacivirus. Human. Sexual, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is a less common, and less severe, form of hepatitis. An estimated 180 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); 3-4 million more are infected every year. The majority of HCV cases are asymptomatic, even in people who develop chronic infection. Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C virus. Hepacivirus. Human. Sexual, blood. Associated with Hepatitis Encyclopedia Entry for Hepatitis C : Hepatitis C. Source of disease: Hepatitis C virus |
| Hepatitis C 1 | XTRA | 166,244,317,727,728,787,880,2189 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis C 2 | XTRA | 166,224,317,727,728,787,880,2189 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis C 3 | XTRA | 166,224,317,329,482.6,528,633,929,930,931,932,933,965.1,1371,1930.29,2189 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis C 4 | CAFL | 10000,5000,3220,3176,2489,1865,1600,1550,1500,880,802,665,650,600,444,250,166,146,125,95,72,28,20 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis C 6 | CAFL | 3176,2489,2189,1865,1600,1550,1371,933,931,929,802,650,633,625,528,444,329,317,250,224,166,146,125,95,72,28,20 | Infectious inflammation of liver (from blood-to-blood contact). Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General | CAFL | 1550,1351,922,880,802,727,477,329,317,224,28 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 1 Virus | CAFL | 166,213,224,317,321,334,477,528,534,558,562,563,781,786,842,876,878,922,934,987 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 2 | XTRA | 224,317,1351 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 3 | XTRA | 28,224,317,329,470.6,477,483.3,660,690,727.5,802,1550,880,922,941.39,966.6,1351,1882.7,1933.2,329,9889,1351,1882.7,1933.2,329,9889 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 4 | XTRA | 28,224,317,329,477,727,802,880,922,1351,1550 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 7 | XTRA | 1.19,28,224,317,447,727,787,800,880,1550,2189 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General 8 | XTRA | 477,922 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis General Secondary | CAFL | 284,458,477,534,768,777,788,922,1041,9670 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis New Numbers | VEGA | 922,477 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis Non A Non B | VEGA | 166 | Infectious inflammation of liver. Now called Hepatitis C. Also run Hepatitis General, Blood Purify, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni programs if necessary. |
| Hepatitis Viral Human | ETDF | 150,180,870,5290,27500,45560,65290,95220,182500,233450 | Infectious inflammation of liver. |
| Hepatolenticular Degeneration | ETDF | 160,550,950,7500,22500,42500,125220,275560,533630,652430 | Also called Wilson's Disease. Genetic disorder with accumulation of copper in tissues. |
| Hepatomegaly | ETDF | 20,500,970,2250,12850,15220,42500,90000,322060,326160 | Enlarged liver. Also see Liver Enlarged, and Liver Enlargement. |
| Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies | XTRA | 1000,5000 | Group of nerve diseases which inhibit sensation. |
| Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome | ETDF | 80,400,760,85250,118250,287560,367500,605220,800790,965000 | Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a multisystem, genetic condition characterized by blood platelet dysfunction with prolonged bleeding, visual impairment, and abnormally light coloring of the skin, hair, and eyes. |
| Hernia | ETDF | 140,220,730,13390,5580,150000,475850,736420,819340,915700 | Protrusion of organ through wall of its containing cavity. Encyclopedia Entry for Hernia : Hernia. Usually, there is no clear cause of a hernia. Sometimes, hernias can occur due to: Heavy lifting Straining while using the toilet Any activity that raises the pressure inside the belly Hernias may be present at birth, but the bulge may not be evident until later in life. Some people have a family history of hernias. Babies and children can get hernias. It happens when there is weakness in the belly wall. Inguinal hernias are common in boys. Some children do not have symptoms until they are adults. Any activity or medical problem that increases pressure on the tissue in the belly wall and muscles may lead to a hernia, including: Long-term (chronic) constipation and pushing hard (straining) to have a bowel movement Chronic coughing or sneezing Cystic fibrosis Enlarged prostate , straining to urinate Extra weight Fluid in the abdomen ( ascites ) Peritoneal dialysis Poor nutrition Smoking Overexertion Undescended testicles. There are usually no symptoms. Some people have discomfort or pain. The discomfort may be worse when standing, straining, or lifting heavy objects. In time, the most common complaint is a bump that is sore and growing. When a hernia gets bigger, it may get stuck inside the hole and lose its blood supply. This is called strangulation. This causes pain and swelling at the site of strangulation. Symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting Not being able to pass gas or have bowel movements When this occurs, surgery is needed right away. The health care provider can usually see or feel a hernia when you are examined. You may be asked to cough, bend, push, or lift. The hernia may get bigger when you do this. The hernia (bulge) may not be easily seen in infants and children, except when the child is crying or coughing. Ultrasound or CT scan may be done to look for a hernia. If there is a blockage in the bowel, an x-ray of the abdomen will likely be done. Surgery is the only treatment that can permanently fix a hernia. Surgery may be more risky for people with serious medical problems. Surgery repairs the weakened abdominal wall tissue (fascia) and closes any holes. Most hernias are closed with stitches and sometimes with mesh patches to plug the hole. An umbilical hernia that does not heal on its own by the time a child is 5 years old will likely be repaired. The outcome for most hernias is usually good with treatment. It is rare for a hernia to come back. Incisional hernias are more likely to return. In rare cases, inguinal hernia repair can damage structures involved in the function of a man's testicles. Another risk of hernia surgery is nerve damage, which can lead to numbness in the groin area. If a part of the bowel was trapped or strangulated before surgery, bowel perforation or dead bowel may result. Call your provider right away if you have: A painful hernia and the contents cannot be pushed back into the abdomen using gentle pressure Nausea, vomiting, or a fever along with a painful hernia A hernia that becomes red, purple, dark, or discolored Call your provider if you have: Groin pain, swelling, or a bulge. A bulge or swelling in the groin or belly button, or that is associated with a previous surgical cut. To prevent a hernia: Use proper lifting techniques. Lose weight if you are overweight. Relieve or avoid constipation by eating plenty of fiber, drinking lots of fluid, going to the bathroom as soon as you have the urge, and exercising regularly. Men should see their provider if they strain with urination. This may be a symptom of an enlarged prostate. Hernia - inguinal; Inguinal hernia; Direct and indirect hernia; Rupture; Strangulation; Incarceration. Inguinal hernia repair - discharge. Inguinal hernia Inguinal hernia Inguinal hernia repair - Series Inguinal hernia repair - series. Aiken JJ, Oldham KT. Inguinal hernias. Encyclopedia Entry for Hernia : Herniated disk. The bones (vertebrae) of the spinal column protect nerves that come out of the brain and travel down your back to form the spinal cord. Nerve roots are large nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and leave your spinal column between each vertebra. Skeletal spine The spinal bones are separated by disks. These disks cushion the spinal column and put space between your vertebrae. The disks allow movement between the vertebrae, which lets you bend and reach. With herniated disk: The disk may move out of place (herniate) or break open (rupture) from injury or strain. When this happens, there may be pressure on the spinal nerves. This can lead to pain, numbness, or weakness. The lower back (lumbar area) of the spine is the most common area affected by a slipped disk. The neck (cervical) disks are the second most commonly affected area. The upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) disks are rarely involved. A herniated disk is a cause of radiculopathy. This is any disease that affects the spinal nerve roots. Slipped disks occur more often in middle-aged and older men, usually after strenuous activity. Other risk factors may include: Lifting heavy objects Being overweight Repetitive bending or twisting the lower back Sitting or standing in same position for long hours Inactive lifestyle Smoking. The pain most often occurs on one side of the body. Symptoms vary depending on the site of injury, and may include the following: With a slipped disk in your lower back, you may have sharp pain in one part of the leg, hip, or buttocks and numbness in other parts. You may also feel pain or numbness on the back of the calf or sole of the foot. The same leg may also feel weak. With a slipped disk in your neck, you may have pain when moving your neck, deep pain near or over the shoulder blade, or pain that moves to the upper arm, forearm, and fingers. You can also have numbness along your shoulder, elbow, forearm, and fingers. Sciatic nerve The pain often starts slowly. It may get worse: After standing or sitting At night When sneezing, coughing, or laughing When bending backward or walking more than a few yards or meters You may also have weakness in certain muscles. Sometimes, you may not notice it until your health care provider examines you. In other cases, you will notice that you have a hard time lifting your leg or arm, standing on your toes on one side, squeezing tightly with one of your hands, or other problems. Your bladder control may be lost. The pain, numbness, or weakness often goes away or improves a lot over weeks to months. A careful physical exam and history is almost always the first step. Depending on where you have symptoms, your provider examines your neck, shoulder, arms, and hands, or your lower back, hips, legs, and feet. Your provider will check: For numbness or loss of feeling Your muscle reflexes, which may be slower or missing Your muscle strength, which may be weaker Your posture, or the way your spine curves Your provider may also ask you to: Sit, stand, and walk. While you walk, your provider may ask you to try walking on your toes and then your heels. Bend forward, backward, and sideways. Move your neck forward, backward, and sideways. Raise your shoulders, elbow, wrist, and hand, and check your strength during these tasks. Leg pain that occurs when you sit on an exam table and lift your leg straight up usually suggests a slipped disk in your lower back. In another test, you will bend your head forward and to the sides while the provider puts slight downward pressure on the top of your head. Increased pain or numbness during this test is usually a sign of pressure on a nerve in your neck. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Tests done may include: Electromyography (EMG) may be done to determine the exact nerve root that is involved. Myelogram may be done to determine the size and location of disk herniation. Nerve conduction velocity test may also be done. Spine MRI or spine CT will show where the herniated disk is pressing on the spinal canal. Spine x-ray may be done to rule out other causes of back or neck pain. However, it is not possible to diagnose a herniated disk by a spine x-ray alone. The first treatment for a slipped disk is a short period of rest and taking medicines for the pain. This is followed by physical therapy. Most people who follow these treatments recover and return to normal activities. Some people will need to have more treatment. This may include steroid injections or surgery. MEDICINES Medicines can help with your pain. Your provider may prescribe any of the following: NSAIDs for long-term pain control Narcotics if the pain is severe and does not respond to NSAIDs Medicines to calm the nerves Muscle relaxants to relieve back spasms LIFESTYLE CHANGES If you are overweight, diet and exercise are very important for improving back pain. Physical therapy is important for nearly everyone with disk disease. Therapists will teach you how to properly lift, dress, walk, and perform other activities. They teach you how to strengthen muscles that help support the spine. You will also learn how to increase flexibility in your spine and legs. Take care of your back at home : Reduce activity for the first few days. Slowly restart your usual activities. Avoid heavy lifting or twisting your back for the first 6 weeks after the pain starts. After 2 to 3 weeks, gradually start exercising again. INJECTIONS Steroid medicine injections into the back in the area of the herniated disk may help control pain for several months. These injections reduce swelling around the spinal nerve and disk and relieve many symptoms. They do not solve the underlying problem and your pain may return after weeks or months. Spinal injections are an outpatient procedure. Herniated disk repair SURGERY Surgery may be an option if your symptoms do not go away with other treatments and time. Diskectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a disk. Discuss with your provider which treatment options are best for you. Most people improve with treatment. But you may have long-term back pain even after treatment. It may take several months to a year or more to go back to all of your activities without having pain or straining your back. People who work in jobs that involve heavy lifting or back strain may need to change their job activities to avoid injuring their back again. In rare cases, the following problems can occur: Long-term back pain or leg pain Loss of movement or feeling in the legs or feet Loss of bowel and bladder function Permanent spinal cord injury (very rare). Call your provider if you have: Severe back pain that does not go away Any numbness, loss of movement, weakness, or bowel or bladder changes. To help prevent back injury: Use proper lifting techniques. Maintain a healthy weight. Do exercises to keep your abdominal (core) and back muscles strong. Your provider may suggest a back brace to help support the spine. A brace may prevent injuries in people who lift heavy objects at work. But using these devices too much can weaken the muscles that support your spine and make the problem worse. Lumbar radiculopathy; Cervical radiculopathy; Herniated intervertebral disk; Prolapsed intervertebral disk; Slipped disk; Ruptured disk; Herniated nucleus pulposus: Low back pain - herniated disk; LBP - herniated disk; Sciatica - herniated disk; Herniated disk. Skeletal spine Skeletal spine Sciatic nerve Sciatic nerve Herniated nucleus pulposus Herniated nucleus pulposus Herniated disk repair Herniated disk repair Lumbar spinal surgery - Series Lumbar spinal surgery - series Herniated lumbar disk Herniated lumbar disk. Gardocki RJ, Park AL. Lower back pain and disorders of intervertebral discs. |
| Hernia Diaphragmatic | KHZ | 10,260,680,2250,10890,145220,267500,425910,657770,825220 | Defect in diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest. |
| Hernia Disc | CAFL | 10000,787,727,2720,5000 | Also see Disc Herniated, Disc Slipped, Herniated Disc Reduce Swelling, Intervertebral Disc Displacement, and Slipped Discs. Stomach |
| Hernia Esophageal | ETDF | 40,300,620,51250,117250,245560,367500,625220,816720,905000 | Also called Hiatal Hernia. Protrusion of stomach into thorax through diaphragm defect. Also see Hiatal Hernia. |
| Hernia General | XTRA | 9.09,110,660,690,727.5,787,2720,5000,10000 | Protrusion of organ through wall of its containing cavity. |
| Hernia Hiatal | KHZ | 10,300,620,51250,117250,245560,367500,625220,816720,905000 | Also called Esophageal Hernia. Protrusion of stomach into thorax through diaphragm defect. See Hernia Esophageal, and Hiatal Hernia. |
| Hernia Umbilical | ETDF | 40,300,600,2500,117250,245560,367500,625220,816720,905000 | Congenital (normally resolves by age 3), or acquired (due to obesity, multiple pregnancies, heavy lifting, or a history of coughing). |
| Hernia Umbilical | KHZ | 10,300,600,2500,117250,245560,367500,625220,816720,905000 | Congenital (normally resolves by age 3), or acquired (due to obesity, multiple pregnancies, heavy lifting, or a history of coughing). |
| Herniated Disc Reduce Swelling | XTRA | 25.4,324,15 | Also see Disc Herniated, Disc Slipped, Hernia Disc, Intervertebral Disc Displacement, and Slipped Discs. |
| Herpes Eczema | XTRA | 727,787,1550,5000 | Also called Eczema herpeticum. Rare but severe infection at skin damage sites. Also see Herpes Simplex (type 1/i) programs. |
| Herpes Furunculosis Secondary | XTRA | 727,787 | Herpes infection appearing together with furunculosis. See Furunculosis Herpes, Herpes Simplex (type 1/i), Furunculosis, and Boils. |
| Herpes Furunculosis Skin Disease | XTRA | 200,1000,1550 | Herpes infection appearing together with furunculosis. See Furunculosis Herpes, Herpes Simplex (type 1/i), Furunculosis, and Boils. |
| Herpes General | XTRA | 1552,2489,2950,2347 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General 3 | CAFL | 2950,1900,1577,1550,1489,1488,629,464,450,383,304,165,141 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General 4 | XTRA | 304,464,1488,1489,1550,1577,1900,2950,18500 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General 5 | XTRA | 360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,373,528,532,540,556,665,685,716,717,718,731,732,733,776,808,832,846,848,880,888,1402,1488,1489,8778 | Primarily genital. |
| Herpes General 6 | CAFL | 304,464,1488,1489,1550,1577,1900,1950,37000 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General Secondary | CAFL | 37000 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General Secondary | XTRA | 18500 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes General V | CAFL | 141,165,383,450,629 | Primarily orofacial. |
| Herpes Genitalis | ETDF | 120,550,950,291250,293050,292000,345500,495220,734250,824370 | Primarily genital. |
| Herpes Labialis | KHZ | 110,550,1230,5580,27500,137500,372500,495220,734250,824370 | Primarily orofacial. Encyclopedia Entry for Herpes Labialis : Herpes labialis - HSV-1 (Herpesvirus) |
| Herpes Mouth Sores | XTRA | 428,465,660,690,727.5,787,802,880,1500,1550,1800,1850,2489 | Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Progenitalis | CAFL | 141,171,440,590,660,878,898,1175,5310 | Primarily genital. |
| Herpes Progenitalis 1 | CAFL | 141,171,440,556,590,660,832,878,898,1175,5310 | Primarily genital. |
| Herpes Simplex | KHZ | 120,550,950,5580,22500,137500,372500,495220,734250,824370 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. Encyclopedia Entry for Herpes Simplex : Herpes Simplex. May cause : Alzheimer's disease Bipolar disorder Coronary heart disease Dementia Metabolic syndrome Information from Marcello Allegretti. Encyclopedia Entry for Herpes Simplex : Herpes simplex. Source of disease: Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) |
| Herpes Simplex 1 | HC | 291250-293050 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex 1 2nd | HC | 345350-345760 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex 2 | ETDF | 120,550,950,291250,293050,292000,353900,362900,360000,355000 | Primarily genital. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex 2_1 | HC | 353900-362900 | Primarily genital. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex General Virus | XTRA | 322,343,476,822,843,1043,1614,2062 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program and see Herpex Simplex (type 1/i) programs. |
| Herpes Simplex I | CAFL | 322,476,589,664,785,822,895,944,1043,1614,2062,1489,2950 | Secondary. Primarily orofacial. First try Herpes General programs. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex i 1 | CAFL | 339,343,480,591,657,699,700,734,778,782,843,1614 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex i 2 | CAFL | 428,465,727,787,880,1500,1550,1800,1850,2489 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex i 3 | CAFL | 470,647,648,650,656,658,660,847,5641,8650 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex i 4 | CAFL | 2950 | Primarily orofacial. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex II | BIO | 556,832 | Primarily genital. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex IU.2 | BIO | 808 | Primarily genital. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Simplex RTI | CAFL | 186,372,427,446,465,484,503,522,541,560,579,598,617,636,655,674,693,712,731,750,769,788,807,826,845,864,883,902,921,940,959,978,997,1016,1035,1054,1073,1488,1550,1568,1644,1865,1909,2489,2976,3176,5000,5310 | Based on RTI's Herpes program; most freqs contract spread. Use for Measles, Chicken Pox, Smallpox, Mononucleosis, Shingles, Rubella, cold sores, Epstein Barr, Variola, Stomatitis, and Pyorrhea. |
| Herpes Type 1 Anec Comp | CAFL | 339,343,428,467.8,480,591,648,652,656,660,700,727,734,778,782,787,843,847,880,935.5,1500,1614,1800,1850,1871,2489,2950,3742,5641,7484,8650 | Combines most anecdotal frequencies for Herpes Simplex i. |
| Herpes Type 2 Comp | CAFL | 362,366,370,373,528,532,540,556,665,685,717,732,776,808,880,888,1402,8778 | Primarily genital. Also use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Type 2A | CAFL | 532,848 | Primarily genital. Also use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Type 2A Secondary | CAFL | 360,362,364,366,368,370,373,528,540,665,685,716,717,718,731,732,733,776,846,880,888,1402,8778 | Primarily genital. Also use General Antiseptic program. |
| Herpes Type 5 | CAFL | 126,597,629,682,1045,8848,8856 | Causes Infectious Mononucleosis, and retinitis. Also see Cytomegalovirus, CMV, Salivary Gland Virus, and HHV5 programs. |
| Herpes Type 6 1 | XTRA | 227.3,454.5,1818.09,3636.19 | Also called roseolovirus. Causes Sixth Disease - see Exanthema Subitum program. |
| Herpes Type 6 2 | XTRA | 228,1820,3640,7281 | Also called roseolovirus. Causes Sixth Disease - see Exanthema Subitum program. |
| Herpes Type 6a | XTRA | 3740.7 | Human herpesvirus 6 is the common collective name for Human betaherpesvirus 6A and Human betaherpesvirus 6B. These closely related viruses are two of the nine herpesviruses known to have humans as their primary host. |
| Herpes Type C | BIO | 395,424,460,533,554,701,745,2450 | HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, preventing a subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection prevents additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptomsŃindividuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. |
| Herpes Zoster | KHZ | 120,450,900,5910,137500,372500,495220,734250,824370 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpes Zoster | VEGA | 1557,574 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpes Zoster 1 | CAFL | 664,787,802,880,914,1489,1500,1489,1500,1550,1600,2170,2489,3343 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpes Zoster 9 | CAFL | 580,664,787,802,880,914,1160,1500,1600,2170,2320,3343 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpes Zoster Oticus | KHZ | 120,450,950,5780,137500,372500,495220,734250,824370 | Reactivation of Herpes Zoster virus in ganglion of facial nerve, causing paralysis, pain, and taste loss. Also see Geniculate Herpes Zoster. |
| Herpes Zoster Secondary | CAFL | 20,304,464,574,728,800,802,1550,1557,1800,1865,2128,2720,5000 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpes Zoster Virus | CAFL | 134,223,333,345,411,423,425,436,446,453,542,554,563,572,573,574,576,643,668,686,716,718,738,786,787,934,958,1544,1577,2323,2431,3343,7160,40887 | Use for Chicken Pox and Shingles - see programs for both, and for Varicella. |
| Herpesviridae Infections | ETDF | 550,950,291250,293050,292000,345500,434000,495220,734250,824370 | Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. |
| Herpesviridae Infections | KHZ | 120,590,950,5580,137500,372500,495220,734250,824370 | Herpes viral infections. Use General Antiseptic program. |
| HERV | XTRA | 419.4 | Human Endogenous Retroviruses. |
| HHV5 2 | XTRA | 20362.91,1013.81,12537,41514,47425,47524,48579,48586,48587,48765 | Causes Infectious Mononucleosis, and retinitis. Also see Cytomegalovirus, CMV, Salivary Gland Virus, HHV5, and Herpes Type 5 programs. |
| HHV6 | XTRA | 228,1820,3640.1,7281 | Herpes virus, also called Roseolovirus. Causes Sixth Disease - see Exanthema Subitum program. |
| Hiatal Hernia 1 | XTRA | 128,134,333,411,423,424,436,453,478,542,550,555,563,576,634,639,643,644,647,674,678,686,718,727,728,738,745,784,786,787,824.39,876,878,880,882,884,934,943,958,960,985,999,1010,1050,1060,1089,1109,1902,2431,2600,7160,7270,8697,9646,20443.5 | Also called Esophageal Hernia. Protrusion of stomach into thorax through diaphragm defect. See Hernia Esophageal, and Hernia Hiatal. |
| Hiatal Hernia 2 | XTRA | 727,784,787,800,802,848,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,1266,2000 | Also called Esophageal Hernia. Protrusion of stomach into thorax through diaphragm defect. See Hernia Esophageal, and Hernia Hiatal. |
| Hiatal Hernia 3 | XTRA | 9.09,110,660,690,727.5,787,10000 | Also called Esophageal Hernia. Protrusion of stomach into thorax through diaphragm defect. See Hernia Esophageal, and Hernia Hiatal. |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | ETDF | 150,9230,66730,185640,215250,537110,632220,781500,893000,952000 | Chronic skin disorder with abscesses in areas with sweat glands. |
| High Blood Pressure Hypertension | XTRA | 9.18,727,787,880,10000 | Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. |
| High Blood Sugar | XTRA | 324,528,15,1.2,250,6.79,9.39,9.4,15,20,35,40,48,72,95,125,240,302,440,465,484,500,522,600,625,650,700,787,800,802,1550,803,880,440,444,1865,428,1000,1550,1800,1850,1865,2000,2003,2008,2013,2050,2080,2127.5,2170,2720,4000,4200,5000,10000 | See Hyperglycemia programs. Encyclopedia Entry for High Blood Sugar : High blood sugar - self-care. Symptoms of high blood sugar can include: Being very thirsty or having a dry mouth Having blurry vision Having dry skin Feeling weak or tired Needing to urinate a lot, or needing to get up more often than usual at night to urinate You may have other, more serious symptoms if your blood sugar becomes very high or remains high for a long time. High blood sugar can harm you. If your blood sugar is high, you need to know how to bring it down. If you have diabetes, here are some questions to ask yourself when your blood sugar is high: Are you eating right? Are you eating too much? Have you been following your diabetes meal plan? Did you have a meal or a snack with a lot of carbohydrates, starches, or simple sugars? Are you taking your diabetes medicines correctly? Has your doctor changed your medicines? If you take insulin, have you been taking the correct dose? Is the insulin expired? Or has it been stored in a hot or cold place? Are you afraid of having low blood sugar? Is that causing you to eat too much or take too little insulin or other diabetes medicine? Have you injected insulin into a scar or overused area? Have you been rotating sites? What else has changed? Have you been less active than usual? Do you have a fever, cold, the flu, or another illness? Have you had some stress? Have you been checking your blood sugar regularly? Have you gained weight? Have you started taking any new medicines such as for high blood pressure or other medical problems?. To prevent high blood sugar, you will need to: Follow your meal plan Stay physically active Take your diabetes medicines as instructed You and your doctor will: Set a target goal for your blood sugar levels for different times during the day. This helps you manage your blood sugar. Decide how often you need to check your blood sugar at home. If your blood sugar is higher than your goals over 3 days and you don't know why, check your urine for ketones. Then call your health care provider. Hyperglycemia - self care; High blood glucose - self care; Diabetes - high blood sugar. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017: 4. Lifestyle management and 6. Glycemic targets. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S48-S56. PMID: 27979893 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979893. Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE. Hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. |
| High Endocrine Production Stimulate | XTRA | 645,1342,1725 | Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream. Hormones can be thought of as chemical messages. From the blood stream, the hormones communicate with the body by heading towards their target cell to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell. The hormone can also create changes in the cells of surrounding tissues (paracrine effect). The endocrine system works with the nervous system and the immune system to help the body cope with different events and stresses. |
| Hip Joint Pain | XTRA | 15.19,47.29,72.7,338,528,2422,2475,3255,4225,4332,5754,7433,7938,8967 | See Arthritis programs. |
| Hip Ligaments Irritated | XTRA | 5120 | In the hip, the joint capsule is formed by a group of three strong ligaments that connect the femoral head to the acetabulum. These ligaments are the main source of stability for the hip. |
| Hip Ligaments Tensions | XTRA | 5403 | Ischiofemoral Ligament: Is the only ligament located on the posterior aspect of the hip. It attaches to the posterior surface of the acetabular rim and labrum. ... The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body, and checks extension, adduction (superior fibers), and abduction (inferior fibers). |
| Hip Pain 2 | XTRA | 20,660,690,727.5,787,880,2720,10000 | See Arthritis programs. |
| Hirschsprung Disease | ETDF | 130,520,750,5520,8220,47500,72510,126330,275560,475220 | Also called Congenital megacolon. Abnormal dilation and function of colon. Encyclopedia Entry for Hirschsprung Disease : Hirschsprung disease. Muscle contractions in the gut help digested foods and liquids move through the intestine. This is called peristalsis. Nerves between the muscle layers trigger the contractions. In Hirschsprung disease, the nerves are missing from a part of the bowel. Areas without these nerves cannot push material through. This causes a blockage. Intestinal contents build up behind the blockage. The bowel and abdomen swell as a result. Hirschsprung disease causes about 25% of all newborn intestinal blockages. It occurs 5 times more often in males than in females. Hirschsprung disease is sometimes linked to other inherited or congenital conditions, such as Down syndrome. Symptoms that may be present in newborns and infants include: Difficulty with bowel movements Failure to pass meconium shortly after birth Failure to pass a first stool within 24 to 48 hours after birth Infrequent but explosive stools Jaundice Poor feeding Poor weight gain Vomiting Watery diarrhea (in the newborn) Symptoms in older children: Constipation that gradually gets worse Fecal impaction Malnutrition Slow growth Swollen belly. Milder cases may not be diagnosed until the baby is older. During a physical exam, the health care provider may be able to feel loops of bowel in the swollen belly. A rectal exam may reveal tight muscle tone in the rectal muscles. Tests used to help diagnose Hirschsprung disease may include: Abdominal x-ray Anal manometry (a balloon is inflated in the rectum to measure pressure in the area) Barium enema Rectal biopsy. A procedure called serial rectal irrigation helps relieve pressure in (decompress) the bowel. The abnormal section of colon must be taken out using surgery. Most commonly, the rectum and abnormal part of the colon are removed. The healthy part of the colon is then pulled down and attached to the anus. Sometimes this can be done in one operation. However, it is often done in two parts. A colostomy is performed first. The other part of the procedure is done later in the child's first year of life. Symptoms improve or go away in most children after surgery. A small number of children may have constipation or problems controlling stools (fecal incontinence). Children who get treated early or who have a shorter segment of bowel involved have a better outcome. Complications may include: Inflammation and infection of the intestines (enterocolitis) may occur before surgery, and sometimes during the first 1 to 2 years afterwards. Symptoms are severe, including swelling of the abdomen, foul-smelling watery diarrhea, lethargy, and poor feeding. Perforation or rupture of the intestine. Short bowel syndrome, a condition that can lead to malnourishment and dehydration. Call your child's provider if: Your child develops symptoms of Hirschsprung disease Your child has abdominal pain or other new symptoms after being treated for this condition. Congenital megacolon. Bass LM, Wershil BK. Anatomy, histology, embryology, and developmental anomalies of the small and large intestine. |
| Hirsutism | ETDF | 110,490,780,2520,7530,123420,263020,515780,682020,752050 | Excessive hair growth in women in areas where terminal hair is normally absent or minimal. |
| Hirudo Med. | VEGA | 128 | Medical leech whose saliva contains anticoagulant. |
| Histidinemia | ETDF | 120,350,850,7500,117500,142500,267500,395910,625700,796010 | Originally believed to be linked to developmental disorders, but now classed as a 'benign inborn error of metabolism.' |
| Histiocytoma Benign Fibrous | ETDF | 20,410,900,2750,5870,15560,73300,192500,533630,734250 | Also called Dermatofibroma. Hard, solitary, slow-growing, benign skin papules. |
| Histiocytoma Malignant Fibrous | ETDF | 80,410,1000,5780,7250,15870,70000,92500,215700,519340 | Also called Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. See Cancer Sarcoma, Sarcoma, and Cancer BY programs. |
| Histiocytosis | ETDF | 140,120,970,7500,12690,20000,57500,224940,426160,563190 | Disorder with excessive numbers of histiocytes (tissue macrophages - immune system components). Encyclopedia Entry for Histiocytosis : Histiocytosis. There has been debate as to whether Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an inflammatory, immune disorder, or a cancer-like condition. Recently, the era of genomics has helped show that Langerhans cell histiocytosis is likely due to acquired changes in the genes (mutations) in early white blood cells, which leads to abnormal behavior. The abnormal cells then increase in various parts of body including the bones, skin, lungs, and other areas. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder that can affect people of all ages. The highest rate is among children ages 5 to 10. Some forms of the disorder are genetic, which means they are inherited. Pulmonary histiocytosis X is a specific type of histiocytosis X that involves swelling of the small airways and small blood vessels in the lungs. This inflammation leads to lung stiffening and damage. It is most common in 30 to 40 year old adults, who most often smoke cigarettes. The cause is unknown. Histiocytosis X often affects the whole body. A disease that affects the whole body is called a 'systemic' disorder. Symptoms can vary between children and adults, but they may have some of the same symptoms. Tumors in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs or spine, may cause the bones to fracture without an obvious reason. Symptoms in children may include: Abdominal pain Bone pain (possibly) Delayed puberty Dizziness Ear drainage that continues long-term Eyes that appear to stick out more and more Irritability Failure to thrive Fever Frequent urination Headache Jaundice Limping Mental decline Rash Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp Seizures Short stature Swollen lymph glands Thirst Vomiting Weight loss Note: Children over 5 years old often have only bone involvement. Symptoms in adults may include: Bone pain Chest pain Cough Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling Increased amount of urine Rash Shortness of breath Thirst and increased drinking of fluids Weight loss. There are no specific blood tests for Langerhans cell histiocytosis.The tumors produce a 'punched-out' look on a bone x-ray. Specific tests vary, depending on the age of the person. Tests for children may include: Biopsy of skin to check for Langerhans cells Bone marrow biopsy to check for Langerhans cells Complete blood count ( CBC ) X-rays of all the bones in the body to find out how many bones are affected Test for a gene mutation in BRAF V600E Tests for adults may also include: Bronchoscopy with biopsy Chest x-ray Pulmonary function tests Langerhans cell histiocytosis is sometimes linked to cancer. CT scans and biopsy should be done to rule out possible cancer. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is such a rare disorder that information about the best possible treatment is limited. For this reason, people with the condition are encouraged to take part in a well-designed clinical trial. People with Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving only a single place such as bone or skin may be treated with local surgery. However, they will need close follow-up to look for disease spread. People with widespread Langerhans cell histiocytosis require medicines. In most cases, prednisone and vinblastine are the first drugs tried. Smoking may worsen the response to treatment and should be stopped. Other medicines or treatments may be used, depending on the outlook (prognosis) and response to the starting medicines. Such treatments may include: Cyclophosphamide Etoposide Methotrexate Vemurafenib, if the BRAF V600E mutation is found Stem cell transplantation Other treatments may include: Antibiotics to fight infections Breathing support (with a breathing machine) Hormone replacement therapy Physical therapy Special shampoos for scalp problems Supportive care (also called comfort care) to relieve symptoms. Histiocytosis Association www.histio.org. Langerhans cell histiocytosis affects many organs and can lead to death. About one half of those with pulmonary histiocytosis improve, while others have permanent loss of lung function over time. In very young people, the outlook depends on the specific histiocytosis and how severe it is. Some children can live a normal life with minimal disease involvement, while others do poorly. Young children, especially infants, are more likely to have bodywide symptoms that lead to death. Complications may include: Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (deep lung tissues that become inflamed and then damaged) Spontaneous collapsed lung Children may also develop: Anemia caused by spreading of the tumors to the bone marrow Diabetes insipidus (a rare form of diabetes) Lung problems that lead to lung failure Problems with the pituitary gland that lead to growth failure. Call your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of this disorder. Go to the emergency room if shortness of breath or chest pain develops. Avoid smoking. Quitting smoking can improve the outcome in people with Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects the lungs. There is no known prevention for the childhood forms of this disease. Langerhans cell histiocytosis; Eosinophilic granuloma. Eosinophilic granuloma - X-ray of the skull Eosinophilic granuloma - x-ray of the skull Respiratory system Respiratory system. Emile J-F, Abla O, Fraitag S, et al. Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages. Blood. 2016;127(22):2672-2681. PMID: 26966089. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26966089. Haupt R, Minkov M, Astigarraga I, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work-up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(2):175-184. PMID: 23109216. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109216. Hyman DM, Puzanov I, Subbiah V, et al. Vemurafenib in multiple nonmelanoma cancers with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(8):726-736. PMID: 26287849. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26287849. Zinn DJ, Chakraborty R, Allen CE. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: emerging insights and clinical implications. Oncology. 2016;30(2):122-132, 139. PMID: 26888790. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26888790. |
| Histiocytosis Langerhans Cell | ETDF | 140,320,970,2500,11090,20000,57500,225000,423010,565360 | Rare disorder involving clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells derived from bone marrow migrating from skin to lymph nodes. |
| Histiocytosis Non Langerhans Cell | ETDF | 140,410,970,7500,10720,20000,57500,175870,415700,568430 | Group of histiocytosis-related disorders with absence of Langerhans cells. |
| Histomonas Meleagridis | HC | 376550-378700 | Parasitic protozoan affecting birds and farmyard poultry which can infect the liver. |
| Histomonas Meleagridis 1 | XTRA | 926.3,933.37,934.49,11678.12,11767.19,11781.25 | Parasitic protozoan affecting birds and farmyard poultry which can infect the liver. |
| Histomonas Meleagridis 2 | XTRA | 934.49,18769.72 | Parasitic protozoan affecting birds and farmyard poultry which can infect the liver. |
| Histoplasma | CAFL | 424,616,749 | Fungus found in bat and bird droppings that causes lung disease Histoplasmosis. Lung Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasma : Histoplasma complement fixation. A blood sample is needed. The sample is sent to a laboratory. There it is examined for histoplasma antibodies using a laboratory method called complement fixation. This technique checks if your body has produced substances called antibodies to a specific foreign substance ( antigen ), in this case H capsulatum. Antibodies are specialized proteins that defend your body against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. If the antibodies are present, they stick, or 'fix' themselves, to the antigen. This is why the test is called 'fixation.'. There is no special preparation for the test. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or bruising. This soon goes away. The test is done to detect histoplasmosis infection. The absence of antibodies (negative test) is normal. Abnormal results may mean you have an active histoplasmosis infection. During the early stage of an illness, few antibodies may be detected. Antibody production increases during the course of an infection. For this reason, this test may be repeated several weeks after the first test. People who have been exposed to H capsulatum in the past may have antibodies to it, often at low levels. But they may not have shown signs of illness. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Histoplasma antibody test. Blood test Blood test. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Histoplasmosis serology - blood. Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasma : Histoplasma skin test. The health care provider cleans an area of your skin, usually the forearm. An allergen is injected just below the cleaned skin surface. An allergen is a substance that causes an allergic reaction. The injection site is checked at 24 hours and at 48 hours for signs of a reaction. Occasionally, the reaction may not appear until the fourth day. No special preparation is necessary for this test. You may feel a brief sting as the needle is inserted just below the skin. This test is used to determine if you have been exposed to the fungus that causes histoplasmosis. No reaction (inflammation) at the site of the test is normal. The skin test can rarely make histoplasmosis antibody tests turn positive. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. A reaction means you have been exposed to Histoplasma capsulatum. It does not always mean you have an active infection. There is a slight risk of anaphylactic shock (a severe reaction). This test is rarely used today. It has been replaced by a variety of blood and urine tests. Histoplasmosis skin test. Aspergillus antigen skin test Aspergillus antigen skin test. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Histoplasmosis skin test diagnostic. |
| Histoplasma Capsulatum 1 | XTRA | 727.01,748.58,754.4,18331.25,18875,19021.88 | Fungus found in bat and bird droppings that causes lung disease Histoplasmosis. |
| Histoplasma Capsulatum 2 | XTRA | 748.58,15035.69 | Fungus found in bat and bird droppings that causes lung disease Histoplasmosis. |
| Histoplasmosis | ETDF | 70,230,830,2500,13930,12710,55560,93500,375870,426900 | Also called Spelunker's Lung or Caver's Disease. Serious lung disease. See Histoplasma Capsulatum programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus) Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis - acute (primary) pulmonary. Histoplasma capsulatum is the name of the fungus that causes histoplasmosis. It is found in the central and eastern United States, eastern Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. It is commonly found in the soil in river valleys. It gets into the soil mostly from bird and bat droppings. You can get sick when you breathe in spores that the fungus produces. Every year, thousands of people with a normal immune system worldwide are infected, but most do not become seriously sick. Most have no symptoms or have only a mild flu-like illness and recover without any treatment. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis may happen as an epidemic, with many people in one region becoming sick at the same time. People with weakened immune systems (see Symptoms section below) are more likely to: Develop the disease if exposed to the fungus spores Have the disease come back Have more symptoms, and more serious symptoms, than others who get the disease Risk factors include traveling to or living in the central or eastern United States near the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and being exposed to the droppings of birds and bats. This threat is greatest after an old building is torn down and the spores get into the air, or when exploring caves. Most people with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. The most common symptoms are: Chest pain Chills Cough Fever Joint pain and stiffness Muscle aches and stiffness Rash (usually small sores on the lower legs) Shortness of breath Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can be a serious illness in the very young, older people, and people with a weakened immune system, including those who: Have HIV/AIDS Have had bone marrow or solid organ transplants Take medicines that suppress their immune system Symptoms in these people may include: Inflammation around the heart (called pericarditis ) Serious lung infections Severe joint pain. To diagnose histoplasmosis, you must have the fungus or signs of the fungus in your body. Or your immune system must show that it is reacting to the fungus. Tests include: Antibody tests for histoplasmosis Biopsy of infection site Bronchoscopy (usually only done if symptoms are severe or you have an abnormal immune system) Complete blood count (CBC) with differential Chest CT scan Chest x-ray (might show a lung infection or pneumonia) Sputum culture (this test often does not show the fungus, even if you are infected) Urine test for Histoplasma capsulatum antigen. Most cases of histoplasmosis clear up without specific treatment. People are advised to rest and take medicine to control fever. Your health care provider may prescribe medicine if you are sick for more than 4 weeks, have a weakened immune system, or are having breathing problems. When histoplasmosis infection is severe or gets worse, the illness may last up to 6 months. Even then, it is rarely fatal. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can get worse over time, or can become long-term (chronic) pulmonary histoplasmosis (which doesn't go away). Histoplasmosis can spread to other organs through the bloodstream (dissemination). This is often seen in infants, young children, and people with a suppressed immune system. Call your provider if: You have symptoms of histoplasmosis, especially if you have a weakened immune system or have recently been exposed to bird or bat droppings You are being treated for histoplasmosis and develop new symptoms. Avoid contact with bird or bat droppings if you are in an area where the spore is common, especially if you have a weakened immune system. Acute histoplasmosis Acute histoplasmosis Fungus Fungus. Deepe GS. Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis). Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis occurs throughout the world. In the United States, it is most common in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. Histoplasma fungus grows as a mold in the soil. You may get sick when you breathe in spores produced by the fungus. Soil that contains bird or bat droppings may have larger amounts of this fungus. The threat is greatest after an old building is torn down, or in caves. This infection can occur in people with a healthy immune system. But, having a weakened immune system increases the risk of getting or reactivating this disease. Very young or very old people, or those with HIV/AIDS , cancer, or an organ transplant have more severe symptoms. People with long-term (chronic) lung disease (such as emphysema and bronchiectasis ) are also at higher risk for a more severe infection. Most people have no symptoms, or only have a mild, flu-like illness. If symptoms do occur, they may include: Fever and chills Cough and chest pain that gets worse when breathing in Joint pain Mouth sores Red skin bumps, most often on the lower legs The infection may be active for a short period of time, and then the symptoms go away. Sometimes, the lung infection may become chronic. Symptoms include: Chest pain and shortness of breath Cough, possibly coughing up blood Fever and sweating In a small number of people, especially in those with a weakened immune system, histoplasmosis spreads throughout the body. In response to the infection irritation and swelling (inflammation) occur. This is called disseminated histoplasmosis. Symptoms may include: Chest pain from inflammation of the sac-like covering around the heart ( pericarditis ) Headache and neck stiffness from swelling of the membranes covering of the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ) High fever. Histoplasmosis is diagnosed by: Biopsy of the lung, skin, liver, or bone marrow Blood or urine tests to detect histoplasmosis proteins or antibodies Cultures of the blood, urine, or sputum (this test provides the clearest diagnosis of histoplasmosis, but results can take 6 weeks) To help diagnose this condition, your health care provider may do a: Bronchoscopy (test that uses a viewing scope inserted into the lung airway to check for signs of infection) Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Spinal tap to look for signs of infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In otherwise healthy people, this infection usually goes away without treatment. If you are sick for more than 1 month or are having trouble breathing, your provider may prescribe medicine. The main treatment for histoplasmosis is antifungal drugs. Antifungals may need to be given through a vein, depending on the form or stage of disease. Some of these medicines can have side effects. Long-term treatment with antifungal drugs may be needed for up to 1 to 2 years. The outlook depends on how severe the infection is, and your general health condition. Some people get better without treatment. An active infection will usually go away with antifungal medicine. But, the infection may leave scarring inside the lung. The death rate is higher for people with untreated disseminated histoplasmosis who have a weakened immune system. Scarring in the chest cavity may put pressure on the: Major blood vessels carrying blood to and from the heart Heart Esophagus (food pipe) Lymph nodes Enlarged lymph nodes in the chest may press on body parts such as the esophagus and blood vessels of the lungs. Call your provider if you live in an area where histoplasmosis is common and you develop: Flu-like symptoms Chest pain Cough Shortness of breath While there are many other illnesses that have similar symptoms, you may need to be tested for histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis may be prevented by reducing exposure to dust in chicken coops, bat caves, and other high-risk locations. Wear masks and other protective equipment if you work in or go into these environments. Fungal infection - histoplasmosis; Ohio River Valley fever; Fibrosing mediastinitis. Lungs Lungs Acute histoplasmosis Acute histoplasmosis Disseminated histoplasmosis Disseminated histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient. Deepe GS. Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis). Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis. Source of disease: Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Histoplasmosis | XTRA | 424,616,749,15035.69,18348.5,18875 | Also called Spelunker's Lung or Caver's Disease. Serious lung disease. See Histoplasma Capsulatum programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus) Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis - acute (primary) pulmonary. Histoplasma capsulatum is the name of the fungus that causes histoplasmosis. It is found in the central and eastern United States, eastern Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. It is commonly found in the soil in river valleys. It gets into the soil mostly from bird and bat droppings. You can get sick when you breathe in spores that the fungus produces. Every year, thousands of people with a normal immune system worldwide are infected, but most do not become seriously sick. Most have no symptoms or have only a mild flu-like illness and recover without any treatment. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis may happen as an epidemic, with many people in one region becoming sick at the same time. People with weakened immune systems (see Symptoms section below) are more likely to: Develop the disease if exposed to the fungus spores Have the disease come back Have more symptoms, and more serious symptoms, than others who get the disease Risk factors include traveling to or living in the central or eastern United States near the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and being exposed to the droppings of birds and bats. This threat is greatest after an old building is torn down and the spores get into the air, or when exploring caves. Most people with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. The most common symptoms are: Chest pain Chills Cough Fever Joint pain and stiffness Muscle aches and stiffness Rash (usually small sores on the lower legs) Shortness of breath Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can be a serious illness in the very young, older people, and people with a weakened immune system, including those who: Have HIV/AIDS Have had bone marrow or solid organ transplants Take medicines that suppress their immune system Symptoms in these people may include: Inflammation around the heart (called pericarditis ) Serious lung infections Severe joint pain. To diagnose histoplasmosis, you must have the fungus or signs of the fungus in your body. Or your immune system must show that it is reacting to the fungus. Tests include: Antibody tests for histoplasmosis Biopsy of infection site Bronchoscopy (usually only done if symptoms are severe or you have an abnormal immune system) Complete blood count (CBC) with differential Chest CT scan Chest x-ray (might show a lung infection or pneumonia) Sputum culture (this test often does not show the fungus, even if you are infected) Urine test for Histoplasma capsulatum antigen. Most cases of histoplasmosis clear up without specific treatment. People are advised to rest and take medicine to control fever. Your health care provider may prescribe medicine if you are sick for more than 4 weeks, have a weakened immune system, or are having breathing problems. When histoplasmosis infection is severe or gets worse, the illness may last up to 6 months. Even then, it is rarely fatal. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can get worse over time, or can become long-term (chronic) pulmonary histoplasmosis (which doesn't go away). Histoplasmosis can spread to other organs through the bloodstream (dissemination). This is often seen in infants, young children, and people with a suppressed immune system. Call your provider if: You have symptoms of histoplasmosis, especially if you have a weakened immune system or have recently been exposed to bird or bat droppings You are being treated for histoplasmosis and develop new symptoms. Avoid contact with bird or bat droppings if you are in an area where the spore is common, especially if you have a weakened immune system. Acute histoplasmosis Acute histoplasmosis Fungus Fungus. Deepe GS. Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis). Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis occurs throughout the world. In the United States, it is most common in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. Histoplasma fungus grows as a mold in the soil. You may get sick when you breathe in spores produced by the fungus. Soil that contains bird or bat droppings may have larger amounts of this fungus. The threat is greatest after an old building is torn down, or in caves. This infection can occur in people with a healthy immune system. But, having a weakened immune system increases the risk of getting or reactivating this disease. Very young or very old people, or those with HIV/AIDS , cancer, or an organ transplant have more severe symptoms. People with long-term (chronic) lung disease (such as emphysema and bronchiectasis ) are also at higher risk for a more severe infection. Most people have no symptoms, or only have a mild, flu-like illness. If symptoms do occur, they may include: Fever and chills Cough and chest pain that gets worse when breathing in Joint pain Mouth sores Red skin bumps, most often on the lower legs The infection may be active for a short period of time, and then the symptoms go away. Sometimes, the lung infection may become chronic. Symptoms include: Chest pain and shortness of breath Cough, possibly coughing up blood Fever and sweating In a small number of people, especially in those with a weakened immune system, histoplasmosis spreads throughout the body. In response to the infection irritation and swelling (inflammation) occur. This is called disseminated histoplasmosis. Symptoms may include: Chest pain from inflammation of the sac-like covering around the heart ( pericarditis ) Headache and neck stiffness from swelling of the membranes covering of the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ) High fever. Histoplasmosis is diagnosed by: Biopsy of the lung, skin, liver, or bone marrow Blood or urine tests to detect histoplasmosis proteins or antibodies Cultures of the blood, urine, or sputum (this test provides the clearest diagnosis of histoplasmosis, but results can take 6 weeks) To help diagnose this condition, your health care provider may do a: Bronchoscopy (test that uses a viewing scope inserted into the lung airway to check for signs of infection) Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Spinal tap to look for signs of infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In otherwise healthy people, this infection usually goes away without treatment. If you are sick for more than 1 month or are having trouble breathing, your provider may prescribe medicine. The main treatment for histoplasmosis is antifungal drugs. Antifungals may need to be given through a vein, depending on the form or stage of disease. Some of these medicines can have side effects. Long-term treatment with antifungal drugs may be needed for up to 1 to 2 years. The outlook depends on how severe the infection is, and your general health condition. Some people get better without treatment. An active infection will usually go away with antifungal medicine. But, the infection may leave scarring inside the lung. The death rate is higher for people with untreated disseminated histoplasmosis who have a weakened immune system. Scarring in the chest cavity may put pressure on the: Major blood vessels carrying blood to and from the heart Heart Esophagus (food pipe) Lymph nodes Enlarged lymph nodes in the chest may press on body parts such as the esophagus and blood vessels of the lungs. Call your provider if you live in an area where histoplasmosis is common and you develop: Flu-like symptoms Chest pain Cough Shortness of breath While there are many other illnesses that have similar symptoms, you may need to be tested for histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis may be prevented by reducing exposure to dust in chicken coops, bat caves, and other high-risk locations. Wear masks and other protective equipment if you work in or go into these environments. Fungal infection - histoplasmosis; Ohio River Valley fever; Fibrosing mediastinitis. Lungs Lungs Acute histoplasmosis Acute histoplasmosis Disseminated histoplasmosis Disseminated histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient. Deepe GS. Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis). Encyclopedia Entry for Histoplasmosis : Histoplasmosis. Source of disease: Histoplasma capsulatum |
| HIV | BIO | 683,714,3554 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV - human immunodeficiency virus (Retrovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - pregnancy and infants. Most children with HIV get the virus when it passes from an HIV-positive mother to the child. This can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or when breastfeeding. Only blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus is NOT spread to infants by: Casual contact, such as hugging or touching Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus, such as towels or washcloths Saliva, sweat, or tears that is NOT mixed with the blood of an infected person. Most infants born to HIV-positive women in the United States do NOT become HIV-positive if the mother and infant have good prenatal and postpartum care. Infants who are infected with HIV often have no symptoms for the first 2 to 3 months. Once symptoms develop, they can vary. Early symptoms may include: Yeast (candida) infections in the mouth Failure to gain weight and grow Swollen lymph glands Swollen salivary glands Enlarged spleen or liver Ear and sinus infections Upper respiratory tract infections Being slow to walk, crawl, or speak compared to healthy babies Diarrhea Early treatment often prevents the HIV infection from progressing. Without treatment, a child's immune system weakens over time, and infections that are uncommon in healthy children develop. These are severe infections in the body. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. At this point, the illness has become full-blown AIDS. Here are the tests a pregnant mother and her baby may have to diagnose HIV: TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN PREGNANT WOMEN All pregnant women should have a screening test for HIV along with other prenatal tests. Women at high risk should be screened a second time during the third trimester. Mothers who have not been tested can receive a rapid HIV test during labor. Woman known to be HIV positive during pregnancy will have regular blood tests, including: CD4 counts Viral load test, to check how much HIV is in the blood A test to see if the virus will respond to the medicines used to treat HIV (called a resistance test) TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to women infected with HIV should be tested for HIV infection. This test looks for how much of the HIV virus is in the body. In infants born to HIV positive mothers, HIV testing is done: 14 to 21 days after birth At 1 to 2 months At 4 to 6 months If the result of 2 tests is negative, the infant does NOT have an HIV infection. If the results of any test is positive, the baby has HIV. HIV/AIDS is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). These medicines stop the virus from multiplying. TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN Treating pregnant women with HIV prevents children from becoming infected. If a woman tests positive during pregnancy, she will receives ART while pregnant. Most often she will receive a three-drug regimen. The risk of these ART drugs for the baby in the womb is low. The mother may have another ultrasound at the second trimester. HIV may be found in a woman when she goes into labor, especially if she has not previously received prenatal care. If so, she will be treated with antiretroviral drugs right away. Sometimes these drugs will be given through a vein (IV). If the first positive test is during labor, receiving ART right away during labor can reduce the rate of infection in children to about 10%. TREATING BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to infected mothers start receiving ART within 6 to 12 hours after birth. One or more antiretroviral drugs should be continued for at least 6 weeks after birth. BREASTFEEDING HIV-positive women should not breastfeed. This holds true even for women who are taking HIV medicines. Doing so may pass HIV to the baby through breast milk. The challenges of being a caretaker of a child with HIV/AIDS can often be helped by joining a support group. In these groups, members share common experiences and problems. The risk of a mother transmitting HIV during pregnancy or during labor is low for mothers identified and treated early in pregnancy. When treated, the chance of her baby being infected is less than 1%. Because of early testing and treatment, there are fewer than 200 babies born with HIV in the United States per year. If a woman's HIV status is not found until the time of labor, proper treatment can reduce the rate of infection in infants to about 10%. Children with HIV/AIDS will need to take ART for the rest of their life. The treatment does not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. With proper treatment, children with HIV/AIDS can live a nearly normal lifespan. Call your health care provider if you have HIV or are at risk for HIV, AND you become pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking ARV during pregnancy. The earlier the woman starts medicines, the lower the chance of infection in the child. Women with HIV should not breastfeed their baby. This will help prevent passing HIV to the infant through breast milk. HIV infection - children; Human immunodeficiency virus - children; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome - children; Pregnancy - HIV; Maternal HIV; Perinatal - HIV. Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Updated March 1, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/2/pediatric-treatment-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Updated June 7, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. Yogev R, Chadwick EG. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (human immunodeficiency virus). Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - resources. Resources - HIV/AIDS. Support group counselors Support group counselors. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS. The virus is spread (transmitted) person-to-person in any of the following ways: Through sexual contact with people who have detectable virus in their blood Through blood -- by blood transfusions (now extremely rare in the United States) or more often by needle sharing From mother to child -- a pregnant woman can spread the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby through her breast milk The virus is NOT spread by: Casual contact, such as hugging Mosquitoes Participating in sports Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus HIV and blood or organ donation: HIV is not spread to a person who donates blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with the people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all of these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used. But HIV can be spread to a person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. To reduce this risk, blood banks and organ donor programs check (screen) donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly. People at high risk of getting HIV include: Drug users who inject and then share needles Infants born to mothers with HIV who did not receive HIV treatment during pregnancy People who have unprotected sex, especially with people who have other high-risk behaviors, are HIV-positive and have detectable virus in their blood, or have AIDS People who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and 1985, before screening for the virus became standard practice Sexual partners of those who engage in high-risk activities (such as injection drug use or anal sex) After HIV infects the body, the virus can be found in many different fluids and tissues in the body. Only blood, semen, fluids from the vagina, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus may also be found in saliva, tears, and spinal fluid. Symptoms related to acute HIV infection (when a person is first infected) can be similar to the flu or other viral illnesses. They include: Fever and muscle pains Headache Sore throat Night sweats Mouth sores, including yeast infection (thrush) Swollen lymph glands Diarrhea Many people have no symptoms when they are first infected with HIV. Acute HIV infection progresses over a few weeks to months to become an asymptomatic HIV infection (no symptoms). This stage can last 10 years or longer. During this period, the person might have no reason to suspect they have HIV, but they can spread the virus to others. If they are not treated, almost all people infected with HIV will develop AIDS. Some people develop AIDS within a few years of infection. Others remain completely healthy after 10 or even 20 years. People with AIDS have had their immune system damaged by HIV. They are at very high risk of getting infections that are uncommon in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections. These can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, and can affect any part of the body. People with AIDS are also at higher risk for certain cancers, especially lymphomas and a skin cancer called Kaposi sarcoma. Symptoms depend on the particular infection and which part of the body is infected. Lung infections are common in AIDS and usually cause cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Intestinal infections are also common and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or swallowing problems. Weight loss, fever, sweats, rashes, and swollen lymph glands are common in people with HIV infection and AIDS. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS These are tests that are done to check if you've been infected with the virus. In general, testing is a 2-step process: Screening test. There are several kinds of tests. Some are blood tests, others are mouth fluid tests. They check for antibodies to the HIV virus, HIV antigen , or both. Some screening tests can give results in 30 minutes or less. Follow-up test. This is also called a confirmatory test. It is often done when the screening test is positive. Home tests are available to test for HIV. If you plan to use one, check to make sure it is approved by the FDA. Follow instructions on the packaging to ensure the results are as accurate as possible. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone ages 15 to 65 have a screening test for HIV. People with risky behaviors should be tested regularly. Pregnant women should also have a screening test. TESTS AFTER BEING DIAGNOSED WITH HIV People with AIDS usually have regular blood tests to check their CD4 cell count: CD4 cells are the blood cells that HIV attacks. They are also called T4 cells or 'helper T cells.' As HIV damages the immune system, the CD4 count drops. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells/mm 3 of blood. People usually develop symptoms when their CD4 count drops below 350. More serious complications occur when the CD4 count drops to 200. When the count is below 200, the person is said to have AIDS. Other tests include: HIV RNA level, or viral load, to check how much HIV is in the blood A resistance test to see if the virus has any resistance to the medicines used to treat HIV Complete blood count, blood chemistry, and urine test Tests for other sexually transmitted infections TB test Pap smear to check for cervical cancer Anal Pap smear to check for cancer of the anus. HIV/AIDS is treated with medicines that stop the virus from multiplying. This treatment is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the past, people with HIV infection would start antiretroviral treatment after their CD4 count dropped or they developed HIV complications. Today, HIV treatment is recommended for all people with HIV infection, even if their CD4 count is still normal. Regular blood tests are needed to make sure the virus level in the blood (viral load) is kept low, or suppressed. The goal of treatment is to lower the HIV virus in the blood to a level that is so low that the test can't detect it. This is called an undetectable viral load. If the CD4 count already dropped before treatment was started, it will usually slowly go up. HIV complications often disappear as the immune system recovers. Joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems can often help lower the emotional stress of having a long-term illness. With treatment, most people with HIV/AIDS can live a healthy and normal life. Current treatments do not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. If the medicines are stopped, the viral load will go up and the CD4 count will drop. If the medicines are not taken regularly, the virus can become resistant to one or more of the drugs, and the treatment will stop working. People who are on treatment need to see their health care providers regularly. This is to make sure the medicines are working and to check for side effects of the drugs. Call for an appointment with your provider if you have any risk factors for HIV infection. Also call if you develop symptoms of AIDS. By law, the results of HIV testing must be kept confidential (private). Your provider will review your test results with you. Preventing HIV/AIDS: Get tested. People who don't know they have HIV infection and who look and feel healthy are the most likely to transmit it to others. DO NOT use illegal drugs and do not share needles or syringes. Many communities have needle exchange programs, where you can get rid of used syringes and get new, sterile ones. Staff at these programs can also refer you for addiction treatment. Avoid contact with another person's blood. If possible, wear protective clothing, a mask, and goggles when caring for people who are injured. If you test positive for HIV, you can pass the virus to others. You should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy. Breastfeeding should be avoided to prevent passing HIV to infants through breast milk. Safer sex practices , such as using latex condoms, are effective in preventing the spread of HIV. But there is still a risk of getting the infection, even with the use of condoms (for example, condoms can tear). In people who aren't infected with the virus, but are at high risk of getting it, taking a drug called Truvada can help prevent the infection. This treatment is known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. Talk to your provider if you think PrEP might be right for you. HIV-positive people who are taking antiretroviral medicines and have no virus in their blood do not transmit the virus. The US blood supply is among the safest in the world. Nearly all people infected with HIV through blood transfusions received those transfusions before 1985, the year HIV testing began for all donated blood. If you believe you have been exposed to HIV, seek medical attention right away. DO NOT delay. Starting antiviral medicines right after the exposure (up to 3 days after) can reduce the chance that you will be infected. This is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). It has been used to prevent transmission in health care workers injured by needlesticks. HIV infection; Infection - HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Enteral nutrition - child - managing problems Gastrostomy feeding tube - bolus Jejunostomy feeding tube Oral mucositis - self-care. STDs and ecological niches STDs and ecological niches HIV HIV Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face AIDS AIDS Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - close-up Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Molluscum on the chest Molluscum on the chest Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma on the back Kaposi Kaposi's sarcoma on the thigh Molluscum contagiosum on the face Molluscum contagiosum on the face Antibodies Antibodies Tuberculosis in the lung Tuberculosis in the lung Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - lesion on the foot Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - perianal Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:830 832. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm. Gulick RM. Antiretroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : Hives. When you have an allergic reaction to a substance, your body releases histamine and other chemicals into the blood. This causes itching, swelling, and other symptoms. Hives are a common reaction. People with other allergies, such as hay fever, often get hives. Angioedema is swelling of the deeper tissue that sometimes occurs with hives. Like hives, angioedema can occur on any part of the body. When it occurs around the mouth or throat, the symptoms can be severe, including airway blockage. Many substances can trigger hives, including: Animal dander (especially cats) Insect bites Medicines Pollen Shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk, and other foods Hives may also develop as a result of: Emotional stress Extreme cold or sun exposure Excessive perspiration Illness, including lupus , other autoimmune diseases , and leukemia Infections such as mononucleosis Exercise Exposure to water Often, the cause of hives is not known. Symptoms of hives may include any of the following: Itching. Swelling of the surface of the skin into red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. Wheals may get bigger, spread, and join together to form larger areas of flat, raised skin. Wheals often change shape, disappear, and reappear within minutes or hours. It is unusual for a wheal to last more than 48 hours. Dermatographism is a type of hives. It is caused by pressure on the skin and results in immediate hives. Hives (urticaria) - close-up. Your health care provider can tell if you have hives by looking at your skin. Hives If you have a history of an allergy causing hives, for example, to strawberries, the diagnosis is even clearer. Sometimes, a skin biopsy or blood tests are done to confirm that you had an allergic reaction, and to test for the substance that caused the allergic response. However, specific allergy testing is not useful in most cases of hives. Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling: Do not take hot baths or showers. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing, which can irritate the area. Your provider may suggest that you take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or cetirizine (Zyrtec). Follow your provider's instructions or the package instructions about how to take the medicine. Other oral prescription medicines may be needed, especially if the hives are chronic. If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may need an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe. Hives may be uncomfortable, but they are usually harmless and disappear on their own. When the condition lasts longer than 6 weeks, it is called chronic hives. Usually no cause can be found. Most chronic hives resolve on their own in less than 1 year. Complications of hives may include: Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction that causes breathing difficulty) Swelling in the throat can lead to life-threatening airway blockage. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have: Fainting Shortness of breath Tightness in your throat Tongue or face swelling Wheezing Call your provider if the hives are severe, uncomfortable, and do not respond to self-care measures. To help prevent hives avoid exposure to substances that give you allergic reactions. Urticaria; Wheals. Hives (urticaria) - close-up Hives (urticaria) - close-up Food allergies Food allergies Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives Hives Hives treatment Hives treatment. Habif TP. Urticaria, angioedema, and pruritus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV Virus. May cause : Autoimmune diseases Dementia Vasculitis ADHD Hodgkin's lymphoma Kaposi's Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| HIV | CAFL | 683,714,3554,830,450 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV - human immunodeficiency virus (Retrovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - pregnancy and infants. Most children with HIV get the virus when it passes from an HIV-positive mother to the child. This can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or when breastfeeding. Only blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus is NOT spread to infants by: Casual contact, such as hugging or touching Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus, such as towels or washcloths Saliva, sweat, or tears that is NOT mixed with the blood of an infected person. Most infants born to HIV-positive women in the United States do NOT become HIV-positive if the mother and infant have good prenatal and postpartum care. Infants who are infected with HIV often have no symptoms for the first 2 to 3 months. Once symptoms develop, they can vary. Early symptoms may include: Yeast (candida) infections in the mouth Failure to gain weight and grow Swollen lymph glands Swollen salivary glands Enlarged spleen or liver Ear and sinus infections Upper respiratory tract infections Being slow to walk, crawl, or speak compared to healthy babies Diarrhea Early treatment often prevents the HIV infection from progressing. Without treatment, a child's immune system weakens over time, and infections that are uncommon in healthy children develop. These are severe infections in the body. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. At this point, the illness has become full-blown AIDS. Here are the tests a pregnant mother and her baby may have to diagnose HIV: TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN PREGNANT WOMEN All pregnant women should have a screening test for HIV along with other prenatal tests. Women at high risk should be screened a second time during the third trimester. Mothers who have not been tested can receive a rapid HIV test during labor. Woman known to be HIV positive during pregnancy will have regular blood tests, including: CD4 counts Viral load test, to check how much HIV is in the blood A test to see if the virus will respond to the medicines used to treat HIV (called a resistance test) TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to women infected with HIV should be tested for HIV infection. This test looks for how much of the HIV virus is in the body. In infants born to HIV positive mothers, HIV testing is done: 14 to 21 days after birth At 1 to 2 months At 4 to 6 months If the result of 2 tests is negative, the infant does NOT have an HIV infection. If the results of any test is positive, the baby has HIV. HIV/AIDS is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). These medicines stop the virus from multiplying. TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN Treating pregnant women with HIV prevents children from becoming infected. If a woman tests positive during pregnancy, she will receives ART while pregnant. Most often she will receive a three-drug regimen. The risk of these ART drugs for the baby in the womb is low. The mother may have another ultrasound at the second trimester. HIV may be found in a woman when she goes into labor, especially if she has not previously received prenatal care. If so, she will be treated with antiretroviral drugs right away. Sometimes these drugs will be given through a vein (IV). If the first positive test is during labor, receiving ART right away during labor can reduce the rate of infection in children to about 10%. TREATING BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to infected mothers start receiving ART within 6 to 12 hours after birth. One or more antiretroviral drugs should be continued for at least 6 weeks after birth. BREASTFEEDING HIV-positive women should not breastfeed. This holds true even for women who are taking HIV medicines. Doing so may pass HIV to the baby through breast milk. The challenges of being a caretaker of a child with HIV/AIDS can often be helped by joining a support group. In these groups, members share common experiences and problems. The risk of a mother transmitting HIV during pregnancy or during labor is low for mothers identified and treated early in pregnancy. When treated, the chance of her baby being infected is less than 1%. Because of early testing and treatment, there are fewer than 200 babies born with HIV in the United States per year. If a woman's HIV status is not found until the time of labor, proper treatment can reduce the rate of infection in infants to about 10%. Children with HIV/AIDS will need to take ART for the rest of their life. The treatment does not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. With proper treatment, children with HIV/AIDS can live a nearly normal lifespan. Call your health care provider if you have HIV or are at risk for HIV, AND you become pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking ARV during pregnancy. The earlier the woman starts medicines, the lower the chance of infection in the child. Women with HIV should not breastfeed their baby. This will help prevent passing HIV to the infant through breast milk. HIV infection - children; Human immunodeficiency virus - children; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome - children; Pregnancy - HIV; Maternal HIV; Perinatal - HIV. Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Updated March 1, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/2/pediatric-treatment-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Updated June 7, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. Yogev R, Chadwick EG. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (human immunodeficiency virus). Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - resources. Resources - HIV/AIDS. Support group counselors Support group counselors. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS. The virus is spread (transmitted) person-to-person in any of the following ways: Through sexual contact with people who have detectable virus in their blood Through blood -- by blood transfusions (now extremely rare in the United States) or more often by needle sharing From mother to child -- a pregnant woman can spread the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby through her breast milk The virus is NOT spread by: Casual contact, such as hugging Mosquitoes Participating in sports Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus HIV and blood or organ donation: HIV is not spread to a person who donates blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with the people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all of these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used. But HIV can be spread to a person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. To reduce this risk, blood banks and organ donor programs check (screen) donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly. People at high risk of getting HIV include: Drug users who inject and then share needles Infants born to mothers with HIV who did not receive HIV treatment during pregnancy People who have unprotected sex, especially with people who have other high-risk behaviors, are HIV-positive and have detectable virus in their blood, or have AIDS People who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and 1985, before screening for the virus became standard practice Sexual partners of those who engage in high-risk activities (such as injection drug use or anal sex) After HIV infects the body, the virus can be found in many different fluids and tissues in the body. Only blood, semen, fluids from the vagina, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus may also be found in saliva, tears, and spinal fluid. Symptoms related to acute HIV infection (when a person is first infected) can be similar to the flu or other viral illnesses. They include: Fever and muscle pains Headache Sore throat Night sweats Mouth sores, including yeast infection (thrush) Swollen lymph glands Diarrhea Many people have no symptoms when they are first infected with HIV. Acute HIV infection progresses over a few weeks to months to become an asymptomatic HIV infection (no symptoms). This stage can last 10 years or longer. During this period, the person might have no reason to suspect they have HIV, but they can spread the virus to others. If they are not treated, almost all people infected with HIV will develop AIDS. Some people develop AIDS within a few years of infection. Others remain completely healthy after 10 or even 20 years. People with AIDS have had their immune system damaged by HIV. They are at very high risk of getting infections that are uncommon in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections. These can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, and can affect any part of the body. People with AIDS are also at higher risk for certain cancers, especially lymphomas and a skin cancer called Kaposi sarcoma. Symptoms depend on the particular infection and which part of the body is infected. Lung infections are common in AIDS and usually cause cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Intestinal infections are also common and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or swallowing problems. Weight loss, fever, sweats, rashes, and swollen lymph glands are common in people with HIV infection and AIDS. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS These are tests that are done to check if you've been infected with the virus. In general, testing is a 2-step process: Screening test. There are several kinds of tests. Some are blood tests, others are mouth fluid tests. They check for antibodies to the HIV virus, HIV antigen , or both. Some screening tests can give results in 30 minutes or less. Follow-up test. This is also called a confirmatory test. It is often done when the screening test is positive. Home tests are available to test for HIV. If you plan to use one, check to make sure it is approved by the FDA. Follow instructions on the packaging to ensure the results are as accurate as possible. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone ages 15 to 65 have a screening test for HIV. People with risky behaviors should be tested regularly. Pregnant women should also have a screening test. TESTS AFTER BEING DIAGNOSED WITH HIV People with AIDS usually have regular blood tests to check their CD4 cell count: CD4 cells are the blood cells that HIV attacks. They are also called T4 cells or 'helper T cells.' As HIV damages the immune system, the CD4 count drops. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells/mm 3 of blood. People usually develop symptoms when their CD4 count drops below 350. More serious complications occur when the CD4 count drops to 200. When the count is below 200, the person is said to have AIDS. Other tests include: HIV RNA level, or viral load, to check how much HIV is in the blood A resistance test to see if the virus has any resistance to the medicines used to treat HIV Complete blood count, blood chemistry, and urine test Tests for other sexually transmitted infections TB test Pap smear to check for cervical cancer Anal Pap smear to check for cancer of the anus. HIV/AIDS is treated with medicines that stop the virus from multiplying. This treatment is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the past, people with HIV infection would start antiretroviral treatment after their CD4 count dropped or they developed HIV complications. Today, HIV treatment is recommended for all people with HIV infection, even if their CD4 count is still normal. Regular blood tests are needed to make sure the virus level in the blood (viral load) is kept low, or suppressed. The goal of treatment is to lower the HIV virus in the blood to a level that is so low that the test can't detect it. This is called an undetectable viral load. If the CD4 count already dropped before treatment was started, it will usually slowly go up. HIV complications often disappear as the immune system recovers. Joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems can often help lower the emotional stress of having a long-term illness. With treatment, most people with HIV/AIDS can live a healthy and normal life. Current treatments do not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. If the medicines are stopped, the viral load will go up and the CD4 count will drop. If the medicines are not taken regularly, the virus can become resistant to one or more of the drugs, and the treatment will stop working. People who are on treatment need to see their health care providers regularly. This is to make sure the medicines are working and to check for side effects of the drugs. Call for an appointment with your provider if you have any risk factors for HIV infection. Also call if you develop symptoms of AIDS. By law, the results of HIV testing must be kept confidential (private). Your provider will review your test results with you. Preventing HIV/AIDS: Get tested. People who don't know they have HIV infection and who look and feel healthy are the most likely to transmit it to others. DO NOT use illegal drugs and do not share needles or syringes. Many communities have needle exchange programs, where you can get rid of used syringes and get new, sterile ones. Staff at these programs can also refer you for addiction treatment. Avoid contact with another person's blood. If possible, wear protective clothing, a mask, and goggles when caring for people who are injured. If you test positive for HIV, you can pass the virus to others. You should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy. Breastfeeding should be avoided to prevent passing HIV to infants through breast milk. Safer sex practices , such as using latex condoms, are effective in preventing the spread of HIV. But there is still a risk of getting the infection, even with the use of condoms (for example, condoms can tear). In people who aren't infected with the virus, but are at high risk of getting it, taking a drug called Truvada can help prevent the infection. This treatment is known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. Talk to your provider if you think PrEP might be right for you. HIV-positive people who are taking antiretroviral medicines and have no virus in their blood do not transmit the virus. The US blood supply is among the safest in the world. Nearly all people infected with HIV through blood transfusions received those transfusions before 1985, the year HIV testing began for all donated blood. If you believe you have been exposed to HIV, seek medical attention right away. DO NOT delay. Starting antiviral medicines right after the exposure (up to 3 days after) can reduce the chance that you will be infected. This is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). It has been used to prevent transmission in health care workers injured by needlesticks. HIV infection; Infection - HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Enteral nutrition - child - managing problems Gastrostomy feeding tube - bolus Jejunostomy feeding tube Oral mucositis - self-care. STDs and ecological niches STDs and ecological niches HIV HIV Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face AIDS AIDS Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - close-up Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Molluscum on the chest Molluscum on the chest Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma on the back Kaposi Kaposi's sarcoma on the thigh Molluscum contagiosum on the face Molluscum contagiosum on the face Antibodies Antibodies Tuberculosis in the lung Tuberculosis in the lung Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - lesion on the foot Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - perianal Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:830 832. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm. Gulick RM. Antiretroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : Hives. When you have an allergic reaction to a substance, your body releases histamine and other chemicals into the blood. This causes itching, swelling, and other symptoms. Hives are a common reaction. People with other allergies, such as hay fever, often get hives. Angioedema is swelling of the deeper tissue that sometimes occurs with hives. Like hives, angioedema can occur on any part of the body. When it occurs around the mouth or throat, the symptoms can be severe, including airway blockage. Many substances can trigger hives, including: Animal dander (especially cats) Insect bites Medicines Pollen Shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk, and other foods Hives may also develop as a result of: Emotional stress Extreme cold or sun exposure Excessive perspiration Illness, including lupus , other autoimmune diseases , and leukemia Infections such as mononucleosis Exercise Exposure to water Often, the cause of hives is not known. Symptoms of hives may include any of the following: Itching. Swelling of the surface of the skin into red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. Wheals may get bigger, spread, and join together to form larger areas of flat, raised skin. Wheals often change shape, disappear, and reappear within minutes or hours. It is unusual for a wheal to last more than 48 hours. Dermatographism is a type of hives. It is caused by pressure on the skin and results in immediate hives. Hives (urticaria) - close-up. Your health care provider can tell if you have hives by looking at your skin. Hives If you have a history of an allergy causing hives, for example, to strawberries, the diagnosis is even clearer. Sometimes, a skin biopsy or blood tests are done to confirm that you had an allergic reaction, and to test for the substance that caused the allergic response. However, specific allergy testing is not useful in most cases of hives. Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling: Do not take hot baths or showers. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing, which can irritate the area. Your provider may suggest that you take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or cetirizine (Zyrtec). Follow your provider's instructions or the package instructions about how to take the medicine. Other oral prescription medicines may be needed, especially if the hives are chronic. If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may need an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe. Hives may be uncomfortable, but they are usually harmless and disappear on their own. When the condition lasts longer than 6 weeks, it is called chronic hives. Usually no cause can be found. Most chronic hives resolve on their own in less than 1 year. Complications of hives may include: Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction that causes breathing difficulty) Swelling in the throat can lead to life-threatening airway blockage. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have: Fainting Shortness of breath Tightness in your throat Tongue or face swelling Wheezing Call your provider if the hives are severe, uncomfortable, and do not respond to self-care measures. To help prevent hives avoid exposure to substances that give you allergic reactions. Urticaria; Wheals. Hives (urticaria) - close-up Hives (urticaria) - close-up Food allergies Food allergies Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives Hives Hives treatment Hives treatment. Habif TP. Urticaria, angioedema, and pruritus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV Virus. May cause : Autoimmune diseases Dementia Vasculitis ADHD Hodgkin's lymphoma Kaposi's Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| HIV | VEGA | 683,3554,714 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV - human immunodeficiency virus (Retrovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - pregnancy and infants. Most children with HIV get the virus when it passes from an HIV-positive mother to the child. This can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or when breastfeeding. Only blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus is NOT spread to infants by: Casual contact, such as hugging or touching Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus, such as towels or washcloths Saliva, sweat, or tears that is NOT mixed with the blood of an infected person. Most infants born to HIV-positive women in the United States do NOT become HIV-positive if the mother and infant have good prenatal and postpartum care. Infants who are infected with HIV often have no symptoms for the first 2 to 3 months. Once symptoms develop, they can vary. Early symptoms may include: Yeast (candida) infections in the mouth Failure to gain weight and grow Swollen lymph glands Swollen salivary glands Enlarged spleen or liver Ear and sinus infections Upper respiratory tract infections Being slow to walk, crawl, or speak compared to healthy babies Diarrhea Early treatment often prevents the HIV infection from progressing. Without treatment, a child's immune system weakens over time, and infections that are uncommon in healthy children develop. These are severe infections in the body. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. At this point, the illness has become full-blown AIDS. Here are the tests a pregnant mother and her baby may have to diagnose HIV: TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN PREGNANT WOMEN All pregnant women should have a screening test for HIV along with other prenatal tests. Women at high risk should be screened a second time during the third trimester. Mothers who have not been tested can receive a rapid HIV test during labor. Woman known to be HIV positive during pregnancy will have regular blood tests, including: CD4 counts Viral load test, to check how much HIV is in the blood A test to see if the virus will respond to the medicines used to treat HIV (called a resistance test) TESTS TO DIAGNOSE HIV IN BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to women infected with HIV should be tested for HIV infection. This test looks for how much of the HIV virus is in the body. In infants born to HIV positive mothers, HIV testing is done: 14 to 21 days after birth At 1 to 2 months At 4 to 6 months If the result of 2 tests is negative, the infant does NOT have an HIV infection. If the results of any test is positive, the baby has HIV. HIV/AIDS is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). These medicines stop the virus from multiplying. TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN Treating pregnant women with HIV prevents children from becoming infected. If a woman tests positive during pregnancy, she will receives ART while pregnant. Most often she will receive a three-drug regimen. The risk of these ART drugs for the baby in the womb is low. The mother may have another ultrasound at the second trimester. HIV may be found in a woman when she goes into labor, especially if she has not previously received prenatal care. If so, she will be treated with antiretroviral drugs right away. Sometimes these drugs will be given through a vein (IV). If the first positive test is during labor, receiving ART right away during labor can reduce the rate of infection in children to about 10%. TREATING BABIES AND INFANTS Infants born to infected mothers start receiving ART within 6 to 12 hours after birth. One or more antiretroviral drugs should be continued for at least 6 weeks after birth. BREASTFEEDING HIV-positive women should not breastfeed. This holds true even for women who are taking HIV medicines. Doing so may pass HIV to the baby through breast milk. The challenges of being a caretaker of a child with HIV/AIDS can often be helped by joining a support group. In these groups, members share common experiences and problems. The risk of a mother transmitting HIV during pregnancy or during labor is low for mothers identified and treated early in pregnancy. When treated, the chance of her baby being infected is less than 1%. Because of early testing and treatment, there are fewer than 200 babies born with HIV in the United States per year. If a woman's HIV status is not found until the time of labor, proper treatment can reduce the rate of infection in infants to about 10%. Children with HIV/AIDS will need to take ART for the rest of their life. The treatment does not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. With proper treatment, children with HIV/AIDS can live a nearly normal lifespan. Call your health care provider if you have HIV or are at risk for HIV, AND you become pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking ARV during pregnancy. The earlier the woman starts medicines, the lower the chance of infection in the child. Women with HIV should not breastfeed their baby. This will help prevent passing HIV to the infant through breast milk. HIV infection - children; Human immunodeficiency virus - children; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome - children; Pregnancy - HIV; Maternal HIV; Perinatal - HIV. Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Updated March 1, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/2/pediatric-treatment-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. AIDSinfo, Clinical Guidelines Portal. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Updated June 7, 2016. aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal-guidelines/0#. Accessed August 19, 2016. Yogev R, Chadwick EG. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (human immunodeficiency virus). Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS - resources. Resources - HIV/AIDS. Support group counselors Support group counselors. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV/AIDS. The virus is spread (transmitted) person-to-person in any of the following ways: Through sexual contact with people who have detectable virus in their blood Through blood -- by blood transfusions (now extremely rare in the United States) or more often by needle sharing From mother to child -- a pregnant woman can spread the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby through her breast milk The virus is NOT spread by: Casual contact, such as hugging Mosquitoes Participating in sports Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus HIV and blood or organ donation: HIV is not spread to a person who donates blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with the people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all of these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used. But HIV can be spread to a person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. To reduce this risk, blood banks and organ donor programs check (screen) donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly. People at high risk of getting HIV include: Drug users who inject and then share needles Infants born to mothers with HIV who did not receive HIV treatment during pregnancy People who have unprotected sex, especially with people who have other high-risk behaviors, are HIV-positive and have detectable virus in their blood, or have AIDS People who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and 1985, before screening for the virus became standard practice Sexual partners of those who engage in high-risk activities (such as injection drug use or anal sex) After HIV infects the body, the virus can be found in many different fluids and tissues in the body. Only blood, semen, fluids from the vagina, and breast milk have been shown to transmit infection to others. The virus may also be found in saliva, tears, and spinal fluid. Symptoms related to acute HIV infection (when a person is first infected) can be similar to the flu or other viral illnesses. They include: Fever and muscle pains Headache Sore throat Night sweats Mouth sores, including yeast infection (thrush) Swollen lymph glands Diarrhea Many people have no symptoms when they are first infected with HIV. Acute HIV infection progresses over a few weeks to months to become an asymptomatic HIV infection (no symptoms). This stage can last 10 years or longer. During this period, the person might have no reason to suspect they have HIV, but they can spread the virus to others. If they are not treated, almost all people infected with HIV will develop AIDS. Some people develop AIDS within a few years of infection. Others remain completely healthy after 10 or even 20 years. People with AIDS have had their immune system damaged by HIV. They are at very high risk of getting infections that are uncommon in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections. These can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, and can affect any part of the body. People with AIDS are also at higher risk for certain cancers, especially lymphomas and a skin cancer called Kaposi sarcoma. Symptoms depend on the particular infection and which part of the body is infected. Lung infections are common in AIDS and usually cause cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Intestinal infections are also common and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or swallowing problems. Weight loss, fever, sweats, rashes, and swollen lymph glands are common in people with HIV infection and AIDS. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS These are tests that are done to check if you've been infected with the virus. In general, testing is a 2-step process: Screening test. There are several kinds of tests. Some are blood tests, others are mouth fluid tests. They check for antibodies to the HIV virus, HIV antigen , or both. Some screening tests can give results in 30 minutes or less. Follow-up test. This is also called a confirmatory test. It is often done when the screening test is positive. Home tests are available to test for HIV. If you plan to use one, check to make sure it is approved by the FDA. Follow instructions on the packaging to ensure the results are as accurate as possible. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone ages 15 to 65 have a screening test for HIV. People with risky behaviors should be tested regularly. Pregnant women should also have a screening test. TESTS AFTER BEING DIAGNOSED WITH HIV People with AIDS usually have regular blood tests to check their CD4 cell count: CD4 cells are the blood cells that HIV attacks. They are also called T4 cells or 'helper T cells.' As HIV damages the immune system, the CD4 count drops. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells/mm 3 of blood. People usually develop symptoms when their CD4 count drops below 350. More serious complications occur when the CD4 count drops to 200. When the count is below 200, the person is said to have AIDS. Other tests include: HIV RNA level, or viral load, to check how much HIV is in the blood A resistance test to see if the virus has any resistance to the medicines used to treat HIV Complete blood count, blood chemistry, and urine test Tests for other sexually transmitted infections TB test Pap smear to check for cervical cancer Anal Pap smear to check for cancer of the anus. HIV/AIDS is treated with medicines that stop the virus from multiplying. This treatment is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the past, people with HIV infection would start antiretroviral treatment after their CD4 count dropped or they developed HIV complications. Today, HIV treatment is recommended for all people with HIV infection, even if their CD4 count is still normal. Regular blood tests are needed to make sure the virus level in the blood (viral load) is kept low, or suppressed. The goal of treatment is to lower the HIV virus in the blood to a level that is so low that the test can't detect it. This is called an undetectable viral load. If the CD4 count already dropped before treatment was started, it will usually slowly go up. HIV complications often disappear as the immune system recovers. Joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems can often help lower the emotional stress of having a long-term illness. With treatment, most people with HIV/AIDS can live a healthy and normal life. Current treatments do not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. If the medicines are stopped, the viral load will go up and the CD4 count will drop. If the medicines are not taken regularly, the virus can become resistant to one or more of the drugs, and the treatment will stop working. People who are on treatment need to see their health care providers regularly. This is to make sure the medicines are working and to check for side effects of the drugs. Call for an appointment with your provider if you have any risk factors for HIV infection. Also call if you develop symptoms of AIDS. By law, the results of HIV testing must be kept confidential (private). Your provider will review your test results with you. Preventing HIV/AIDS: Get tested. People who don't know they have HIV infection and who look and feel healthy are the most likely to transmit it to others. DO NOT use illegal drugs and do not share needles or syringes. Many communities have needle exchange programs, where you can get rid of used syringes and get new, sterile ones. Staff at these programs can also refer you for addiction treatment. Avoid contact with another person's blood. If possible, wear protective clothing, a mask, and goggles when caring for people who are injured. If you test positive for HIV, you can pass the virus to others. You should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm. HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy. Breastfeeding should be avoided to prevent passing HIV to infants through breast milk. Safer sex practices , such as using latex condoms, are effective in preventing the spread of HIV. But there is still a risk of getting the infection, even with the use of condoms (for example, condoms can tear). In people who aren't infected with the virus, but are at high risk of getting it, taking a drug called Truvada can help prevent the infection. This treatment is known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. Talk to your provider if you think PrEP might be right for you. HIV-positive people who are taking antiretroviral medicines and have no virus in their blood do not transmit the virus. The US blood supply is among the safest in the world. Nearly all people infected with HIV through blood transfusions received those transfusions before 1985, the year HIV testing began for all donated blood. If you believe you have been exposed to HIV, seek medical attention right away. DO NOT delay. Starting antiviral medicines right after the exposure (up to 3 days after) can reduce the chance that you will be infected. This is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). It has been used to prevent transmission in health care workers injured by needlesticks. HIV infection; Infection - HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Enteral nutrition - child - managing problems Gastrostomy feeding tube - bolus Jejunostomy feeding tube Oral mucositis - self-care. STDs and ecological niches STDs and ecological niches HIV HIV Primary HIV infection Primary HIV infection Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face AIDS AIDS Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - close-up Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient Molluscum on the chest Molluscum on the chest Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma on the back Kaposi Kaposi's sarcoma on the thigh Molluscum contagiosum on the face Molluscum contagiosum on the face Antibodies Antibodies Tuberculosis in the lung Tuberculosis in the lung Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - lesion on the foot Kaposi Kaposi sarcoma - perianal Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Herpes zoster (shingles) disseminated Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up Dermatitis seborrheic - close-up. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:830 832. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm. Gulick RM. Antiretroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : Hives. When you have an allergic reaction to a substance, your body releases histamine and other chemicals into the blood. This causes itching, swelling, and other symptoms. Hives are a common reaction. People with other allergies, such as hay fever, often get hives. Angioedema is swelling of the deeper tissue that sometimes occurs with hives. Like hives, angioedema can occur on any part of the body. When it occurs around the mouth or throat, the symptoms can be severe, including airway blockage. Many substances can trigger hives, including: Animal dander (especially cats) Insect bites Medicines Pollen Shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk, and other foods Hives may also develop as a result of: Emotional stress Extreme cold or sun exposure Excessive perspiration Illness, including lupus , other autoimmune diseases , and leukemia Infections such as mononucleosis Exercise Exposure to water Often, the cause of hives is not known. Symptoms of hives may include any of the following: Itching. Swelling of the surface of the skin into red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. Wheals may get bigger, spread, and join together to form larger areas of flat, raised skin. Wheals often change shape, disappear, and reappear within minutes or hours. It is unusual for a wheal to last more than 48 hours. Dermatographism is a type of hives. It is caused by pressure on the skin and results in immediate hives. Hives (urticaria) - close-up. Your health care provider can tell if you have hives by looking at your skin. Hives If you have a history of an allergy causing hives, for example, to strawberries, the diagnosis is even clearer. Sometimes, a skin biopsy or blood tests are done to confirm that you had an allergic reaction, and to test for the substance that caused the allergic response. However, specific allergy testing is not useful in most cases of hives. Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling: Do not take hot baths or showers. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing, which can irritate the area. Your provider may suggest that you take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or cetirizine (Zyrtec). Follow your provider's instructions or the package instructions about how to take the medicine. Other oral prescription medicines may be needed, especially if the hives are chronic. If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may need an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe. Hives may be uncomfortable, but they are usually harmless and disappear on their own. When the condition lasts longer than 6 weeks, it is called chronic hives. Usually no cause can be found. Most chronic hives resolve on their own in less than 1 year. Complications of hives may include: Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction that causes breathing difficulty) Swelling in the throat can lead to life-threatening airway blockage. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have: Fainting Shortness of breath Tightness in your throat Tongue or face swelling Wheezing Call your provider if the hives are severe, uncomfortable, and do not respond to self-care measures. To help prevent hives avoid exposure to substances that give you allergic reactions. Urticaria; Wheals. Hives (urticaria) - close-up Hives (urticaria) - close-up Food allergies Food allergies Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives Hives Hives treatment Hives treatment. Habif TP. Urticaria, angioedema, and pruritus. Encyclopedia Entry for HIV : HIV Virus. May cause : Autoimmune diseases Dementia Vasculitis ADHD Hodgkin's lymphoma Kaposi's Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| HIV 1 | XTRA | 4038462.95167 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV 2 | XTRA | 3579218.8782 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV 3 | XTRA | 111,392,633,714,776,834,1220,1675,2664,3806,6230,8225 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV 4 | XTRA | 444,683,714,2323,3554 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV 8 | XTRA | 904.74,11406.25 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV 9 | XTRA | 904.74,18172.27 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV AIDS | ETDF | 150,5580,22000,30000,47500,162820,365000,388900,434000,456110 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV Infections | KHZ | 150,180,870,5580,22000,30000,47500,162820,388900,456110 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| HIV Related Infections | ETDF | 150,180,870,5580,30000,47500,162820,365000,388900,456110 | Retrovirus causing HIV Infection and AIDS. Also see Human T Lymphotropic Virus. |
| Hives | CAFL | 4.9,146,522,727,787,880,1800 | Itchy bumps on skin. See Urticaria programs. Skin Encyclopedia Entry for Hives : Hives. When you have an allergic reaction to a substance, your body releases histamine and other chemicals into the blood. This causes itching, swelling, and other symptoms. Hives are a common reaction. People with other allergies, such as hay fever, often get hives. Angioedema is swelling of the deeper tissue that sometimes occurs with hives. Like hives, angioedema can occur on any part of the body. When it occurs around the mouth or throat, the symptoms can be severe, including airway blockage. Many substances can trigger hives, including: Animal dander (especially cats) Insect bites Medicines Pollen Shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk, and other foods Hives may also develop as a result of: Emotional stress Extreme cold or sun exposure Excessive perspiration Illness, including lupus , other autoimmune diseases , and leukemia Infections such as mononucleosis Exercise Exposure to water Often, the cause of hives is not known. Symptoms of hives may include any of the following: Itching. Swelling of the surface of the skin into red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. Wheals may get bigger, spread, and join together to form larger areas of flat, raised skin. Wheals often change shape, disappear, and reappear within minutes or hours. It is unusual for a wheal to last more than 48 hours. Dermatographism is a type of hives. It is caused by pressure on the skin and results in immediate hives. Hives (urticaria) - close-up. Your health care provider can tell if you have hives by looking at your skin. Hives If you have a history of an allergy causing hives, for example, to strawberries, the diagnosis is even clearer. Sometimes, a skin biopsy or blood tests are done to confirm that you had an allergic reaction, and to test for the substance that caused the allergic response. However, specific allergy testing is not useful in most cases of hives. Treatment may not be needed if the hives are mild. They may disappear on their own. To reduce itching and swelling: Do not take hot baths or showers. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing, which can irritate the area. Your provider may suggest that you take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or cetirizine (Zyrtec). Follow your provider's instructions or the package instructions about how to take the medicine. Other oral prescription medicines may be needed, especially if the hives are chronic. If your reaction is severe, especially if the swelling involves your throat, you may need an emergency shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) or steroids. Hives in the throat can block your airway, making it difficult to breathe. Hives may be uncomfortable, but they are usually harmless and disappear on their own. When the condition lasts longer than 6 weeks, it is called chronic hives. Usually no cause can be found. Most chronic hives resolve on their own in less than 1 year. Complications of hives may include: Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction that causes breathing difficulty) Swelling in the throat can lead to life-threatening airway blockage. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have: Fainting Shortness of breath Tightness in your throat Tongue or face swelling Wheezing Call your provider if the hives are severe, uncomfortable, and do not respond to self-care measures. To help prevent hives avoid exposure to substances that give you allergic reactions. Urticaria; Wheals. Hives (urticaria) - close-up Hives (urticaria) - close-up Food allergies Food allergies Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the trunk Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the chest Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back and buttocks Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives (urticaria) on the back Hives Hives Hives treatment Hives treatment. Habif TP. Urticaria, angioedema, and pruritus. |
| Hives 1 | XTRA | 4.9,6.29,95,125,146,148,444,522,660,690,727.5,787,880,1800,1865 | Itchy bumps on skin. See Urticaria programs. |
| Hives 2 | XTRA | 4.9,146,522,727,787,880,1800,5000 | Itchy bumps on skin. See Urticaria programs. |
| HMSN Type II | ETDF | 190,2080,4800,17250,63210,119420,287210,403030,435000,711170 | Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies. Also called Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Also see Atrophy Muscular Peroneal. |
| Hoarseness | CAFL | 880,760,727 | A hoarse voice, also known as dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch. Encyclopedia Entry for Hoarseness : Hoarseness. Hoarseness is most often caused by a problem with the vocal cords. The vocal cords are part of your voice box (larynx) located in the throat. When the vocal cords become inflamed or infected, they swell. This can cause hoarseness. The most common cause of hoarseness is a cold or sinus infection, which most often goes away on its own within 2 weeks. A rare but serious cause of hoarseness that does not go away in a few weeks is cancer of the voice box. Hoarseness may be caused by: Acid reflux ( gastroesophageal reflux ) Allergies Breathing in irritating substances Cancer of the throat or larynx Chronic coughing Colds or upper respiratory infections Heavy smoking or drinking, particularly together Overuse or abuse of the voice (as in shouting or singing), which may cause swelling or growths on the vocal cords Less common causes include: Injury or irritation from a breathing tube or bronchoscopy Damage to the nerves and muscles around the voice box (from trauma or surgery) Foreign object in the esophagus or trachea Swallowing a harsh chemical liquid Changes in the larynx during puberty Thyroid or lung cancer Underactive thyroid gland. Hoarseness may be short-term ( acute ) or long-term ( chronic ). Rest and time may improve hoarseness. Hoarseness that continues for weeks or months should be checked by a health care provider. Things you can do at home to help relieve the problem include: Talk only when you need to until hoarseness goes away. Drink plenty of fluids to help keep your airways moist. (Gargling does not help.) Use a vaporizer to add moisture to the air you breathe. Avoid actions that strain the vocal cords such as whispering, shouting, crying, and singing. Take medicines to reduce stomach acid if hoarseness is due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). DO NOT use decongestants which can dry out the vocal cords. If you smoke, cut down, or stop at least until hoarseness goes away. Call your provider if: You have trouble breathing or swallowing. Hoarseness occurs with drooling, particularly in a small child. Hoarseness occurs in a child less than 3 months old. Hoarseness has lasted for more than 1 week in a child, or 2 to 3 weeks in an adult. The provider will examine your throat, neck, and mouth and ask you some questions about your symptoms and medical history. These may include: To what extent have you lost your voice (all or partially)? What kind of vocal problems are you having (making scratchy, breathy, or husky vocal sounds)? When did hoarseness start? Does hoarseness come and go or get worse over time? Have you been shouting, singing, or overusing your voice, or crying a lot (if a child)? Have you been exposed to harsh fumes or liquids? Do you have allergies or a post nasal drip? Have you ever had throat surgery? Do you smoke or use alcohol? Do you have other symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, or fatigue? You may have one or more of the following tests: Laryngoscopy Throat culture Throat examination with a small mirror X-rays of the neck or CT scan Blood tests such as a complete blood count ( CBC ) or blood differential. Voice strain; Dysphonia; Loss of voice. Throat anatomy Throat anatomy. Chang JI, Bevans SE, Schwartz SR. Otolaryngology clinic of North America: evidence-based practice: management of hoarseness/dysphonia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012;45(5):1109-1126. PMID: 22980688 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22980688. Choi SS, Zalzal GH. Voice disorders. |
| Hodgkin Disease | ETDF | 20,120,950,13390,22500,50000,60000,93500,234110,475870 | Also called Hodgkin's disease and Hodgkin's lymphoma. |
| Hodgkin Disease 3 | XTRA | 10,440,552,880,1522 | Also called Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Malignant Lymphoma. |
| Holoprosencephaly | ETDF | 80,240,650,900,2500,27500,55910,119340,393500,536420 | Failure of embryonic forebrain to full develop into two hemispheres, causing brain and facial defects. |
| Homocystinuria | ETDF | 240,730,830,7500,30000,57500,95870,97500,424940,562910 | Hereditary multi-systemic disorder of connective tissue, CNS, circulatory system, and muscles. Encyclopedia Entry for Homocystinuria : Homocystinuria. Homocystinuria is inherited in families as an autosomal recessive trait. This means that the child must inherit a non-working copy of the gene from each parent to be seriously affected. Homocystinuria has several features in common with Marfan syndrome , including skeletal and eye changes. Newborn infants appear healthy. Early symptoms, if present, are not obvious. Symptoms may occur as mildly delayed development or failure to thrive. Increasing visual problems may lead to diagnosis of this condition. Other symptoms include: Chest deformities ( pectus carinatum , pectus excavatum ) Flush across the cheeks High arches of the feet Intellectual disability Knock knees Long limbs Mental disorders Nearsightedness Spidery fingers ( arachnodactyly ) Tall, thin build. The health care provider may notice that the child is tall and thin. Other signs include: Curved spine ( scoliosis ) Deformity of the chest Dislocated lens of the eye If there is poor or double vision, an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) will perform a dilated eye exam to look for dislocation of the lens or nearsightedness. There may be a history of blood clots. Intellectual disability or mental illness is also possible. Tests that may be ordered include any of the following: Amino acid screen of blood and urine Genetic testing Liver biopsy and enzyme assay Skeletal x-ray Skin biopsy with a fibroblast culture Standard ophthalmic exam. There is no cure for homocystinuria. About half of people with the disease respond to vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine). Those who do respond will need to take vitamin B6, B9 (folate), and B12 supplements for the rest of their lives. Those who do not respond will need to eat a low-methionine diet. Most will need to be treated with trimethylglycine (a medicine also known as betaine). Neither a low-methionine diet nor medicine will improve existing intellectual disability. Medicine and diet should be closely supervised by a doctor who has experience treating homocystinuria. These resources can provide more information about homocystinuria: HCU Network America -- hcunetworkamerica.org NIH/NLM Genetics Home Reference -- ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/homocystinuria. Although no cure exists for homocystinuria, vitamin B therapy can help about half of people affected by the condition. If the diagnosis is made in childhood, starting a low-methionine diet quickly may prevent some intellectual disability and other complications of the disease. For this reason, some states screen for homocystinuria in all newborns. People whose blood homocysteine levels continue to rise are at increased risk for blood clots. Clots can cause serious medical problems and shorten lifespan. Most serious complications result from blood clots. These episodes can be life threatening. Dislocated lenses of the eyes can seriously damage vision. Lens replacement surgery may be needed. Intellectual disability is a serious consequence of the disease. But, it can be reduced if diagnosed early. Call your provider if you or a family member shows symptoms of this disorder, especially if you have a family history of homocystinuria. Genetic counseling is recommended for people with a family history of homocystinuria who want to have children. Prenatal diagnosis of homocystinuria is available. This involves culturing amniotic cells or chorionic villi to test for cystathionine synthase (the enzyme that is missing in homocystinuria). If there are known gene defect in the parents or family, samples from chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis can be used to test for these defects. Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency; CBS deficiency; HCY. Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF. Defects in metabolism of amino acids. |
| Hookworm | CAFL | 6.8,440,2008,5868,6436 | Blood-feeding roundworm. See Parasites Hookworm, Creeping Eruption, and Larva Migrans. Intestines Encyclopedia Entry for Hookworm : Hookworm infections - Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (intestinal nematode) Encyclopedia Entry for Hookworm : Hookworm infection. The infection is caused by infestation with any of the following roundworms: Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma ceylanicum Ancylostoma braziliense The first two roundworms affect humans only. The last two types also occur in animals. Hookworm disease is common in the moist tropics and subtropics. In developing nations, the disease leads to the death of many children by increasing their risk for infections that their bodies would normally fight off. There is very little risk of getting the disease in the United States because of advances in sanitation and waste control. The important factor in getting the disease is walking barefoot on ground where there are feces of people who are infected with hookworm. The larvae (immature form of the worm) enter the skin. The larvae move to the lungs via the bloodstream and enter the airways. The worms are about one half inch (1 centimeter) long. After traveling up the windpipe, the larvae are swallowed. After the larvae are swallowed, they infect the small intestine. They develop into adult worms and live there for 1 or more years. The worms attach to the intestinal wall and suck blood, which results in iron deficiency anemia and protein loss. Adult worms and larvae are released in the feces. Symptoms may include: Abdominal discomfort Cough Diarrhea Fatigue Fever Gas Itchy rash Loss of appetite Nausea, vomiting Pale skin Most people have no symptoms once the worms enter the intestines. Tests that can help diagnose the infection include: Complete blood count (CBC) with differential Stool ova and parasites exam. The goals of treatment are to: Cure the infection Treat complications of anemia Improve nutrition Parasite-killing drugs such as albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate are often prescribed. Symptoms and complications of anemia are treated, if needed. The health care provider will likely recommend increasing the amount of protein in your diet. You will have a complete recovery if you get treated before serious complications develop. Treatment gets rid of the infection. Health problems that may result from hookworm infection include: Iron deficiency anemia , caused by loss of blood Nutritional deficiencies Severe protein loss with fluid buildup in the abdomen ( ascites ). Call for an appointment with your provider if symptoms of hookworm infection develop. Handwashing and wearing shoes will reduce the likelihood of infection. Hookworm disease; Ground itch; Ancylostoma duodenale infection; Necator americanus infection; Parasitic infection - hookworm. Hookworm - mouth of the organism Hookworm - mouth of the organism Hookworm - close-up of the organism Hookworm - close-up of the organism Hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum Hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum Hookworm egg Hookworm egg Hookworm rhabditiform larva Hookworm rhabditiform larva Digestive system organs Digestive system organs. Diemert DJ. Intestinal nematode infections. Encyclopedia Entry for Hookworm : Hookworm infection. Source of disease: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus |
| Hookworm Infections | ETDF | 110,550,1200,7500,30000,57500,72500,95560,133630,419310 | Infection by blood-feeding roundworms. See Hookworm, Creeping Eruption, and Larva Migrans. Encyclopedia Entry for Hookworm Infections : Hookworm infections - Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (intestinal nematode) |
| Hordeolum | CAFL | 20,453,727,880,2600,10000 | See Stye program. Use Staphylococcus Infection program. Eyes |
| Hordeolum | ETDF | 120,550,950,5870,25000,42500,62500,92500,90000,515700 | See Stye program. Use Staphylococcus Infection program. |
| Hormodendrum | CAFL | 663,678,695,532,627 | Also called Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal plant pathogen that can affect man. |
| Hormodendrum 2 | XTRA | 695 | Also called Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal plant pathogen that can affect man. |
| Hormonal Imbalances | CAFL | 5.5 | Also use Circulation and/or Circulatory program(s). |
| Hormonal Imbalances Male | XTRA | 50.5,537 | Also use Circulation and/or Circulatory program(s). |
| Horner Syndrome | ETDF | 70,500,970,9000,12330,32500,142500,320000,425870,525560 | Symptoms appearing when the sympathetic trunk nerve group is damaged, mostly ocular. Encyclopedia Entry for Horner Syndrome : Horner syndrome. Horner syndrome can be caused by any interruption in a set of nerve fibers that start in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus and travel to the face and eyes. These nerve fibers are involved with sweating, the pupils in your eyes, and the upper and lower eyelid muscles. Damage of the nerve fibers can result from: Injury to the carotid artery, one of the main arteries to the brain Injury to nerves at the base of the neck called the brachial plexus Migraine or cluster headaches Stroke , tumor, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brainstem Tumor in the top of the lung, between the lungs, and neck Injections or surgery done to interrupt the nerve fibers and relieve pain (sympathectomy) Spinal cord injury In rare cases, Horner syndrome is present at birth. The condition may occur with a lack of color (pigmentation) of the iris (colored part of the eye). Symptoms of Horner syndrome may include: Decreased sweating on the affected side of the face Drooping eyelid ( ptosis ) Sinking of the eyeball into the face Different sizes of pupils of the eyes ( anisocoria ) There may also be other symptoms, depending on the location of the affected nerve fiber. These may include: Vertigo (sensation that surroundings are spinning) with nausea and vomiting Double vision Lack of muscle control and coordination Arm pain, weakness and numbness One sided neck and ear pain Hoarseness Hearing loss Bladder and bowel difficulty Overreaction of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system to stimulation ( hyperreflexia ). The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about the symptoms. An eye exam may show: Changes in how the pupil opens or closes Eyelid drooping Red eye Depending on the suspected cause, tests may be done, such as: Blood tests Blood vessel tests of the head ( angiogram ) Chest x-ray or chest CT scan MRI or CT scan of the brain Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) You may need to be referred to a doctor who specializes in vision problems related to the nervous system (neuro-ophthalmologist). Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition. There is no treatment for Horner syndrome itself. Ptosis is very mild and in rare cases affects vision in Horner syndrome. This can be corrected by cosmetic surgery or treated with eyedrops. The provider can tell you more. The outcome depends on whether treatment of the cause is successful. There are no direct complications of Horner syndrome itself. But, there may be complications from the disease that caused Horner syndrome or from its treatment. Call your provider if you have symptoms of Horner syndrome. Oculosympathetic paresis. Central nervous system Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Balcer LJ. Pupillary disorders. |
| Hot Flashes | ETDF | 190,270,3450,69500,462500,499110,520100,672530,888030,937390 | Type of flushing due to low levels of estradiol, common in menopause. |
| Hot Flashes 2 | XTRA | 537,660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | Type of flushing due to low levels of estradiol, common in menopause. |
| Hot Tub Folliculitis 1 | XTRA | 174,178,191,405,482,633,731,739.79,785,1132,2959,3965,5311,6645 | Follicular infection by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, a bacterium common in hot tubs and water slides. Also see Folliculitis Hot Tub. |
| Hot Tub Folliculitis 2 | XTRA | 437,825.41,16579.09 | Follicular infection by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, a bacterium common in hot tubs and water slides. Also see Folliculitis Hot Tub. |
| Hot Tub Folliculitis 3 | XTRA | 174,178,191,405 | Follicular infection by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, a bacterium common in hot tubs and water slides. Also see Folliculitis Hot Tub. |
| Hot Tub Folliculitis 4 | XTRA | 501,687,737,743,774,857,875,986,1273 | Follicular infection by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, a bacterium common in hot tubs and water slides. Also see Folliculitis Hot Tub. |
| Hot Tub Folliculitis 5 | CAFL | 174,178,191,405,437,482,501,633,687,731,743,774,785,857,1132,1273,3965,5311,6646 | Follicular infection by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, a bacterium common in hot tubs and water slides. Also see Folliculitis Hot Tub. Hair |
| Household Insect Mix | BIO | 723 | Other use: Legionella. |
| Household Insect Mix | CAFL | 723,100 | common household pests undesired animals that have a history of living, invading, causing damage, eating human foods, acting as disease vectors or causing other harms in human habitation. |
| HSAN Type I | ETDF | 390,700,920,7900,33000,54500,71170,85500,104140,581020 | Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy. Type I has nerve abnormalities in hands and feet. Also see Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies program. |
| HSAN Type II | ETDF | 340,620,870,7810,32500,51500,90170,97500,124140,512020 | Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy. Type II has sensory abnormalities involving pain, temperature, and touch. Also see Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies program. |
| HSAN Type IV | ETDF | 340,620,870,7810,32500,325000,587500,745310,815900,927000 | Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy. Type IV has insensitivity to pain, inability to sweat and intellectual disability. Also see Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies program. |
| HSAN Type V | ETDF | 740,800,920,7630,32500,51500,90170,97500,124140,537620 | Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy. Type V has inability to feel deep pain or temperature changes. Also see Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies program. |
| Human Chest Cavity | XTRA | 14648.1 | The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. |
| Human Head Cavity | XTRA | 17700.2 | The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull. The space inside the skull is formed by eight cranial bones known as the neurocranium. The neurocranium is the upper back part that forms the protective case around the brain. The scull cap of the neurocranium covers the cranial cavity and the remainder of the skull is called the facial skeleton. The skull, is also known as the cranium, it contains the brain. Meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain to minimize damage of the brain when there is head trauma. |
| Human Papilloma Virus HPV | ETDF | 40,320,570,850,30250,173210,301800,402850,410700,475470 | Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Papilloma HPV programs. |
| Human Papilloma Virus HPV | XTRA | 45,110,265,404,466,489,767,874,907,1002.15,1011,1051,5667,9258,9609,20218.9 | Virus causing warts, or lesions leading to cancers of reproductive system, genitals, anus, and oropharynx. See appropriate Cancer, and Papilloma HPV programs. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus1 | CAFL | 243,646,725,732,844,2432,6353 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. Use for MS, HIV, and autoimmune disorders. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus2 | CAFL | 245,314,725,965,1230 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. Use for Gulf War Syndrome, and HIV. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus3 | CAFL | 111,392,633,714,776,837,1220,1675,2664,3806,6230,8225 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. Use for AIDS. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus4 | CAFL | 444,2323 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus5 | CAFL | 83,235,645,2323,3432,4093,5532 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. Use for HIV. |
| Human T Lymphotropic Virus6 | CAFL | 183,702,747,2245 | Causes leukemia/lymphoma and nerve demyelination. Use for HIV. |
| Huntington's Disease | ETDF | 150,230,750,3850,52250,177250,400000,563190,642910,976900 | Genetic neurodegenerative disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to mental decline and behavioral aberrations. |
| Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle | ETDF | 60,370,870,7500,8000,62500,95560,325870,473000,742060 | Also called a lentigo. Harmless small flat pigmented spot on skin, similar to a freckle, but with different composition. |
| Hydatidiform Mole | ETDF | 80,250,750,800,2500,5780,95870,175560,524940,691270 | Also called Molar Pregnancy. Abnormality in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus and will fail to come to term. Encyclopedia Entry for Hydatidiform Mole : Hydatidiform mole. HM, or molar pregnancy, results from abnormal fertilization of the oocyte (egg). It results in an abnormal fetus. The placenta grows normally with little or no growth of the fetal tissue. The placental tissue forms a mass in the uterus. On ultrasound this mass often has a grape-like appearance, as it contains many small cysts. Chance of mole formation is higher in older women. A history of mole in earlier years is also a risk factor. Molar pregnancy can be of 2 types: Partial molar pregnancy. There is an abnormal placenta and some fetal development. Complete molar pregnancy. There is an abnormal placenta and no fetus. There is no way to prevent formation of these masses. Symptoms of a molar pregnancy may include: Abnormal growth of the uterus, either bigger or smaller than usual Severe nausea and vomiting Vaginal bleeding during the first 3 months of pregnancy Symptoms of hyperthyroidism , including heat intolerance , loose stools , rapid heart rate , restlessness or nervousness, warm and moist skin, trembling hands , or unexplained weight loss Symptoms similar to preeclampsia that occur in the first trimester or early second trimester, including high blood pressure and swelling in the feet , ankles, and legs (this is almost always a sign of a hydatidiform mole, because preeclampsia is extremely rare this early in a normal pregnancy). Your health care provider will perform a pelvic exam, which may show signs similar to a normal pregnancy. However, the size of the womb may be abnormal and there may be no heart sounds from the baby. Also, there may be some vaginal bleeding. A pregnancy ultrasound will show a snowstorm appearance with an abnormal placenta, with or without some development of a baby. Tests done may include: hCG (quantitative levels) blood test Abdominal or vaginal ultrasound of the pelvis Chest x-ray CT or MRI of the abdomen (imaging tests) Complete blood count ( CBC ) Blood clotting tests Kidney and liver function tests. If your provider suspects a molar pregnancy, removal of the abnormal tissue with a dilation and curettage ( D & C ) will most likely be suggested. D & C may also be done using suction. This is called suction aspiration (The method uses a suction cup to remove contents from the uterus). Sometimes a partial molar pregnancy can continue. A woman may choose to continue her pregnancy in the hope of having a successful birth and delivery. However, these are very high-risk pregnancies. Risks may include bleeding, problems with blood pressure, and premature delivery (having the baby before it is fully developed). In rare cases, the fetus is genetically normal. Women need to completely discuss the risks with their provider before continuing the pregnancy. A hysterectomy ( surgery to remove the uterus ) may be an option for older women who DO NOT wish to become pregnant in the future. After treatment, your hCG level will be followed. It is important to avoid another pregnancy and to use a reliable contraceptive for 6 to 12 months after treatment for a molar pregnancy. This time allows for accurate testing to be sure that the abnormal tissue does not grow back. Women who get pregnant too soon after a molar pregnancy are at high risk of having another molar pregnancy. Most HMs are noncancerous ( benign ). Treatment is usually successful. Close follow-up by your provider is important to ensure that signs of the molar pregnancy are gone and pregnancy hormone levels return to normal. In some cases of complete HM, moles can become invasive. These moles can grow deep into the uterine wall and cause bleeding or other complications. In very few cases of complete HM, moles develop into a choriocarcinoma. This is a fast-growing cancer. It is usually successfully treated with chemotherapy, but can be life threatening. . Complications of molar pregnancy may include: Change to invasive molar disease or choriocarcinoma Preeclampsia Thyroid problems Molar pregnancy that continues or comes back Complications from surgery to remove a molar pregnancy may include: Excessive bleeding, possibly requiring a blood transfusion Side effects of anesthesia. Hydatid mole; Molar pregnancy. Uterus Uterus Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Normal uterine anatomy (cut section). Bouchard-Fortier G, Covens A. Gestational trophoblastic disease: hydatidiform mole, nonmetastatic and metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor: diagnosis and management. |
| Hydrocele 2 | XTRA | 660,690,727.5,787,80 | Fluid in body cavity. Most common is Hydrocele testis, affecting the testicles. Also see Gonads Inflammation, Testicular Diseases, and Orchitis programs. |
| Hydrocephalus | ETDF | 70,370,870,7500,8000,67500,195870,427020,573820,854000 | Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure. Encyclopedia Entry for Hydrocephalus : Hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is due to a problem with the flow of the fluid that surrounds the brain. This fluid is called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. The fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and helps cushion the brain. CSF normally moves through the brain and the spinal cord and is soaked into the bloodstream. CSF levels in the brain can rise if: The flow of CSF is blocked. The fluid does not get properly absorbed into the blood. The brain makes too much of the fluid. Too much CSF puts pressure on the brain. This pushes the brain up against the skull and damages brain tissue. Hydrocephalus may begin while the baby is growing in the womb. It is common in babies who have a myelomeningocele , a birth defect in which the spinal column does not close properly. Hydrocephalus may also be due to: Genetic defects Certain infections during pregnancy In young children, hydrocephalus may be due to: Infections that affect the central nervous system (such as meningitis or encephalitis), especially in infants Bleeding in the brain during or soon after delivery (especially in premature babies) Injury before, during, or after childbirth, including subarachnoid hemorrhage Tumors of the central nervous system, including the brain or spinal cord Injury or trauma Hydrocephalus most often occurs in children. Another type, called normal pressure hydrocephalus , may occur in adults and older people. Symptoms of hydrocephalus depend on: Age Amount of brain damage What is causing the buildup of CSF fluid In infants, hydrocephalus causes the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include: Eyes that appear to gaze downward Irritability Seizures Separated sutures Sleepiness Vomiting Symptoms that may occur in older children can include: Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry Changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think Changes in facial appearance and eye spacing Crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements Difficulty feeding Excessive sleepiness Headache Irritability, poor temper control Loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence) Loss of coordination and trouble walking Muscle spasticity (spasm) Slow growth (child 0 to 5 years) Slow or restricted movement Vomiting. The health care provider will examine the baby. This may show: Stretched or swollen veins on the baby's scalp Abnormal sounds when the provider taps lightly on the skull, suggesting a problem with the skull bones All or part of the head may be larger than normal, often the front part Eyes that look 'sunken in' White part of the eye appears over the colored area, making it look like a 'setting sun' Reflexes may be normal Repeated head circumference measurements over time may show that the head is getting bigger. A head CT scan is one of the best tests for identifying hydrocephalus. Other tests that may be done include: Arteriography Brain scan using radioisotopes Cranial ultrasound (an ultrasound of the brain) Lumbar puncture and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (rarely done) Skull x-rays. The goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent brain damage by improving the flow of CSF. Surgery may be done to remove a blockage, if possible. If not, a flexible tube called a shunt may be placed in the brain to reroute the flow of CSF. The shunt sends CSF to another part of the body, such as the belly area, where it can be absorbed. Other treatments may include: Antibiotics if there are signs of infection. Severe infections may require the shunt to be removed. A procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), which relieves pressure without replacing the shunt. Removing or burning away ( cauterizing ) the parts of the brain that produce CSF. The child will need regular check-ups to make sure there are no further problems. Tests will be done regularly to check the child's development, and to look for intellectual, neurological, or physical problems. Visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and help with the care of a child with hydrocephalus who has serious brain damage. Without treatment, up to 6 in 10 people with hydrocephalus will die. Those who survive will have different amounts of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities. The outlook depends on the cause. Hydrocephalus that is not due to an infection has the best outlook. People with hydrocephalus caused by tumors will often do very poorly. Most children with hydrocephalus who survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal lifespan. The shunt may become blocked. Symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting. Surgeons may be able to help the shunt open without having to replace it. There may be other problems with the shunt, such as kinking, tube separation, or infection in the area of the shunt. Other complications may include: Complications of surgery Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis Intellectual impairment Nerve damage (decrease in movement, sensation, function) Physical disabilities. Seek medical care right away if your child has any symptoms of this disorder. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if emergency symptoms occur, such as: Breathing problems Extreme drowsiness or sleepiness Feeding difficulties Fever High-pitched cry No pulse (heartbeat) Seizures Severe headache Stiff neck Vomiting You should also call your provider if: The child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus and the condition gets worse. You are unable to care for the child at home. Protect the head of an infant or child from injury. Prompt treatment of infections and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder. Water on the brain. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt - discharge. Skull of a newborn Skull of a newborn. Kinsman SL, Johnston MV. Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. |
| Hydrocephalus Normal Pressure | ETDF | 50,370,900,12850,67500,267500,555560,695870,875580,943200 | Brain malfunction caused by decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Hydrogen 1h | XTRA | 128.69,294.79,12207.03 | Hydrogen and pH balance. |
| Hydrogen 21.106cm Golden | XTRA | 3520852.875 | Golden Ratio subH. |
| Hydrogen 21.106cm Octal | XTRA | 11096979.902 | Octal subH. |
| Hydrogen 2h | XTRA | 326.77,352.26,14991.2 | Hydrogen and pH balance. |
| Hydrogen 3h | XTRA | 270.54,477.68,13020.38 | Hydrogen and pH balance. |
| Hydronephrosis | ETDF | 200,250,750,2530,3400,5580,95870,175910,425870,571400 | Distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine. Kidney Encyclopedia Entry for Hydronephrosis : Hydronephrosis of one kidney. Hydronephrosis (kidney swelling) occurs as the result of a disease. It is not a disease itself. Conditions that may lead to hydronephrosis include: Blockage of a ureter due to scarring caused by prior infections, surgeries, or radiation treatments Blockage from an enlarged uterus during pregnancy Birth defects of the urinary system Back flow of urine from bladder to kidney, called vesicoureteral reflux (may occur as a birth defect or due to an enlarged prostate or narrowing of the urethra) Kidney stones Cancers or tumors that occur in the ureter, bladder, pelvis or abdomen Problems with the nerves that supply the bladder The blockage and swelling of the kidney may occur suddenly or may develop slowly. Common symptoms include: Flank pain Abdominal mass , especially in children Nausea and vomiting Urinary tract infection (UTI) Fever Painful urination (dysuria) Increased urinary frequency Increased urinary urgency In some cases, there may be no symptoms. The condition is found on an imaging test such as: MRI of the abdomen CT scan of the kidneys or abdomen Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Kidney scan Ultrasound of the kidneys or abdomen. Treatment depends on the cause of the kidney swelling. Treatment may include: Placing a stent (tube) through the bladder and ureter to allow urine to flow from the kidney into the bladder Placing a tube into the kidney through the skin , to allow the blocked urine to drain out of the body into a drainage bag Antibiotics for infections Surgery to correct the blockage or reflux Removal of any stone that is causing blockage People who have only one kidney, who have immune system disorders such as diabetes or HIV, or who have had a transplant will need treatment right away. People who have long-term hydronephrosis may need antibiotics to reduce the risk of UTI. Loss of kidney function, UTI, and pain may occur if the condition is left untreated. If hydronephrosis is not treated, the affected kidney may be permanently damaged. Kidney failure is rare if the other kidney is working normally. However, kidney failure will occur if there is only one functioning kidney. UTI and pain may also occur. Call your health care provider if you have ongoing or severe flank pain, or fever, or if you think you may have hydronephrosis. Prevention of the disorders that cause this condition will prevent it from occurring. Hydronephrosis; Chronic hydronephrosis; Acute hydronephrosis; Urinary obstruction; Unilateral hydronephrosis; Nephrolithiasis - hydronephrosis; Kidney stone - hydronephrosis; Renal calculi - hydronephrosis; Ureteral calculi - hydronephrosis; Vesicoureteral reflux - hydronephrosis; Obstructive uropathy - hydronephrosis. Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract. Fr kiaer J. Urinary tract obstruction. |
| Hymenolepis Cysticercoides | XTRA | 1184.83,1194.14,14937.5,15054.69 | Larval stage of dwarf tapeworm. Can exist free-form or encysted. |
| Hymenolepis Diminuta | XTRA | 1103.03,1192.65,13906.25,15035.94 | Rat tapeworm which can be passed to man by accidental ingestion of insects. |
| Hyperacidity Solar Plexus | XTRA | 230 | If chronic or with bloating, use appropriate Parasites general program(s). See Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Acidosis, Heartburn, and Hernia. |
| Hyperacidity Stomach 1 | XTRA | 7.82,20,230,727,787,880,10000 | If chronic or with bloating, use appropriate Parasites general program(s). See Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Acidosis, Heartburn, and Hernia. |
| Hyperacidity Stomach 2 | CAFL | 7.82,20,230 | See Acidosis, Heartburn, and Hernia programs. Stomach |
| Hyperacusis | ETDF | 40,240,570,17500,86530,132750,342510,721200,823100,919340 | Increased sensitivity to everyday environmental sounds. |
| Hyperaldosteronism | ETDF | 80,260,780,2500,17500,255870,387500,405000,645870,723580 | Excess aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands - can lead to low blood potassium levels (hypokalemia). Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperaldosteronism : Hyperaldosteronism - primary and secondary. Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to a problem of the adrenal glands themselves, which causes them to release too much aldosterone. In contrast, with secondary hyperaldosteronism, a problem elsewhere in the body causes the adrenal glands to release too much aldosterone. These problems can be with genes, diet, or a medical disorder such as with the heart, liver, kidneys, or high blood pressure. Most cases of primary hyperaldosteronism are caused by a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland. The condition is most common in people 30 to 50 years old. Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism have common symptoms, including: High blood pressure Low level of potassium in the blood Feeling tired all the time Headache Muscle weakness Numbness. The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Tests that may be ordered to diagnose hyperaldosteronism include: Abdominal CT scan ECG Blood aldosterone level Blood renin activity Blood potassium level Urinary aldosterone Kidney ultrasound A procedure to insert a catheter into the veins of the adrenal glands may need to be done. This helps check which of the two adrenal glands is making too much aldosterone. Primary hyperaldosteronism caused by an adrenal gland tumor is usually treated with surgery. It can sometimes be treated with medicines. Removing the adrenal tumor may control the symptoms. Even after surgery, some people still have high blood pressure and need to take medicine. But often, the number of medicines or doses can be lowered. Limiting salt intake and taking medicine may control the symptoms without surgery. Medicines to treat hyperaldosteronism include: Drugs that block the action of aldosterone Diuretics (water pills), which help manage fluid buildup in the body Secondary hyperaldosteronism is treated with medicines (as described above) and limiting salt intake. Surgery is usually not used. The outlook for primary hyperaldosteronism is good with early diagnosis and treatment. The outlook for secondary hyperaldosteronism depends on the cause of the condition. Primary hyperaldosteronism can cause very high blood pressure, which can damage many organs, including the eyes, kidneys, heart and brain. Erection problems and gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) may occur with long-term use of medicines to block the effect of hyperaldosteronism. . Call for an appointment with your provider if you develop symptoms of hyperaldosteronism. Conn syndrome; Mineralocorticoid excess. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Adrenal gland hormone secretion Adrenal gland hormone secretion. Carey RM, Padia SH. Primary mineralocorticoid excess disorders and hypertension. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia Hereditary | ETDF | 130,520,620,9000,13610,155870,362520,453020,775910,925580 | Condition where bilirubin levels are elevated, for reasons that can be attributed to a metabolic disorder. |
| Hypercalcemia | ETDF | 110,490,14730,82500,217500,344010,671520,753210,871020,975870 | Excess calcium in the blood. See appropriate Calcium programs, and Calcifications. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia - discharge. Your body needs calcium so that you can use your muscles. Calcium also keeps your bones and teeth strong and your heart healthy. Your blood calcium level may get too high due to: Certain kinds of cancers Problems with certain glands Too much vitamin D in your system Being on bed rest for a long time When you were in the hospital, you were given fluids through an IV and drugs to help lower the calcium level in your blood. If you have cancer, you may have had treatment for that, as well. If your hypercalcemia is caused by a gland problem, you may have had surgery to remove that gland. After you go home, follow your provider's instructions about making sure your calcium level does not get high again. You may need to drink a lot of liquids. Make sure you drink as much water every day as your provider recommends. Keep water next to your bed at night and drink some when you get up to use the bathroom. DO NOT cut back on how much salt you eat. Your provider may ask you to limit foods with a lot of calcium , or not to eat them at all for a while. Eat fewer dairy foods (such as cheese, milk, yogurt, ice cream) or don't eat them at all. If your provider says you can eat dairy foods, don't eat those that have extra calcium added. Read the labels carefully. To further keep your calcium level from getting high again: Don't use antacids that have a lot of calcium in them. Look for antacids that have magnesium. Ask your provider which ones are OK. Ask your doctor what medicines and herbs are safe for you to take. If your doctor prescribes medicines to help keep your calcium level from getting too high again, take them the way you're told to. Call your doctor if you have any side effects. Stay active when you get home. Your provider will tell you how much activity and exercise are OK. You will probably need to get blood tests after you go home. Keep any follow-up appointments you make with your provider. Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Headaches Irregular heartbeats Nausea and vomiting Increased thirst or dry mouth Little or no sweating Dizziness Confusion Blood in the urine Dark urine Pain on one side of your back Abdominal pain Severe constipation. Hypercalcemia; Transplant - hypercalcemia; Transplantation - hypercalcemia; Cancer treatment - hypercalcemia. Smogorzewski MJ, Stubbs JR, Yu ASL. Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D help manage calcium balance in the body. PTH is made by the parathyroid glands. These are four small glands located in the neck behind the thyroid gland. Vitamin D is obtained when the skin is exposed to sunlight, and from food sources or supplements. The most common cause of high calcium blood level is excess PTH released by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to: An enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. A growth on one of the glands. Most of the time, these growths are benign (not a cancer). Calcium blood level may also be high if your body is low on fluids or water. Other conditions can also cause hypercalcemia: Certain kinds of cancers, such as lung and breast cancer, or cancer that has spread to your organs. Too much vitamin D in your blood (hypervitaminosis D). Being immobile in bed for many days or weeks (mostly in children). Too much calcium in your diet. This is called milk-alkali syndrome. It most often occurs when a person is taking more than 2000 milligrams of calcium bicarbonate supplements a day along with high doses of Vitamin D. Overactive thyroid gland. Chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Medicines such as lithium and thiazide diuretics (water pills). Some infections or health problems such as, Paget's disease, tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. An inherited condition that affects the body's ability to manage calcium. Men and women of all ages can have a high blood calcium level. However, it is most common in women over age 50 (after menopause). In most cases, this is due to an overactive parathyroid gland. The condition is most often diagnosed at an early stage using routine blood tests. Most people have no symptoms. Symptoms due to high calcium level may vary, depending on the cause and how long the problem has been present. They may include: Digestive symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, poor appetite, or constipation Increased thirst or more frequent urination, due to changes in the kidneys Muscle weakness or twitches Changes in how your brain works, such as feeling tired or fatigued or confused Bone pain and fragile bones that break more easily. An accurate diagnosis is needed in hypercalcemia. People with kidney stones should have tests to evaluate for hypercalcemia. Serum calcium Serum PTH Serum PTHrP (PTH-related protein) Serum vitamin D level Urine calcium. Treatment is aimed at the cause of hypercalcemia whenever possible. People with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may need surgery to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland. This will cure the hypercalcemia. People with mild hypercalcemia may be able to monitor the condition closely over time without treatment. In women who are in menopause, treatment with estrogen can sometimes reverse mild hypercalcemia. Severe hypercalcemia that causes symptoms and requires a hospital stay may be treated with the following: Fluids through a vein -- This is the most important therapy. Calcitonin. Dialysis, if kidney damage is involved. Diuretic medicine, such as furosemide. Drugs that stop bone breakdown and absorption by the body (bisphosphonates). Glucocorticoids (steroids). How well you do depends on the cause of your high calcium level. The outlook is good for people with mild hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia that have a treatable cause. Most of the time, there are no complications. People with hypercalcemia due to conditions such as cancer or sarcoidosis may not do well. This is most often due to the disease itself, rather than the high calcium level. GASTROINTESTINAL Pancreatitis Peptic ulcer disease KIDNEY Calcium deposits in the kidney ( nephrocalcinosis ) that cause poor kidney function Dehydration High blood pressure Kidney failure Kidney stones PSYCHOLOGICAL Depression Difficulty concentrating or thinking SKELETAL Bone cysts Fractures Osteoporosis These complications of long-term hypercalcemia are uncommon today in many countries. Contact your health care provider if you have: Family history of hypercalcemia Family history of hyperparathyroidism Symptoms of hypercalcemia. Most causes of hypercalcemia cannot be prevented. Women over age 50 should see their provider regularly and have their blood calcium level checked if they have symptoms of hypercalcemia. Talk to your provider about the correct dose if you are taking calcium and vitamin D supplements. Calcium - elevated; High calcium level; Hyperparathyroidism - hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia - discharge. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands. Aronson JK. Vitamin D analogues. |
| Hypercapnia | ETDF | 120,350,930,7500,25000,35870,87500,93500,234510,523010 | Abnormally high blood levels of carbon dioxide. See appropriate Lung, Breathe, and Breathing programs. |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ETDF | 80,410,950,2500,5500,15580,187500,292500,619340,815700 | High levels of cholesterol in the blood. |
| Hyperemesis Gravidarum | ETDF | 190,230,850,2250,74330,147910,339040,562510,725870,875580 | Intractable nausea, vomiting, and dehydration in pregnant women which can last till the birth. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperemesis Gravidarum : Hyperemesis gravidarum. Most women have some nausea or vomiting ( morning sickness ), particularly during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The exact cause of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is not known. However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is released by the placenta. Mild morning sickness is common. Hyperemesis gravidarium is less common and more severe. Women with hyperemesis gravidarum have extreme nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can cause a weight loss of more than 5% of body weight. The condition can happen in any pregnancy, but is a little more likely if you are pregnant with twins (or more babies), or if you have a hydatidiform mole. Women are at higher risk for hyperemesis if they have had the problem in previous pregnancies or are prone to motion sickness. Morning sickness can cause decreased appetite, low level nausea, or vomiting. This is different from true hyperemesis because. people are typically still able to eat and drink fluids some of the time. Symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum are much more severe. They may include: Severe, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy Salivating a lot more than normal Weight loss Signs of dehydration such as dark urine, dry skin, weakness, lightheadedness or fainting Constipation Inability to take in adequate amounts of fluid or nutrition. Your health care provider will do a physical exam. Your blood pressure may be low. Your pulse may be high. The following laboratory tests will be done to check for signs of dehydration: Complete blood count Electrolytes Urine ketones Weight loss Your provider may need to run tests to make sure you do not have liver and gastrointestinal problems. A pregnancy ultrasound will be done to see if you are carrying twins or more babies. Ultrasound also checks for a hydatidiform mole. Morning sickness can most often be managed by avoiding triggering foods that trigger the problem and drinking plenty of fluids when the symptoms let up in order to stay hydrated. If your nausea and vomiting causes you to become dehydrated, you will receive fluids through an IV. You also may be given anti-nausea medicine. If nausea and vomiting is so severe that you and your baby might be in danger, you will be admitted to the hospital for treatment. If you can't eat enough to get the nutrients you and your baby need, you may get extra nutrients either through an IV or a tube placed into your stomach. To help manage symptoms at home, try these tips. Avoid triggers. You may notice that certain things can trigger nausea and vomiting. These may include: Certain noises and sounds, even the radio or TV Bright or blinking lights Toothpaste Smells such as perfume and scented bathing and grooming products Pressure on your stomach (wear loose-fitting clothes) Riding in a car Taking showers Eat and drink when you are able. Take advantage of the times you feel better to eat and drink. Eat small, frequent meals. Try dry, bland foods such as crackers or potatoes. Try eating any foods that appeal to you. See if you can tolerate nutritious smoothies with fruits or vegetables. Increase fluids during times of the day when you feel least nauseated. Seltzer, ginger ale, or other sparkling drinks may help. You can also try using low-dose ginger supplements or acupressure wrist bands to ease symptoms. Vitamin B6 (no more than 100 mg daily) has been shown to decrease nausea in early pregnancy. Ask your provider if this vitamin might help you. Another medicine called doxylamine (Unisom) has been shown to be very effective and safe when combined with Vitamin B6 for nausea in pregnancy. You can buy this medicine without a prescription. Morning sickness typically is mild, but persistent. It can begin between 4 and 8 weeks of pregnancy. It typically goes away by 16 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting may also start between 4 and 8 weeks of pregnancy and often goes away by weeks 14 to 16. Some women will continue to have nausea and vomiting for their entire pregnancy. With proper identification of symptoms and careful follow-up, serious complications for the baby or mother are rare. Severe vomiting is harmful because it leads to dehydration and poor weight gain during pregnancy. Rarely, a woman may have bleeding in her esophagus or other serious problems from constant vomiting. The condition can make it difficult to continue to work or take care of yourself. It can cause anxiety and depression in some women that lingers after the pregnancy. Call your provider if you are pregnant and have severe nausea and vomiting or if you have any of the following symptoms: Signs of dehydration Unable to tolerate any fluids for over 12 hours Lightheadedness or dizziness Blood in the vomit Abdominal pain Weight loss of more than 5 lb. Nausea - hyperemesis; Vomiting - hyperemesis; Morning sickness - hyperemesis; Pregnancy - hyperemesis. Cappell MS. Gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy. |
| Hyperemia | ETDF | 460,950,11090,65230,115790,342500,431220,535580,603160,805790 | Increase in blood flow to different tissues. |
| Hyperglycemia | XTRA | 324,528,15,1.19,250,6.79,9.39,9.4,15,20,35,40,48,72,95,125,340,302,440,465,484,500,522,600,625,650,700,787,800,802,1550,803,880,440,444,1865,428,1000,1550,1800,1850,1865,2000,2003,2008,2013,2050,2080,2127.5,2170,2720,4000,4200,5000,10000 | See High Blood Sugar program. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperglycemia : Hyperglycemia - infants. A healthy baby's body most often has very careful control of blood sugar level. Insulin is the main hormone in the body that regulates blood sugar. Sick babies may have poor insulin function or low amounts. This causes poor control of the blood sugar. There can be specific causes of ineffective or low insulin. Causes may include infection, liver problems, hormone problems, and some medicines. Rarely, babies may actually have diabetes, and therefore have a low insulin level that results in high blood sugar. Babies with hyperglycemia often have no symptoms. Sometimes, babies with high blood sugar will produce large amounts of urine and become dehydrated. High blood sugar may be a sign that the baby has added stress on the body due to problems such as an infection or heart failure. A blood test will be done to check the baby's blood sugar level. This can be done with a heel or finger stick at the bedside or in a health care provider's office or lab. There are most often no long-term effects from a temporary high blood sugar level unless the baby has diabetes. High blood sugar - infants; High blood glucose level - infants. Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia. Devaskar SU, Garg M. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the neonate. |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma | ETDF | 170,180,840,7590,87320,132510,345030,657500,792500,925790 | Serious complication that can arise when diabetes is not being properly controlled. |
| Hyperhidrosis | ETDF | 60,120,850,7500,32500,40000,133630,226320,475580,527000 | Abnormally increased sweating. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperhidrosis : Hyperhidrosis. Sweating helps the body stay cool. In most cases, it is perfectly natural. People sweat more in warm temperatures, when they exercise, or in response to situations that make them nervous, angry, embarrassed, or afraid. Sweating Watch this video about: Sweating Excessive sweating occurs without such triggers. People with hyperhidrosis appear to have overactive sweat glands. The uncontrollable sweating can lead to significant discomfort, both physical and emotional. When excessive sweating affects the hands, feet, and armpits, it is called primary or focal hyperhidrosis. In most cases, no cause can be found. It seems to run in families. If the sweating occurs as a result of another medical condition, it is called secondary hyperhidrosis. The sweating may be all over the body or it may be in one area. Conditions that cause secondary hyperhidrosis include: Acromegaly Anxiety conditions Cancer Carcinoid syndrome Certain medicines and substances of abuse Glucose control disorders Heart disease, such as heart attack Overactive thyroid Lung disease Menopause Parkinson disease Pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor) Spinal cord injury Stroke Tuberculosis or other infections. The primary symptom of hyperhidrosis is wetness. Visible signs of sweating may be noted during a visit with a health care provider. Tests may also be used to diagnose excessive sweating, including: Starch-iodine test. An iodine solution is applied to the sweaty area. After it dries, starch is sprinkled on the area. The starch-iodine combination turns a dark blue color wherever there is excess sweat. Paper test. Special paper is placed on the affected area to absorb the sweat, and then weighed. The heavier it weights, the more sweat has accumulated. Blood tests. These may be ordered if thyroid problems or other medical conditions are suspected. Imaging tests may be ordered if a tumor is suspected. You may also be asked details about your sweating, such as: Location. Does it occur on your face, palms, or armpits, or all over the body? Time pattern. Does it occur at night? Did it begin suddenly? Triggers. Does the sweating occur when you are reminded of something that upsets you (such as a traumatic event)? Other symptoms. Weight loss, pounding heartbeat, cold or clammy hands, fever, lack of appetite. A wide range of common treatments for hyperhidrosis includes: Antiperspirants. Excessive sweating may be controlled with strong antiperspirants, which plug the sweat ducts. Products containing 10% to 20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate are the first line of treatment for underarm sweating. Some people may be prescribed a product containing a higher dose of aluminum chloride, which is applied nightly onto the affected areas. Antiperspirants can cause skin irritation, and large doses of aluminum chloride can damage clothing. Note: Deodorants do not prevent sweating, but are helpful in reducing body odor. Medicines. Medicines may prevent stimulation of sweat glands. These are prescribed for certain types of hyperhidrosis such as excessive sweating of the face. Medicines have side effects and are not right for everyone. Iontophoresis. This procedure uses electricity to temporarily turn off the sweat gland. It is most effective for sweating of the hands and feet. The hands or feet are placed into water, and then a gentle current of electricity is passed through it. The electricity is gradually increased until the person feels a light tingling sensation. The therapy lasts about 10 to 30 minutes and requires several sessions. Side effects, although rare, include skin cracking and blisters. Botox. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is used to treat severe underarm, palmar, and plantar sweating. This condition is called primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Botulinum toxin injected into the underarm temporarily blocks the nerves that stimulate sweating. Side effects include injection-site pain and flu-like symptoms. Botox used for sweating of the palms can cause mild, but temporary weakness and intense pain. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS). In severe cases, a minimally-invasive surgical procedure called sympathectomy may be recommended when other treatments do not work. The procedure cuts a nerve, turning off the signal that tells the body to sweat excessively. It is usually done on people whose palms sweat much more heavily than normal. It may also be used to treat extreme sweating of the face. ETS does not work as well for those with excessive armpit sweating. Underarm surgery. This is surgery to remove the sweat glands in the armpits. Methods used include laser, curettage (scraping), excision (cutting), or liposuction. These procedures are done using local anesthesia. With treatment, hyperhidrosis can be managed. Your provider can discuss treatment options with you. Call your provider if you have sweating: That is prolonged, excessive, and unexplained. With or followed by chest pain or pressure. With weight loss. That occurs mostly during sleep. With fever, weight loss, chest pain, shortness of breath, or a rapid, pounding heartbeat. These symptoms may be a sign of an underlying disease, such as overactive thyroid. Sweating - excessive; Perspiration - excessive; Diaphoresis. Langtry JAA. Hyperhidrosis. |
| Hyperinsulinism | ETDF | 140,250,850,7500,8000,13930,185790,325230,741340,960410 | Excess insulin levels in the blood. |
| Hyperkalemia | ETDF | 100,570,950,12850,20000,37500,95790,250000,475580,527000 | Excess potassium levels in the blood. |
| Hyperlipidemia Familial Combined | ETDF | 70,230,830,12330,30000,131000,253020,350000,425790,826900 | Genetic disorder with abnormally high levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. |
| Hyperopia | ETDF | 30,460,600,8850,72500,115780,217500,493500,723010,825790 | Commonly called farsightedness. |
| Hyperosmia | CAFL | 20,10000,522,146 | Overacute smell and taste. Nose |
| Hyperosmia | XTRA | 727,787,800,880,10000 | Overacute smell and taste. Other use: leg problems. |
| Hyperosmia | XTRA | 20,146,522,812,10000 | Overacute smell and taste. |
| Hyperostosis | ETDF | 120,250,700,2500,10530,2750,32500,92500,356720,425580 | Excessive growth of bone. |
| Hyperostosis | ETDF | 120,250,700,2500,2750,10530,32500,92500,356720,425580 | Excessive growth of bone. |
| Hyperoxaluria | ETDF | 30,320,620,800,7500,2500,32500,90000,322060,524940 | Excessive urinary excretion of oxalate - may indicate presence of calcium oxalate Kidney Stones. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | CAFL | 4.6,9.5,9.6 | Overactivity of parathyroid glands resulting in excess of parathyroid hormone. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperparathyroidism : Hyperparathyroidism. There are 4 tiny parathyroid glands in the neck, near or attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands help control calcium use and removal by the body. They do this by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and bone. When calcium level is too low, the body responds by making more PTH. This causes the calcium level in the blood to rise. When one or both of the parathyroid glands grow larger, it leads to too much PTH. Most often, the cause is not known. The disease is most common in people over age 60, but it can also occur in younger adults. Hyperparathyroidism in childhood is very unusual. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Radiation to the head and neck increases the risk. In rare cases, the disease is caused by parathyroid cancer. Medical conditions that cause low blood calcium or increased phosphate can also lead to hyperparathyroidism. Common conditions include: Conditions that make it hard for the body to remove phosphate Kidney failure Not enough calcium in the diet Too much calcium lost in the urine Vitamin D disorders (may occur in children who do not eat a variety of foods, and in older adults who do not get enough sunlight on their skin) Problems absorbing nutrients from food. Hyperparathyroidism is often diagnosed before symptoms occur. Symptoms are mostly caused by damage to organs from high calcium level in the blood, or by the loss of calcium from the bones. Symptoms can include: Bone pain or tenderness Depression and forgetfulness Feeling tired, ill, and weak Fragile bones of the limbs and spine that can break easily Increased amount of urine produced and needing to urinate more often Kidney stones Nausea and loss of appetite. The health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about symptoms. Tests that may be done include: PTH blood test Calcium blood test Alkaline phosphatase Phosphorus 24-hour urine test Bone x-rays and bone mineral density (DXA) tests can help detect bone loss, fractures, or bone softening. X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans of the kidneys or urinary tract may show calcium deposits or a blockage. If you have a mildly increased calcium level and don't have symptoms, you may choose to have regular checkups or get treated. If you decide to have treatment, it may include: Drinking more fluids to prevent kidney stones from forming Exercising Not taking a type of water pill called thiazide diuretic Estrogen for women who have gone through menopause Having surgery to remove the overactive glands (usually for people under age 50) If you have symptoms or your calcium level is very high, you may need surgery to remove the parathyroid gland that is overproducing the hormone. If you have hyperparathyroidism from a medical condition, your provider may prescribe vitamin D, if you have a low vitamin D level. If hyperparathyroidism is caused by kidney failure, treatment may include: Extra calcium and vitamin D Avoiding phosphate in the diet The medicine cinacalcet (Sensipar) Dialysis or a kidney transplant Parathyroid surgery, if the parathyroid level becomes uncontrollably high. Outlook depends on the cause of hyperparathyroidism. Long-term problems that can occur when hyperparathyroidism is not well controlled include: Bones become weak, deformed, or can break High blood pressure and heart disease Kidney stones Long-term kidney disease Parathyroid gland surgery can result in hypoparathyroidism and damage to the nerves that control the vocal cords. Parathyroid-related hypercalcemia; Osteoporosis - hyperparathyroidism; Bone thinning - hyperparathyroidism; Osteopenia - hyperparathyroidism; High calcium level - hyperparathyroidism; Chronic kidney disease - hyperparathyroidism; Kidney failure - hyperparathyroidism; Overactive parathyroid. Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands. Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism. |
| Hyperpituitarism | ETDF | 130,350,700,850,5790,77250,130000,296500,625580,915700 | Production of excess pituitary hormones, usually due to pituitary adenoma. Also see Adenoma, and Cancer Adenoma programs. |
| Hyperprolactinemia | ETDF | 30,520,680,900,7500,88500,151790,285000,325790,819340 | Abnormally high levels of prolactin in blood. |
| Hypersensitivity | KHZ | 10,370,650,800,2500,25580,52500,192500,375790,926060 | Undesirable immune system reactions like autoimmunity and allergies. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypersensitivity : Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis usually occurs in people who work in places where there are high levels of organic dusts, fungus, or molds. Long-term exposure can lead to lung inflammation and acute lung disease. Over time, the acute condition turns into long-lasting (chronic) lung disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis may also be caused by fungi or bacteria in humidifiers, heating systems, and air conditioners found in homes and offices. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as isocyanates or acid anhydrides, can also lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitis include: Bird fancier's lung: This is the most common type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is caused by repeated or intense exposure to proteins found in the feathers or droppings of many species of birds. Farmer's lung: This type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by exposure to dust from moldy hay, straw, and grain. Symptoms of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis often occur 4 to 6 hours after you have left the area where the offending substance is found. This makes it difficult to find a connection between your activity and the disease. Symptoms might resolve before you go back to the area where you encountered the substance. Symptoms may include: Chills Cough Fever Malaise (feeling ill) Shortness of breath Symptoms of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis may include: Breathlessness, especially with activity Cough, often dry Loss of appetite Unintentional weight loss. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your symptoms. Your provider may hear abnormal lung sounds called crackles (rales) when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Lung changes due to chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be seen on a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Aspergillosis precipitin blood test to check if you've been exposed to the aspergillus fungus Bronchoscopy with washings, biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage Complete blood count ( CBC ) CT scan of the chest Hypersensitivity pneumonitis antibody blood test Krebs von den Lungen-6 assay (KL-6) blood test Pulmonary function tests Surgical lung biopsy. First, the offending substance must be identified. Treatment involves avoiding this substance in the future. Some people may need to change jobs if they cannot avoid the substance at work. If you have a chronic form of this disease, your doctor may recommend that you take glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory medicines). Sometimes, treatments used for asthma can help people with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Most symptoms go away when you avoid or limit your exposure to the material that caused the problem. If prevention is made in the acute stage, the outlook is good. When it reaches the chronic stage, the disease might continue to progress, even if the offending substance is avoided. The chronic form of this disease may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. This is a scarring of the lung tissue that often is not reversible. Eventually, end-stage lung disease and respiratory failure can occur. Call your provider if you develop symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The chronic form can be prevented by avoiding the material that causes the lung inflammation. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis; Farmer's lung; Mushroom picker's disease; Humidifier or air-conditioner lung; Bird breeder's or bird fancier's lung. Interstitial lung disease - adults - discharge. Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Respiratory system Respiratory system. Douglass JA, Sandrini A, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypersensitivity : Hypersensitivity vasculitis. Hypersensitivity vasculitis, or cutaneous small vessel vasculitis, is caused by: An allergic reaction to a drug or other foreign substance A reaction to an infection It usually affects people older than age 16. Often, the cause of the problem cannot be found even with a careful study of medical history. Hypersensitivity vasculitis may look like systemic, necrotizing vasculitis , which can affect blood vessels throughout the body and not just in the skin. In children, it can look like Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Symptoms may include: New rash with tender, purple or brownish-red spots over large areas Skin sores mostly located on the legs, buttocks, or trunk Blisters on the skin Hives ( urticaria ), may last longer than 24 hours Open sores with dead tissue (necrotic ulcers ). The health care provider will base the diagnosis on symptoms. The provider will review any medicines or drugs you have taken and recent infections. You will be asked about cough, fever, or chest pain. A complete physical exam will be done. Blood and urine tests may be done to look for systemic disorders such systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, or hepatitis C. The blood tests may include: Complete blood count with differential Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Chemistry panel with liver enzymes and creatinine Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) Complement levels Cryoglobulins Hepatitis B and C tests HIV test Urinalysis Skin biopsy shows inflammation of the small blood vessels. The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation. Your provider may prescribe aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation of the blood vessels. (DO NOT give aspirin to children except as advised by your provider). Your provider will tell you to stop taking medicines that could be causing this condition. Hypersensitivity vasculitis most often goes away over time. The condition may come back in some people. People with ongoing vasculitis should be checked for systemic vasculitis. Complications may include: Lasting damage to the blood vessels or skin with scarring Inflamed blood vessels affecting the internal organs. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hypersensitivity vasculitis. DO NOT take medicines which have caused an allergic reaction in the past. Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis; Allergic vasculitis; Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Vasculitis on the palm Vasculitis on the palm Vasculitis Vasculitis Vasculitis, urticarial on the hand Vasculitis, urticarial on the hand. Habif TP. Hypersensitivity syndromes and vasculitis. |
| Hypersensitivity | XTRA | 33 | Undesirable immune system reactions like autoimmunity and allergies. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypersensitivity : Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis usually occurs in people who work in places where there are high levels of organic dusts, fungus, or molds. Long-term exposure can lead to lung inflammation and acute lung disease. Over time, the acute condition turns into long-lasting (chronic) lung disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis may also be caused by fungi or bacteria in humidifiers, heating systems, and air conditioners found in homes and offices. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as isocyanates or acid anhydrides, can also lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitis include: Bird fancier's lung: This is the most common type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is caused by repeated or intense exposure to proteins found in the feathers or droppings of many species of birds. Farmer's lung: This type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by exposure to dust from moldy hay, straw, and grain. Symptoms of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis often occur 4 to 6 hours after you have left the area where the offending substance is found. This makes it difficult to find a connection between your activity and the disease. Symptoms might resolve before you go back to the area where you encountered the substance. Symptoms may include: Chills Cough Fever Malaise (feeling ill) Shortness of breath Symptoms of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis may include: Breathlessness, especially with activity Cough, often dry Loss of appetite Unintentional weight loss. The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your symptoms. Your provider may hear abnormal lung sounds called crackles (rales) when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Lung changes due to chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be seen on a chest x-ray. Other tests may include: Aspergillosis precipitin blood test to check if you've been exposed to the aspergillus fungus Bronchoscopy with washings, biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage Complete blood count ( CBC ) CT scan of the chest Hypersensitivity pneumonitis antibody blood test Krebs von den Lungen-6 assay (KL-6) blood test Pulmonary function tests Surgical lung biopsy. First, the offending substance must be identified. Treatment involves avoiding this substance in the future. Some people may need to change jobs if they cannot avoid the substance at work. If you have a chronic form of this disease, your doctor may recommend that you take glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory medicines). Sometimes, treatments used for asthma can help people with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Most symptoms go away when you avoid or limit your exposure to the material that caused the problem. If prevention is made in the acute stage, the outlook is good. When it reaches the chronic stage, the disease might continue to progress, even if the offending substance is avoided. The chronic form of this disease may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. This is a scarring of the lung tissue that often is not reversible. Eventually, end-stage lung disease and respiratory failure can occur. Call your provider if you develop symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The chronic form can be prevented by avoiding the material that causes the lung inflammation. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis; Farmer's lung; Mushroom picker's disease; Humidifier or air-conditioner lung; Bird breeder's or bird fancier's lung. Interstitial lung disease - adults - discharge. Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Respiratory system Respiratory system. Douglass JA, Sandrini A, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypersensitivity : Hypersensitivity vasculitis. Hypersensitivity vasculitis, or cutaneous small vessel vasculitis, is caused by: An allergic reaction to a drug or other foreign substance A reaction to an infection It usually affects people older than age 16. Often, the cause of the problem cannot be found even with a careful study of medical history. Hypersensitivity vasculitis may look like systemic, necrotizing vasculitis , which can affect blood vessels throughout the body and not just in the skin. In children, it can look like Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Symptoms may include: New rash with tender, purple or brownish-red spots over large areas Skin sores mostly located on the legs, buttocks, or trunk Blisters on the skin Hives ( urticaria ), may last longer than 24 hours Open sores with dead tissue (necrotic ulcers ). The health care provider will base the diagnosis on symptoms. The provider will review any medicines or drugs you have taken and recent infections. You will be asked about cough, fever, or chest pain. A complete physical exam will be done. Blood and urine tests may be done to look for systemic disorders such systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, or hepatitis C. The blood tests may include: Complete blood count with differential Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Chemistry panel with liver enzymes and creatinine Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) Complement levels Cryoglobulins Hepatitis B and C tests HIV test Urinalysis Skin biopsy shows inflammation of the small blood vessels. The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation. Your provider may prescribe aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation of the blood vessels. (DO NOT give aspirin to children except as advised by your provider). Your provider will tell you to stop taking medicines that could be causing this condition. Hypersensitivity vasculitis most often goes away over time. The condition may come back in some people. People with ongoing vasculitis should be checked for systemic vasculitis. Complications may include: Lasting damage to the blood vessels or skin with scarring Inflamed blood vessels affecting the internal organs. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hypersensitivity vasculitis. DO NOT take medicines which have caused an allergic reaction in the past. Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis; Allergic vasculitis; Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Vasculitis on the palm Vasculitis on the palm Vasculitis Vasculitis Vasculitis, urticarial on the hand Vasculitis, urticarial on the hand. Habif TP. Hypersensitivity syndromes and vasculitis. |
| Hypersensitivity Immediate | ETDF | 40,240,570,1920,30720,57500,152010,321260,669710,823010 | Also called Type I hypersensitivity. Type of allergic response. |
| Hypersomnia Periodic | ETDF | 40,500,680,870,5580,7500,37500,95540,323010,426900 | Excessive daytime sleep or sleepiness, or abnormally prolonged nighttime sleep. See Kleine-Levin Syndrome. |
| Hypertension | ETDF | 30,400,780,1000,2500,33390,75790,185580,425790,719340 | See Blood Pressure High. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypertension : Hypertension. Can be caused by Coxsackie virus B5, Echovirus, Nanobacteria. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Hypertension 2 | CAFL | 2112,20,95,324,528,15,9.19,7.83,6,10000,880,787,727,304 | See Blood Pressure High. |
| Hypertension 3 | XTRA | 6,7.83,9.18,15,20,95,304,324,528,727,787,880,2112,3176,10000 | See Blood Pressure High. |
| Hypertension 4 | XTRA | 6,7.83,9.18,15,20,95,304,324,528,727,787,880,10000 | See Blood Pressure High. |
| Hypertension Malignant | ETDF | 70,410,780,3210,88520,109690,215230,505790,615580,725790 | High blood pressure with acute impairment of organ systems (especially the CNS, cardiovascular system and/or the renal system) that can result in irreversible organ damage. Kidney |
| Hypertension Portal | ETDF | 40,400,780,1210,52780,122850,315000,487500,725790,915700 | High blood pressure in portal venous system (liver). |
| Hypertension Pulmonary | ETDF | 140,400,780,1000,2500,12330,15580,52500,225790,424940 | High blood pressure in lung vasculature, causing dizziness, shortness of breath, faints, and swollen leg. |
| Hypertension Renin Induced | CAFL | 9.19,6 | RED high, diastolic high pressure. Use Kidney programs. See Blood Pressure High programs. |
| Hypertension Spastic | CAFL | 95 | See Blood Pressure High programs. Use Kidney programs. |
| Hyperthyroid 1 | CAFL | 3,0.5 | Excess production of thyroid hormone, leading to Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid Gland |
| Hyperthyroid 2 | XTRA | 0.5,3,20,160 | Excess production of thyroid hormone, leading to Thyrotoxicosis. |
| Hyperthyroidism | ETDF | 70,460,830,7500,20000,85230,313630,429700,405790,535590 | Excess production of thyroid hormone, leading to Thyrotoxicosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperthyroidism : Hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located at the front of the neck just above where your collarbones meet. The gland makes the hormones that control the way every cell in the body uses energy. This process is called metabolism. Thyroid gland Many diseases and conditions can cause hyperthyroidism, including: Graves disease (most common cause of hyperthyroidism) Inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections, some medicines, or after pregnancy (common) Taking too much thyroid hormone (common) Noncancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland (rare) Some tumors of the testes or ovaries (rare) Getting medical imaging tests with contrast dye that has iodine (rare, and only if there is a problem with the thyroid) Eating too much of foods that contain iodine (very rare, and only if there is a problem with the thyroid). Common symptoms include: Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Fatigue Frequent bowel movements Goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules Hair loss Hand tremor Heat intolerance Increased appetite Increased sweating Irregular menstrual periods in women Nail changes (thickness or flaking) Nervousness Pounding or racing heart beat ( palpitations ) Restlessness Sleep problems Weight loss (or weight gain, in some cases) Goiter Other symptoms that can occur with this disease: Breast development in men Clammy skin Diarrhea Feeling faint when you raise your hands High blood pressure Itchy or irritated eyes Itchy skin Nausea and vomiting Protruding eyes (exophthalmos) Skin blushing or flushing Skin rash on the shins Weakness of the hips and shoulders Endocrine glands. The health care provider will do a physical exam. The exam may find the following: High systolic blood pressure (the first number in a blood pressure reading) Increased heart rate Enlarged thyroid gland Shaking of the hands Swelling or inflammation around the eyes Very strong reflexes Skin, hair, and nail changes Blood tests are also ordered to measure your thyroid hormones TSH , T3, and T4. You may also have blood tests to check: Cholesterol levels Glucose Specialized thyroid tests like Thyroid receptor antibody (TRAb) or Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) Imaging tests of the thyroid may also be needed, including: Radioactive iodine uptake and scan Thyroid ultrasound (rarely). Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Hyperthyroidism is usually treated with one or more of the following: Antithyroid medicines (propylthiouracil or methimazole) which reduce or block the effects of the extra thyroid hormone Radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland and stop the excess production of hormones Surgery to remove the thyroid If your thyroid is removed with surgery or destroyed with radioactive iodine, you must take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life. Medicines called beta-blockers may be prescribed to treat symptoms such as fast heart rate, tremor, sweating, and anxiety until the hyperthyroidism can be controlled. Hyperthyroidism is treatable. Some causes may go away without treatment. Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease usually gets worse over time. It has many complications, some of which are severe and affect quality of life. Thyroid crisis (storm) is a sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased alertness, and abdominal pain may occur. People need to be treated in the hospital. Other complications of hyperthyroidism include: Heart problems such as fast heart rate, abnormal heart rhythm, and heart failure Osteoporosis Surgery-related complications, including: Scarring of the neck Hoarseness due to nerve damage to the voice box Low calcium level due to damage to the parathyroid glands (located near the thyroid gland) Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Call your provider if you have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Go to an emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have: Change in consciousness Dizziness Rapid, irregular heartbeat Call your provider if you are being treated for hyperthyroidism and you develop symptoms of underactive thyroid, including: Depression Mental and physical sluggishness Weight gain. Thyrotoxicosis; Overactive thyroid; Graves disease - hyperthyroidism; Thyroiditis - hyperthyroidism; Toxic goiter - hyperthyroidism; Thyroid nodules - hyperthyroidism; Thyroid hormone - hyperthyroidism. Thyroid gland removal - discharge. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Goiter Goiter Brain-thyroid link Brain-thyroid link Thyroid gland Thyroid gland. Davies TF, Laurberg P, Bahn RS. Hyperthyroid disorders. |
| Hyperthyroidism | KHZ | 70,460,620,830,7500,20000,85230,313630,405790,535590 | Excess production of thyroid hormone, leading to Thyrotoxicosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperthyroidism : Hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located at the front of the neck just above where your collarbones meet. The gland makes the hormones that control the way every cell in the body uses energy. This process is called metabolism. Thyroid gland Many diseases and conditions can cause hyperthyroidism, including: Graves disease (most common cause of hyperthyroidism) Inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections, some medicines, or after pregnancy (common) Taking too much thyroid hormone (common) Noncancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland (rare) Some tumors of the testes or ovaries (rare) Getting medical imaging tests with contrast dye that has iodine (rare, and only if there is a problem with the thyroid) Eating too much of foods that contain iodine (very rare, and only if there is a problem with the thyroid). Common symptoms include: Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Fatigue Frequent bowel movements Goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules Hair loss Hand tremor Heat intolerance Increased appetite Increased sweating Irregular menstrual periods in women Nail changes (thickness or flaking) Nervousness Pounding or racing heart beat ( palpitations ) Restlessness Sleep problems Weight loss (or weight gain, in some cases) Goiter Other symptoms that can occur with this disease: Breast development in men Clammy skin Diarrhea Feeling faint when you raise your hands High blood pressure Itchy or irritated eyes Itchy skin Nausea and vomiting Protruding eyes (exophthalmos) Skin blushing or flushing Skin rash on the shins Weakness of the hips and shoulders Endocrine glands. The health care provider will do a physical exam. The exam may find the following: High systolic blood pressure (the first number in a blood pressure reading) Increased heart rate Enlarged thyroid gland Shaking of the hands Swelling or inflammation around the eyes Very strong reflexes Skin, hair, and nail changes Blood tests are also ordered to measure your thyroid hormones TSH , T3, and T4. You may also have blood tests to check: Cholesterol levels Glucose Specialized thyroid tests like Thyroid receptor antibody (TRAb) or Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) Imaging tests of the thyroid may also be needed, including: Radioactive iodine uptake and scan Thyroid ultrasound (rarely). Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Hyperthyroidism is usually treated with one or more of the following: Antithyroid medicines (propylthiouracil or methimazole) which reduce or block the effects of the extra thyroid hormone Radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland and stop the excess production of hormones Surgery to remove the thyroid If your thyroid is removed with surgery or destroyed with radioactive iodine, you must take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life. Medicines called beta-blockers may be prescribed to treat symptoms such as fast heart rate, tremor, sweating, and anxiety until the hyperthyroidism can be controlled. Hyperthyroidism is treatable. Some causes may go away without treatment. Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease usually gets worse over time. It has many complications, some of which are severe and affect quality of life. Thyroid crisis (storm) is a sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased alertness, and abdominal pain may occur. People need to be treated in the hospital. Other complications of hyperthyroidism include: Heart problems such as fast heart rate, abnormal heart rhythm, and heart failure Osteoporosis Surgery-related complications, including: Scarring of the neck Hoarseness due to nerve damage to the voice box Low calcium level due to damage to the parathyroid glands (located near the thyroid gland) Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Call your provider if you have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Go to an emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have: Change in consciousness Dizziness Rapid, irregular heartbeat Call your provider if you are being treated for hyperthyroidism and you develop symptoms of underactive thyroid, including: Depression Mental and physical sluggishness Weight gain. Thyrotoxicosis; Overactive thyroid; Graves disease - hyperthyroidism; Thyroiditis - hyperthyroidism; Toxic goiter - hyperthyroidism; Thyroid nodules - hyperthyroidism; Thyroid hormone - hyperthyroidism. Thyroid gland removal - discharge. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Goiter Goiter Brain-thyroid link Brain-thyroid link Thyroid gland Thyroid gland. Davies TF, Laurberg P, Bahn RS. Hyperthyroid disorders. |
| Hypertrophy Left Ventricular | ETDF | 110,570,950,5250,20000,37500,262500,593500,775790,808500 | Thickening and enlargement of walls of heart's left ventricle. |
| Hypertrophy Right Ventricular | ETDF | 120,570,950,5580,20000,145790,262500,393500,734510,919340 | Thickening and enlargement of walls of heart's right ventricle. |
| Hyperventilation | ETDF | 120,230,850,5500,22500,35580,73300,92500,352930,523010 | Excessive and inappropriate removal of carbon dioxide from the body via the lungs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperventilation : Hyperventilation. You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Excessive breathing creates a low level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This causes many of the symptoms of hyperventilation. You may hyperventilate from an emotional cause such as during a panic attack. Or, it can be due to a medical problem, such as bleeding or infection. Your health care provider will determine the cause of your hyperventilation. Rapid breathing may be a medical emergency and you need to get treated, unless you have had this before and your provider has told you that you can treat it on your own. If you frequently overbreathe, you may have a medical problem called hyperventilation syndrome. When you're overbreathing, you might not be aware you're breathing fast and deep. But you'll likely be aware of the other symptoms, including: Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, weak, or not able to think straight Feeling as if you can't catch your breath Chest pain or fast and pounding heartbeat Belching or bloating Dry mouth Muscle spasms in the hands and feet Numbness and tingling in the arms or around the mouth Problems sleeping. Emotional causes include: Anxiety and nervousness Panic attack Situations where there is a psychological advantage in having a sudden, dramatic illness (for example, somatization disorder ) Stress Medical causes include: Bleeding Heart problem such as heart failure or heart attack Drugs (such as an aspirin overdose ) Infection such as pneumonia or sepsis Ketoacidosis and similar medical conditions Lung disease such as asthma , COPD , or pulmonary embolism Pregnancy Severe pain Stimulant. Your provider will examine you for other causes of your overbreathing. If your provider has said your hyperventilation is due to anxiety, stress, or panic, there are steps you can take at home. You, your friends, and family can learn techniques to stop it from happening and prevent future attacks. If you start hyperventilating, the goal is to raise the carbon dioxide level in your blood. This will end most of your symptoms. Ways to do this include: Get reassurance from a friend or family member to help relax your breathing. Words like 'you are doing fine,' 'you are not having a heart attack,' and 'you are not going to die' are very helpful. It's very important that the person stays calm and uses a soft, relaxed tone. To help get rid of carbon dioxide, learn to do pursed lip breathing. This is done by puckering your lips as if you're blowing out a candle, then breathing out slowly through your lips. Over the long term, measures to help you stop overbreathing include: If you have been diagnosed with anxiety or panic, see a mental health professional to help you understand and treat your condition. Learn breathing exercises that help you relax and breathe from your diaphragm and abdomen, rather than from your chest wall. Practice relaxation techniques, such as progressive muscle relaxation or meditation. Exercise regularly. If these methods alone don't prevent overbreathing, your provider may recommend medicine. Call your provider if: You are having rapid breathing for the first time. This is a medical emergency and you should be taken to the emergency room right away. You are in pain, have a fever, or are bleeding. Your hyperventilation continues or gets worse, even with home treatment. You also have other symptoms. Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Your breathing will also be checked. If you are not breathing quickly at the time, the provider may try to cause hyperventilation by telling you to breathe in a certain way. The provider will then watch how you breathe and check which muscles you're using to breathe. Tests that may be ordered include: Blood tests for the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood Chest CT scan ECG to check your heart Ventilation/perfusion scan of your lungs to measure breathing and lung circulation X-rays of the chest. Rapid deep breathing; Breathing - rapid and deep; Overbreathing; Fast deep breathing; Respiratory rate - rapid and deep; Hyperventilation syndrome; Panic attack - hyperventilation; Anxiety - hyperventilation. Sadlon A, Chaitow L. Hyperventilation syndrome/breathing pattern disorders. |
| Hyperventilation | KHZ | 120,230,850,5500,22500,35580,73300,92500,352930,523100 | Excessive and inappropriate removal of carbon dioxide from the body via the lungs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyperventilation : Hyperventilation. You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Excessive breathing creates a low level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This causes many of the symptoms of hyperventilation. You may hyperventilate from an emotional cause such as during a panic attack. Or, it can be due to a medical problem, such as bleeding or infection. Your health care provider will determine the cause of your hyperventilation. Rapid breathing may be a medical emergency and you need to get treated, unless you have had this before and your provider has told you that you can treat it on your own. If you frequently overbreathe, you may have a medical problem called hyperventilation syndrome. When you're overbreathing, you might not be aware you're breathing fast and deep. But you'll likely be aware of the other symptoms, including: Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, weak, or not able to think straight Feeling as if you can't catch your breath Chest pain or fast and pounding heartbeat Belching or bloating Dry mouth Muscle spasms in the hands and feet Numbness and tingling in the arms or around the mouth Problems sleeping. Emotional causes include: Anxiety and nervousness Panic attack Situations where there is a psychological advantage in having a sudden, dramatic illness (for example, somatization disorder ) Stress Medical causes include: Bleeding Heart problem such as heart failure or heart attack Drugs (such as an aspirin overdose ) Infection such as pneumonia or sepsis Ketoacidosis and similar medical conditions Lung disease such as asthma , COPD , or pulmonary embolism Pregnancy Severe pain Stimulant. Your provider will examine you for other causes of your overbreathing. If your provider has said your hyperventilation is due to anxiety, stress, or panic, there are steps you can take at home. You, your friends, and family can learn techniques to stop it from happening and prevent future attacks. If you start hyperventilating, the goal is to raise the carbon dioxide level in your blood. This will end most of your symptoms. Ways to do this include: Get reassurance from a friend or family member to help relax your breathing. Words like 'you are doing fine,' 'you are not having a heart attack,' and 'you are not going to die' are very helpful. It's very important that the person stays calm and uses a soft, relaxed tone. To help get rid of carbon dioxide, learn to do pursed lip breathing. This is done by puckering your lips as if you're blowing out a candle, then breathing out slowly through your lips. Over the long term, measures to help you stop overbreathing include: If you have been diagnosed with anxiety or panic, see a mental health professional to help you understand and treat your condition. Learn breathing exercises that help you relax and breathe from your diaphragm and abdomen, rather than from your chest wall. Practice relaxation techniques, such as progressive muscle relaxation or meditation. Exercise regularly. If these methods alone don't prevent overbreathing, your provider may recommend medicine. Call your provider if: You are having rapid breathing for the first time. This is a medical emergency and you should be taken to the emergency room right away. You are in pain, have a fever, or are bleeding. Your hyperventilation continues or gets worse, even with home treatment. You also have other symptoms. Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Your breathing will also be checked. If you are not breathing quickly at the time, the provider may try to cause hyperventilation by telling you to breathe in a certain way. The provider will then watch how you breathe and check which muscles you're using to breathe. Tests that may be ordered include: Blood tests for the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood Chest CT scan ECG to check your heart Ventilation/perfusion scan of your lungs to measure breathing and lung circulation X-rays of the chest. Rapid deep breathing; Breathing - rapid and deep; Overbreathing; Fast deep breathing; Respiratory rate - rapid and deep; Hyperventilation syndrome; Panic attack - hyperventilation; Anxiety - hyperventilation. Sadlon A, Chaitow L. Hyperventilation syndrome/breathing pattern disorders. |
| Hypervitaminosis A | ETDF | 110,570,950,5500,17500,137500,262500,393500,775790,815700 | Toxicity from ingestion of excess pre-formed vitamin A. Eat carotenoid precursors instead. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypervitaminosis A : Hypervitaminosis A. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the liver. Many foods contain vitamin A, including: Meat, fish, and poultry Dairy products Some fruits and vegetables Some dietary supplements also contain Vitamin A. It is rare for vitamin A toxicity to occur just from vitamin A-rich foods. Usually, supplements are involved. Too much vitamin A can make you sick. Large doses of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Acute vitamin A poisoning occurs quickly, most often when an adult takes several hundred thousand international units (IUs) of vitamin A. Chronic vitamin A poisoning may occur over time in adults who regularly take more than 25,000 IU a day. Babies and children are more sensitive to vitamin A. They can become sick after taking smaller doses of vitamin A or if they swallow products that contain vitamin A, such as skin cream with retinol in it. Symptoms may include: Abnormal softening of the skull bone (in infants and children) Blurred vision Bone pain or swelling Bulging of the soft spot in an infant's skull ( fontanelle ) Changes in alertness or consciousness Decreased appetite Dizziness Double vision (in young children) Drowsiness Hair changes, such as hair loss and oily hair Headache Irritability Liver damage Nausea Poor weight gain (in infants and children) Skin changes, such as cracking at corners of the mouth, higher sensitivity to sunlight, oily skin, peeling, itching, and yellow color to the skin Vision changes Vomiting. These tests may be done if a high vitamin A level is suspected: Bone x-rays Blood calcium test Cholesterol test Liver function test Blood test to check vitamin A level Blood test to check other vitamin levels. Treatment involves simply stopping supplements (or in rare cases, foods) that contain vitamin A. Most people fully recover. Complications can include: Excessively high calcium level Failure to thrive (in infants) Kidney damage due to high calcium Liver damage Taking too much vitamin A during pregnancy may cause abnormal development in the growing baby. Talk to your health care provider about eating a proper diet while you are pregnant. Call your provider if you think that you or your child may have taken too much vitamin A, or you have symptoms of excess vitamin A. How much vitamin A you need depends on your age and gender. Other factors, such as pregnancy and your overall health, are also important. Ask your provider what amount is best for you. To avoid hypervitaminosis A, avoid taking more than the recommended daily allowance of this vitamin. Emphasis on vitamin A and beta carotene as anticancer vitamins may contribute to chronic hypervitaminosis A if people take more than is recommended. Vitamin A toxicity. Vitamin A source Vitamin A source. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001. PMID: 25057538 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25057538. Mason JB. Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients. |
| Hyphema | ETDF | 110,570,950,5500,217500,117500,162500,393500,677910,797610 | Presence of blood in front chamber of eye, usually due to trauma. Encyclopedia Entry for Hyphema : Hyphema. Hyphema is most often caused by trauma to the eye. Other causes of bleeding in the front chamber of the eye include: Blood vessel abnormality Cancer of the eye Severe inflammation of the iris Advanced diabetes Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia. Symptoms include: Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye Eye pain Light sensitivity Vision abnormalities You may not be able to see a small hyphema when looking at your eye in the mirror. With a total hyphema, the collection of blood will block the view of the iris and pupil. You may need the following tests and exams: Eye exam Intraocular pressure measurement ( tonometry ) Ultrasound testing. Treatment may not be needed in mild cases. The blood is absorbed in a few days. If bleeding comes back (most often in 3 to 5 days), the likely outcome of the condition will be much worse. The health care provider may recommend the following to cut down the chance that there will be more bleeding: Bed rest Eye patching Sedating medicines You may need to use eye drops to decrease the inflammation or lower the pressure in your eye. The eye doctor may need to remove the blood, especially if pressure in the eye is very high or the blood is slow to absorb again. You may need to stay in a hospital. The outcome depends upon the amount of injury to the eye. People with sickle cell disease are more likely to have eye complications and must be watched closely. People with diabetes will probably need laser treatment for the problem. Severe vision loss can occur. Complications may include: Acute glaucoma Impaired vision Recurring bleeding. Call your provider if you notice blood in the front of the eye or if you have an eye injury. You will need to be examined and treated by an eye doctor right away, especially if you have decreased vision. Many eye injuries can be prevented by wearing safety goggles or other protective eye wear. Always wear eye protection while playing sports, such as racquetball, or contact sports, such as basketball. Eye Eye. Fudemberg SJ, Myers JS, Katz LJ, Spaeth GL. Glaucoma following trauma. |
| Hypocalcemia | ETDF | 120,500,850,5500,32500,125790,270000,492500,658570,824940 | Low calcium levels in blood. |
| Hypochondria | XTRA | 1,488,588 | The worry that one may have a serious illness. Also see Hypochondriasis. Mind |
| Hypochondriasis | ETDF | 30,500,850,7500,8000,127500,235580,525790,725000,825790 | The worry that one may have a serious illness. Also see Hypochondria. |
| Hypochondrium Upper Abdomen 1 | XTRA | 20,727,787,880,10000 | Anatomical area of abdomen between bottom of breast and bottom of rib-cage. Other uses; neuralgia (arms), enlarged glands, fissures, ocular arteriosclerosis, balance (aural), distended organs, contractions/arrests/discharges, lack of conductivity. |
| Hypochondrium Upper Abdomen 2 | XTRA | 20,10000 | Anatomical area of abdomen between bottom of breast and bottom of rib-cage. Other uses: anosmia/lack of smell sense, pineal gland fever, intelligence/clarity of thought, hiccups, giddiness/dizziness, glandular fever (parathyroid). |
| Hypocupremia Congenital | ETDF | 170,420,18810,89100,115180,220050,375000,532510,615200,713870 | Copper deficiency as a result of heredity. |
| Hypoglycemia | ETDF | 150,350,620,930,7500,115090,252500,472500,693510,825790 | See Low Blood Sugar program. |
| Hypoglycemia | XTRA | 1.19,3,10,20,26,72,95,125,230,250,444,465,600,625,650,660,690,727.5,776,787,802,832,880,1500,1550,1600,1800,1865,2008,2127.5,2170,2489,2720 | See Low Blood Sugar program. |
| Hypogonadism | ETDF | 100,500,780,850,5580,67500,137500,285790,495800,726000 | Diminished function of ovaries/testes with consequent lower levels of sex hormones. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypogonadism : Hypogonadism. The cause of hypogonadism can be primary or central (secondary). In primary hypogonadism, the ovaries or testes themselves do not function properly. Causes of primary hypogonadism include: Certain autoimmune disorders Genetic and developmental disorders Infection Liver and kidney disease Radiation Surgery Trauma The most common genetic disorders that cause primary hypogonadism are Turner syndrome (in women) and Klinefelter syndrome (in men). If you already have other autoimmune disorders you may be at higher risk of autoimmune damage to the gonads. These can include disorders that affect the liver, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands, as well as type 1 diabetes. In central hypogonadism, the centers in the brain that control the gonads (hypothalamus and pituitary) do not function properly. Causes of central hypogonadism include: Anorexia nervosa Bleeding in the area of the pituitary Taking medicines, such as glucocorticoids and opiates Stopping anabolic steriods Genetic problems Infections Nutritional deficiencies Iron excess ( hemochromatosis ) Radiation Rapid, significant weight loss (including weight loss after bariatric surgery) Surgery Trauma Tumors A genetic cause of central hypogonadism is Kallmann syndrome. Many people with this condition also have a decreased sense of smell. Girls who have hypogonadism will not begin menstruating. Hypogonadism can affect their breast development and height. If hypogonadism occurs after puberty, symptoms in women include: Hot flashes Energy and mood changes Menstruation stops In boys, hypogonadism affects muscle, beard, genital and voice development. It also leads to growth problems. In men the symptoms are: Breast enlargement Muscle loss Decreased interest in sex (low libido) If a pituitary or other brain tumor is present (central hypogonadism), there may be: Headaches or vision loss Milky breast discharge (from a prolactinoma) Symptoms of other hormonal deficiencies (such as hypothyroidism ) The most common tumors affecting the pituitary are craniopharyngioma in children and prolactinoma adenomas in adults. You may need to have tests to check: Estrogen level (women) Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH level ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH) level Testosterone level (men) Other measures of pituitary function Other tests may include: Blood tests for anemia and iron Genetic tests including a karyotype to check chromosomal structure Prolactin level (milk hormone) Sperm count Thyroid tests Sometimes imaging tests are needed, such as a sonogram of the ovaries. If pituitary disease is suspected, an MRI or CT scan of the brain may be done. You may need to take hormone-based medicines. Estrogen and progesterone are used for girls and women. The medicines come in the form of a pill or skin patch. Testosterone is used for boys and men. The medicine can be given as a skin patch, skin gel, a solution applied to the armpit, a patch applied to the upper gum, or by injection. For women who have not had their uterus removed, combination treatment with estrogen and progesterone may decrease the chance of developing endometrial cancer. Women with hypogonadism who have low sex drive may also be prescribed low-dose testosterone or another male hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). In some women, injections or pills can be used to stimulate ovulation. Injections of pituitary hormone may be used to help men produce sperm. Other people may need surgery and radiation therapy if there is a pituitary or hypothalamic cause of the disorder. Many forms of hypogonadism are treatable and have a good outlook. In women, hypogonadism may cause infertility. Menopause is a form of hypogonadism that occurs naturally. It can cause hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and irritability as estrogen levels fall. The risk of osteoporosis and heart disease increase after menopause. Some women with hypogonadism take estrogen therapy , most often those who have early menopause. But long-term used of hormone therapy can increase the risk of breast cancer, blood clots and heart disease. Women should talk with their health care provider about the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy with your doctor. In men, hypogonadism results in loss of sex drive and may cause: Impotence Infertility Osteoporosis Weakness Men normally have lower testosterone as they age. However, the decline in hormone levels is not as dramatic as it is in women. Talk to your provider if you notice: Breast discharge Breast enlargement (men) Hot flashes (women) Impotence Loss of body hair Loss of menstrual period Problems getting pregnant Problems with your sex drive Weakness Both men and women should call their provider if they have headaches or vision problems. Maintaining fitness, normal body weight and healthy eating habits may help in some cases. Other causes may not be preventable. Gonadal deficiency; Testicular failure; Ovarian failure. Ali O, Donohoue PA. Hypofunction of the testes |
| Hypohidrosis | ETDF | 30,550,870,10720,27500,127500,335580,525610,826320,919550 | Inability to sweat given appropriate stimuli which can lead to heat stroke, exhaustion, and hyperthermia. |
| Hypokalemia | ETDF | 70,120,750,830,32750,107500,247500,350000,476290,605680 | Low levels of potassium in the blood. See Minerals - Potassium, and Potassium k programs. |
| Hyponatremia | ETDF | 130,240,730,870,2250,5780,30000,150000,175610,534250 | Low levels of sodium in blood. |
| Hypophosphatasia | ETDF | 40,220,950,5580,25680,17500,42500,60000,95230,125680 | Rare genetic metabolic bone disease. |
| Hypophyseal Disturbances | CAFL | 4 | Disruption in creation and transport of pituitary hormones. See Pituitary programs. Other uses: reduce blood pressure, stimulate pituitary gland, exhaustion, deep meditation. |
| Hypopituitarism | ETDF | 150,260,800,5500,20000,32500,45680,57500,93500,92500,356720 | Underactive pituitary gland. See Pituitary programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypopituitarism : Hypopituitarism. The pituitary gland is a small structure that is located just below the brain. It is attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the area of the brain that controls the pituitary gland's function. The hormones released by the pituitary gland (and their functions) are: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol; cortisol helps to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -- controls water loss by the kidneys Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- controls sexual function and fertility in males and females Growth hormone (GH) -- stimulates growth of tissues and bone Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- controls sexual function and fertility in males and females Oxytocin -- stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and the breasts to release milk Prolactin -- stimulates female breast development and milk production Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones that affect the body's metabolism Pituitary gland Watch this video about: Pituitary gland In hypopituitarism, there is a lack of one or more pituitary hormones. Lack of a hormone leads to loss of function in the gland or organ the hormone controls. For example, lack of TSH leads to loss of normal function of the thyroid gland. Hypopituitarism may be caused by: Brain surgery Brain tumor Head trauma (traumatic brain injury) Infections or inflammation of the brain and the tissues that support the brain Death of an area of tissue in the pituitary gland ( pituitary apoplexy ) Radiation therapy to the brain Stroke Subarachnoid hemorrhage (from a burst aneurysm) Tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus Sometimes, hypopituitarism is due to uncommon immune system or metabolic diseases, such as: Too much iron in the body ( hemochromatosis ) Abnormal increase in immune cells called histiocytes ( histiocytosis X ) Autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of the pituitary (lymphocytic hypophysitis) Inflammation of various tissues and organs ( sarcoidosis ) Hypopituitarism is also a rare complication caused by severe bleeding during pregnancy. The loss of blood leads to tissue death in the pituitary gland. This condition is called Sheehan syndrome. Certain medicines can also suppress pituitary function. The most common drugs are glucocorticoids (such as prednisone and dexamethasone), which are taken for inflammatory and immune conditions. Drugs used to treat prostate cancer can also lead to low pituitary function. Symptoms of hypopituitarism include any of the following: Abdominal pain Decreased appetite Lack of sex drive (in men or women) Dizziness or fainting Excessive urination and thirst Failure to release milk (in women) Fatigue , weakness Headache Infertility (in women) or stopping of menstrual periods Loss of armpit or pubic hair Loss of body or facial hair (in men) Low blood pressure Low blood sugar Sensitivity to cold Short height (less than 5 feet or 1.5 meters) if onset is during a growth period Slowed growth and sexual development (in children) Vision problems Weight loss Symptoms may develop slowly and may vary greatly, depending upon: The number of hormones that are missing and the organs they affect The severity of the disorder Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: Face swelling Hair loss Hoarseness or changing voice Joint stiffness Weight gain. To diagnose hypopituitarism, there must be low hormone levels due to a problem with the pituitary gland. The diagnosis must also rule out diseases of the organ that is affected by this hormone. Tests may include: Brain CT scan Pituitary MRI ACTH Cortisol Estradiol (estrogen) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone level Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid hormone ( T4 ) Level of a pituitary hormone may be high in the bloodstream if you have a pituitary tumor that is producing too much of that hormone. The tumor may crush other cells of the pituitary, leading to low levels of other hormones. If hypopituitarism is caused by a tumor, you may need surgery to remove the tumor. Radiation therapy may also be needed. You will need lifelong hormone medicines to replace hormones that are no longer made by organs under the control of the pituitary gland. These may include: Corticosteroids (cortisol) Growth hormone Sex hormones ( testosterone for men and estrogen for women) Thyroid hormone Desmopressin Drugs are also available to treat related infertility in men and women. Hypopituitarism is usually permanent. It requires lifelong treatment with one or more medicines. But you can expect a normal life span. Side effects of medicines to treat hypopituitarism can develop. However, do not stop any medicine on your own without talking with your health care provider first. Call your provider if you develop symptoms of hypopituitarism. In most cases, the disorder is not preventable. Awareness of risk, such as from taking certain medicines, may allow early diagnosis and treatment. Pituitary insufficiency. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands The pituitary gland Pituitary gland Pituitary hormones Pituitary hormones Pituitary and TSH Pituitary and TSH. Burt MG, Ho KKY. Hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency. |
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | ETDF | 70,180,750,830,2500,7500,150000,379930,425680,932000 | Rare congenital defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome : Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Hypoplastic left heart is a rare type of congenital heart disease. It is more common in males than in females. As with most congenital heart defects, there is no known cause. About 10% of babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome also have other birth defects. It is also associated with some genetic diseases such as Turner syndrome, Jacobsen sydrome, trisomy 13 and 18. The problem develops before birth when the left ventricle and other structures do not grow properly, including the: Aorta (the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the entire body) Entrance and exit of the ventricle Mitral and aortic valves This causes the left ventricle and aorta to be poorly developed, or hypoplastic. In most cases, the left ventricle and aorta are much smaller than normal. In babies with this condition, the left side of the heart is unable to send enough blood to the body. As a result, the right side of the heart must maintain the circulation for both the lungs and the body. The right ventricle can support the circulation to both the lungs and the body for a while, but this extra workload eventually causes the right side of the heart to fail. The only possibility of survival is a connection between the right and the left side of the heart, or between the arteries and pulmonary arteries (the blood vessels that carry blood to the lungs). Babies are normally born with two of these connections: Foramen ovale (a hole between the right and left atrium) Ductus arteriosus (a small blood vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery) Both of these connections normally close on their own a few days after birth. In babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, blood leaving the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery travels through the ductus arteriosus to the aorta. This is the only way for blood to get to the body. If the ductus arteriosus is allowed to close in a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the baby may quickly die because no blood will be pumped to the body. Babies with known hypoplastic left heart syndrome are usually started on a medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open. Because there is little or no flow out of the left heart, blood returning to the heart from the lungs needs to pass through the foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (a hole connecting the collecting chambers on the left and right sides of the heart) back to the right side of the heart. If there is no foramen ovale, or if it is too small, the baby could die. Babies with this problem have the hole between their atria opened, either with surgery or using a thin, flexible tube (heart catheterization). At first, a newborn with hypoplastic left heart may appear normal. Symptoms may occur in the first few hours of life, although it may take up to a few days to develop symptoms. These symptoms may include: Bluish ( cyanosis ) or poor skin color Cold hands and feet (extremities) Lethargy Poor pulse Poor suckling and feeding Pounding heart Rapid breathing Shortness of breath In healthy newborns, bluish color in the hands and feet is a response to cold (this reaction is called peripheral cyanosis). A bluish color in the chest or abdomen, lips, and tongue is abnormal (called central cyanosis). It is a sign that there is not enough oxygen in the blood. Central cyanosis often increases with crying. A physical exam may show signs of heart failure: Faster than normal heart rate Lethargy Liver enlargement Rapid breathing Also, the pulse at various locations (wrist, groin, and others) may be very weak. There are often (but not always) abnormal heart sounds when listening to the chest. Tests may include: Cardiac catheterization ECG (electrocardiogram) Echocardiogram X-ray of the chest. Once the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart is made, the baby will be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. A breathing machine (ventilator) may be needed to help the baby breathe. A medicine called prostaglandin E1 is used to keep blood circulating to the body by keeping the ductus arteriosus open. These measures do not solve the problem. The condition always requires surgery. The first surgery, called the Norwood operation, occurs within the baby's first few days of life. The Norwood procedure consists of building a new aorta by: Using the pulmonary valve and artery Connecting the hypoplastic old aorta and coronary arteries to the new aorta Removing the wall between the atria (atrial septum) Making an artificial connection from either the right ventricle or a bodywide artery to the pulmonary artery to maintain blood flow to the lungs (called a shunt) A variation of the Norwood procedure, called the Sano procedure, may be used. This procedure creates a right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection. Afterward, the baby goes home in most cases. The child will need to take daily medicines and be closely followed by a pediatric cardiologist, who will determine when the second stage of surgery should be done. Stage II of the operation is called the Glenn shunt or hemi-Fontan procedure. It is also referred to as a cavopulmonary shunt. This procedure connects the major vein carrying blue blood from the top half of the body (the superior vena cava) directly to blood vessels to the lungs (pulmonary arteries) to get oxygen. The surgery is most often done when the child is 4 to 6 months of age. During stages I and II, the child may still appear somewhat blue (cyanotic). Stage III, the final step, is called the Fontan procedure. The rest of the veins that carry blue blood from the body (the inferior vena cava) are connected directly to the blood vessels to the lungs. The right ventricle now serves only as the pumping chamber for the body (no longer the lungs and the body). This surgery is usually performed when the baby is 18 months to 4 years old. After this final step, the child is no longer cyanotic and has a normal oxygen level in the blood. Some people may need more surgeries in their 20s or 30s if they develop hard to control arrhythmias or other complications of the Fontan procedure. Some doctors consider heart transplantation an alternative to the 3 step surgery. But there are few donated hearts available for small infants. If left untreated, hypoplastic left heart syndrome is fatal. Survival rates for the staged repair continue to rise as surgery techniques and care after surgery improve. Survival after the first stage is more than 75%. Children who survive their first year have a very good chance for long-term survival. The child's outcome after surgery depends on the size and function of the right ventricle. Complications include: Blockage of the artificial shunt Blood clots that can lead to stroke or pulmonary embolism Long-term (chronic) diarrhea (from a disease called protein-losing enteropathy) Fluid in the abdomen ( ascites ) and in the lungs ( pleural effusion ) Heart failure Irregular, fast heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Strokes and other nervous system complications Neurological impairment Sudden death. Contact your health care provider right away if your infant: Eats less (decreased feeding) Has blue (cyanotic) skin Has new changes in breathing patterns. There is no known prevention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. As with many congenital diseases, the causes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome are uncertain and have not been linked to a mother's disease or behavior. HLHS; Congenital heart - hypoplastic left heart; Cyanotic heart disease - hypoplastic left heart. Heart, section through the middle Heart, section through the middle Heart, front view Heart, front view Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Fraser CD, Kane LC. Congenital heart disease. |
| Hypospadias | ETDF | 130,570,730,850,13930,45520,132020,255100,775610,813630 | Birth defect in males where the urethra is not located on top of the glans penis. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypospadias : Hypospadias repair - discharge. Your child may feel sleepy when first at home. He may not feel like eating or drinking. He may also feel sick to his stomach or throw up the same day he had surgery. Your child's penis will be swollen and bruised. This will get better after a few weeks. Full healing will take up to 6 months. Your child may need a urinary catheter for 5 to 14 days after the surgery. The catheter may be held in place with small stitches. The health care provider will remove the stitches when your child does not need the catheter anymore. The catheter will drain into your child's diaper or a bag taped to his leg. Some urine may leak around the catheter when he urinates. There may also be a spot or two of blood. This is normal. If your child has a catheter, he may have bladder spasms. These may hurt, but they are not harmful. If a catheter has not been put in, urinating be uncomfortable the first day or 2 after surgery. Your child's provider may write a prescription for some medicines: Antibiotics to prevent infection. Medicines to relax the bladder and stop bladder spasms. These may cause your child's mouth to feel dry. Prescription pain medicine, if needed. You can also give your child acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain. Your child may eat a normal diet. Make sure he drinks plenty of fluids. Fluids help keep the urine clean. A dressing with a clear plastic covering will be wrapped around the penis. If stool gets on the outside of the dressing, clean it gently with soapy water. Be sure to wipe away from the penis. DO NOT scrub. Give your child sponge baths until the dressing is off. When you do start bathing your son, use only warm water. DO NOT scrub. Gently pat him dry afterwards. Some oozing from the penis is normal. You may see some spotting on the dressings, diaper, or underpants. If your child is still in diapers, ask your provider about how to use two diapers instead of one. DO NOT use powders or ointments anywhere in the area before asking your child's provider if it is ok. Your child's provider will probably ask you to take off the dressing after 2 or 3 days and leave it off. You may do this during a bath. Be very careful not to pull on the urine catheter. You will need to change the dressing before this if: The dressing rolls down and is tight around the penis. No urine has passed through the catheter for 4 hours. Stool gets underneath the dressing (not just on top of it). Infants may do most of their normal activities except for swimming or playing in a sandbox. It is fine to take your baby for walks in the stroller. Older boys should avoid contact sports, riding bicycles, straddling any toys, or wrestling for 3 weeks. It is a good idea to keep your child home from preschool or daycare the first week after his surgery. Call the health care provider if your child has: Persistent low-grade fever or fever over 101 F (38.3 C) in the week after surgery. Increased swelling, pain, drainage, or bleeding from the wound. Trouble urinating. A lot of urine leakage around the catheter. This means the tube is blocked. Also call if: Your child has thrown up more than 3 times and cannot keep fluid down. The stitches holding the catheter come out. The diaper is dry when it is time to change it. You have any concerns about your child's condition. Snodgrass WT, Bush NC. Hypospadias. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypospadias : Hypospadias repair. Hypospadias repair is done most often when boys are between 6 months and 2 years old. The surgery is done as an outpatient. The child rarely has to spend a night in the hospital. Boys who are born with hypospadias should not be circumcised at birth. The extra tissue of the foreskin may be needed to repair the hypospadias during surgery. Before surgery, your child will receive general anesthesia. This will make him sleep and make him unable to feel pain during surgery. Mild defects may be repaired in one procedure. Severe defects may need two or more procedures. The surgeon will use a small piece of foreskin or tissue from another site to create a tube that increases the length of the urethra. Extending the length of the urethra will allow it to open at the tip of the penis. During surgery, the surgeon may place a catheter (tube) in the urethra to make it hold its new shape. The catheter may be sewn or fastened to the head of the penis to keep it in place. It will be removed 1 to 2 weeks after surgery. Most of the stitches used during surgery will dissolve on their own and will not have to be removed later. Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects in boys. This surgery is performed on most boys who are born with the problem. If the repair is not done, problems may occur later on such as: Difficulty controlling and directing urine stream A curve in the penis during erection Decreased fertility Embarrassment about appearance of penis Surgery is not needed if the condition does not affect normal urination while standing, sexual function, or the deposit of semen. Risks for this procedure include: A hole that leaks urine (fistula) Large blood clot (hematoma) Scarring or narrowing of the repaired urethra. The child's health care provider may ask for a complete medical history and do a physical exam before the procedure. Always tell the provider: What medicines your child is taking Drugs, herbs, and vitamins your child is taking that you bought without a prescription Any allergies your child has to medicine, latex, tape, or skin cleaner Ask the child's provider which drugs your child should still take on the day of surgery. On the day of the surgery: Your child will most often be asked not to drink or eat anything after midnight the night before surgery. Give your child any drugs your provider told you to give your child with a small sip of water. You will be told when to arrive for the surgery. The provider will make sure your child is healthy enough for surgery. If your child is ill, the surgery may be delayed. Right after surgery, the child's penis will be taped to his belly so that it does not move. Often, a bulky dressing or plastic cup is placed over the penis to protect the surgical area. A urinary catheter (a tube used to drain urine from the bladder) will be put through the dressing so urine can flow into the diaper. Your child will be encouraged to drink fluids so that he will urinate. Urinating will keep pressure from building up in the urethra. Your child may be given medicine to relieve pain. Most of the time, the child can leave the hospital the same day as the surgery. If you live a long way from the hospital, you may want to stay in a hotel near the hospital for the first night after the surgery. Your provider will explain how to take care of your child at home after leaving the hospital. This surgery lasts a lifetime. Most children do well after this surgery. The penis will look almost or completely normal and function well. If your child has a complicated hypospadias, he may need more operations to improve the penis appearance or to repair a hole or narrowing in the urethra. Follow-up visits with a urologist may be needed after the surgery has healed. Boys will sometimes need to visit the urologist when they reach puberty. Urethroplasty; Meatoplasty; Glanuloplasty. Hypospadias repair - discharge Kegel exercises - self-care Surgical wound care - open. Hypospadius Hypospadias Hypospadias repair - series Hypospadias repair - series. Elder JS. Anomalies of the penis and urethra. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypospadias : Hypospadias. Hypospadias occurs in up to 4 in 1,000 newborn boys. The cause is often unknown. Sometimes, the condition is passed down through families. Symptoms depend on how severe the problem is. Most often, boys with this condition have the opening of the urethra near the tip of the penis on the underside. More severe forms of hypospadias occur when the opening is in the middle or base of the penis. Rarely, the opening is located in or behind the scrotum. This condition may cause a downward curve of the penis during an erection. Erections are common in infant boys. Other symptoms include: Abnormal spraying of urine Having to sit down to urinate Foreskin that makes the penis looks like it has a 'hood'. This problem is almost always diagnosed soon after birth during a physical exam. Imaging tests may be done to look for other congenital defects. Infants with hypospadias should not be circumcised. The foreskin should be kept intact for use in later surgical repair. In most cases, surgery is done before the child starts school. Today, most urologists recommend repair before the child is 18 months old. Surgery can be done as young as 4 months old. During the surgery, the penis is straightened and the opening is corrected using tissue grafts from the foreskin. The repair may require several surgeries. Results after surgery are most often good. In some cases, more surgery is needed to correct fistulas , narrowing of the urethra, or a return of the abnormal penis curve. Most males can have normal adult sexual activity. Call your health care provider if your son has: A curved penis during an erection Opening to the urethra that is not on the tip of the penis Incomplete (hooded) foreskin. Hypospadias repair - discharge. Elder JS. Anomalies of the penis and urethra. |
| Hypotension | CAFL | 20,727,787,880 | Low blood pressure. Other uses: dizziness, lassitude/weakness, child disorders, cervicitis, high fever/pyrexia, glanders (Pseudomonas Mallei). |
| Hypotension | ETDF | 20,240,850,37500,101320,221100,419340,562910,709830,976900 | Low blood pressure. |
| Hypothalamus Balance | XTRA | 15.42,537 | Part of brain which links the nervous system with the endocrine system. |
| Hypothalamus Function Balance | XTRA | 1351,1413,1534 | Part of brain which links the nervous system with the endocrine system. |
| Hypothalamus Stimulate Normal Function | XTRA | 1534,1413,1351 | Part of brain which links the nervous system with the endocrine system. |
| Hypothermia | ETDF | 30,460,600,850,2500,5250,17500,93500,224940,425610 | Core body temperature below 35C (95F) as a result of exposure to cold. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypothermia : Hypothermia. Other types of cold injuries that affect the limbs are called peripheral cold injuries. Of these, frostbite is the most common freezing injury. Nonfreezing injuries that occur from exposure to cold wet conditions include trench foot and immersion foot conditions. Chilblains (also known as pernio) are small, itchy or painful lumps on the skin that often occur on the fingers, ears, or toes. They are a type of nonfreezing injury that develops in cold, dry conditions. You are more likely to develop hypothermia if you are: Very old or very young Chronically ill, especially people who have heart or blood flow problems Malnourished Overly tired Taking certain prescription medicines Under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Hypothermia occurs when more heat is lost than the body can make. In most cases, it occurs after long periods in the cold. Common causes include: Being outside without enough protective clothing in winter Falling into cold water of a lake, river, or other body of water Wearing wet clothing in windy or cold weather Heavy exertion, not drinking enough fluids, or not eating enough in cold weather. As a person develops hypothermia, they slowly lose the ability to think and move. In fact, they may even be unaware that they need emergency treatment. Someone with hypothermia also is likely to have frostbite. The symptoms include: Drowsiness Weakness and loss of coordination Pale and cold skin Confusion Uncontrollable shivering (although at extremely low body temperatures, shivering may stop) Slowed breathing or heart rate Lethargy, cardiac arrest, shock , and coma can set in without prompt treatment. Hypothermia can be fatal. Take the following steps if you think someone has hypothermia: If the person has any symptoms of hypothermia that are present, especially confusion or problems thinking, call 911 right away. If the person is unconscious , check airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing or CPR. If the victim is breathing fewer than 6 breaths per minute, begin rescue breathing. Take the person inside to room temperature and cover with warm blankets. If going indoors is not possible, get the person out of the wind and use a blanket to provide insulation from the cold ground. Cover the person's head and neck to help retain body heat. Victims of severe hypothermia should be removed from the cold environment with as little exertion as possible. This helps to avoid warmth from being shunted from the person's core to the muscles. In a very mildly hypothermic person, muscular exercise is thought to be safe, however. Once inside, remove any wet or tight clothes and replace them with dry clothing. Warm the person. If necessary, use your own body heat to aid the warming. Apply warm compresses to the neck, chest wall, and groin. If the person is alert and can easily swallow, give warm, sweetened, nonalcoholic fluids to aid the warming. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Follow these precautions: DO NOT assume that someone found lying motionless in the cold is already dead. DO NOT use direct heat (such as hot water, a heating pad, or a heat lamp) to warm the person. DO NOT give the person alcohol. Call 911 anytime you suspect someone has hypothermia. Give first aid while waiting for emergency help. Before you spend time outside in the cold, DO NOT drink alcohol or smoke. Drink plenty of fluids and get enough food and rest. Wear proper clothing in cold temperatures to protect your body. These include: Mittens (not gloves) Wind-proof, water-resistant, many-layered clothing Two pairs of socks (avoid cotton) Scarf and hat that cover the ears (to avoid major heat loss through the top of your head) Avoid: Extremely cold temperatures, especially with high winds Wet clothes Poor circulation, which is more likely from age, tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medicines, smoking, and alcohol. Low body temperature; Cold exposure; Exposure. Exercise - dress appropriately Exercise - dress appropriately Skin layers Skin layers. Giesbrecht GG. Cold stress, near drowning and accidental hypothermia: a review. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000;71(7):733-752. PMID: 10902937 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10902937. Sawka MN, O'Connor FG. Disorders due to heat and cold. |
| Hypothyroid 1 | CAFL | 2,12,35,16000,10000,160,80,20 | Underproduction of thyroid hormone, mainly caused by lack of iodine in the diet, or by Hashimoto's. See Goiter, and Struma programs. Thyroid Gland |
| Hypothyroid 2 | XTRA | 2,12,20,35,80,160,10000,16000 | Underproduction of thyroid hormone, mainly caused by lack of iodine in the diet, or by Hashimoto's. See Goiter, and Struma programs. |
| Hypothyroid 3 | XTRA | 7.7,12,20,35,160,740,802,1550,16000 | Underproduction of thyroid hormone, mainly caused by lack of iodine in the diet, or by Hashimoto's. See Goiter, and Struma programs. |
| Hypothyroidism | ETDF | 70,460,830,7500,20000,85230,313630,405790,429700,539000 | Underproduction of thyroid hormone, mainly caused by lack of iodine in the diet, or by Hashimoto's. See Goiter, and Struma programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypothyroidism : Hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located at the front of the neck, just above where your collarbones meet. The thyroid makes hormones that control the way every cell in the body uses energy. This process is called metabolism. Brain-thyroid link Hypothyroidism is more common in women and people over age 50. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is thyroiditis. Swelling and inflammation damage the thyroid gland's cells. Causes of this problem include: The immune system attacking the thyroid gland Viral infections (common cold) or other respiratory infections Pregnancy (often called postpartum thyroiditis) Other causes of hypothyroidism include: Certain medicines, such as lithium and amiodarone, and some types of chemotherapy Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck or brain to treat different cancers Radioactive iodine used to treat an overactive thyroid gland Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Sheehan syndrome , a condition that may occur in a woman who bleeds severely during pregnancy or childbirth and causes the destruction of the pituitary gland Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery. Early symptoms: Hard stools or constipation Feeling cold (wearing a sweater when others are wearing a t-shirt) Fatigue or feeling slowed down Heavier and irregular menstrual periods Joint or muscle pain Paleness or dry skin Sadness or depression Thin, brittle hair or fingernails Weakness Weight gain Late symptoms, if untreated: Decreased taste and smell Hoarseness Puffy face, hands, and feet Slow speech Thickening of the skin Thinning of eyebrows Low body temperature Slow heart rate. The health care provider will do a physical exam and may find that your thyroid gland is enlarged. Sometimes, the gland is normal size or smaller-than-normal. The exam may also reveal: Thin brittle hair Coarse features of the face Pale or dry skin, which may be cool to the touch Reflexes that are abnormal Swelling of the arms and legs Blood tests are also ordered to measure your thyroid hormones TSH and T4. You may also have tests to check: Cholesterol levels Complete blood count ( CBC ) Liver enzymes Prolactin Sodium Cortisol. Treatment is aimed at replacing the thyroid hormone you are lacking. Levothyroxine is the most commonly used medicine: You will be prescribed the lowest dose possible that relieves your symptoms and brings your blood hormone levels back to normal. If you have heart disease or you are older, your doctor may start you on a very small dose. Most people with an underactive thyroid will need to take this medicine for life. When starting you on your medicine, your doctor may check your hormone levels every 2 to 3 months. After that, your thyroid hormone levels should be monitored at least once every year. When you are taking thyroid medicine, be aware of the following: DO NOT stop taking the medicine even when you feel better. Continue taking it exactly as your doctor prescribed. If you change brands of thyroid medicine, let your doctor know. Your levels may need to be checked. What you eat can change the way your body absorbs thyroid medicine. Talk with your doctor if you are eating a lot of soy products or are on a high-fiber diet. Thyroid medicine works best on an empty stomach and when taken 1 hour before any other medicines. Ask your doctor if you should take your medicine at bedtime. Taking it at bedtime may allow your body to absorb the medicine better than taking it in the daytime. Wait at least 4 hours after taking thyroid hormone before you take fiber supplements, calcium, iron, multivitamins, aluminum hydroxide antacids, colestipol, or medicines that bind bile acids. While you are taking thyroid replacement therapy, tell your doctor if you have any symptoms that suggest your dose is too high, such as: Palpitations Rapid weight loss Restlessness or shakiness Sweating. In most cases, thyroid hormone level becomes normal with proper treatment. You will likely take a thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life. Myxedema coma, the most severe form of hypothyroidism, is rare. It occurs when thyroid hormone levels get very low. It can be caused by an infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medicines in people with untreated hypothyroidism. Myxedema coma is a medical emergency that must be treated in the hospital. Some people may need oxygen, breathing assistance (ventilator), fluid replacement, and intensive-care nursing. Symptoms and signs of myxedema coma include: Below normal temperature Decreased breathing Low blood pressure Low blood sugar Unresponsiveness Inappropriate or uncharacteristic moods People with untreated hypothyroidism are at increased risk of: Infection Infertility , miscarriage , giving birth to a baby with birth defects Heart disease because of higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol Heart failure. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you are being treated for hypothyroidism, call your doctor if: You develop chest pain or rapid heartbeat You have an infection Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment You develop new symptoms. Myxedema; Adult hypothyroidism; Underactive thyroid; Goiter - hypothyroidism; Thyroiditis - hypothyroidism; Thyroid hormone - hypothyroidism. Thyroid gland removal - discharge. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Brain-thyroid link Brain-thyroid link Primary and secondary hypothyroidism Primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Brent GA, Weetman AP. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. |
| Hypothyroidism | KHZ | 70,460,620,830,7500,20000,85230,313630,405790,539000 | Underproduction of thyroid hormone, mainly caused by lack of iodine in the diet, or by Hashimoto's. See Goiter, and Struma programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Hypothyroidism : Hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located at the front of the neck, just above where your collarbones meet. The thyroid makes hormones that control the way every cell in the body uses energy. This process is called metabolism. Brain-thyroid link Hypothyroidism is more common in women and people over age 50. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is thyroiditis. Swelling and inflammation damage the thyroid gland's cells. Causes of this problem include: The immune system attacking the thyroid gland Viral infections (common cold) or other respiratory infections Pregnancy (often called postpartum thyroiditis) Other causes of hypothyroidism include: Certain medicines, such as lithium and amiodarone, and some types of chemotherapy Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck or brain to treat different cancers Radioactive iodine used to treat an overactive thyroid gland Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Sheehan syndrome , a condition that may occur in a woman who bleeds severely during pregnancy or childbirth and causes the destruction of the pituitary gland Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery. Early symptoms: Hard stools or constipation Feeling cold (wearing a sweater when others are wearing a t-shirt) Fatigue or feeling slowed down Heavier and irregular menstrual periods Joint or muscle pain Paleness or dry skin Sadness or depression Thin, brittle hair or fingernails Weakness Weight gain Late symptoms, if untreated: Decreased taste and smell Hoarseness Puffy face, hands, and feet Slow speech Thickening of the skin Thinning of eyebrows Low body temperature Slow heart rate. The health care provider will do a physical exam and may find that your thyroid gland is enlarged. Sometimes, the gland is normal size or smaller-than-normal. The exam may also reveal: Thin brittle hair Coarse features of the face Pale or dry skin, which may be cool to the touch Reflexes that are abnormal Swelling of the arms and legs Blood tests are also ordered to measure your thyroid hormones TSH and T4. You may also have tests to check: Cholesterol levels Complete blood count ( CBC ) Liver enzymes Prolactin Sodium Cortisol. Treatment is aimed at replacing the thyroid hormone you are lacking. Levothyroxine is the most commonly used medicine: You will be prescribed the lowest dose possible that relieves your symptoms and brings your blood hormone levels back to normal. If you have heart disease or you are older, your doctor may start you on a very small dose. Most people with an underactive thyroid will need to take this medicine for life. When starting you on your medicine, your doctor may check your hormone levels every 2 to 3 months. After that, your thyroid hormone levels should be monitored at least once every year. When you are taking thyroid medicine, be aware of the following: DO NOT stop taking the medicine even when you feel better. Continue taking it exactly as your doctor prescribed. If you change brands of thyroid medicine, let your doctor know. Your levels may need to be checked. What you eat can change the way your body absorbs thyroid medicine. Talk with your doctor if you are eating a lot of soy products or are on a high-fiber diet. Thyroid medicine works best on an empty stomach and when taken 1 hour before any other medicines. Ask your doctor if you should take your medicine at bedtime. Taking it at bedtime may allow your body to absorb the medicine better than taking it in the daytime. Wait at least 4 hours after taking thyroid hormone before you take fiber supplements, calcium, iron, multivitamins, aluminum hydroxide antacids, colestipol, or medicines that bind bile acids. While you are taking thyroid replacement therapy, tell your doctor if you have any symptoms that suggest your dose is too high, such as: Palpitations Rapid weight loss Restlessness or shakiness Sweating. In most cases, thyroid hormone level becomes normal with proper treatment. You will likely take a thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life. Myxedema coma, the most severe form of hypothyroidism, is rare. It occurs when thyroid hormone levels get very low. It can be caused by an infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medicines in people with untreated hypothyroidism. Myxedema coma is a medical emergency that must be treated in the hospital. Some people may need oxygen, breathing assistance (ventilator), fluid replacement, and intensive-care nursing. Symptoms and signs of myxedema coma include: Below normal temperature Decreased breathing Low blood pressure Low blood sugar Unresponsiveness Inappropriate or uncharacteristic moods People with untreated hypothyroidism are at increased risk of: Infection Infertility , miscarriage , giving birth to a baby with birth defects Heart disease because of higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol Heart failure. Call your provider if you have symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you are being treated for hypothyroidism, call your doctor if: You develop chest pain or rapid heartbeat You have an infection Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment You develop new symptoms. Myxedema; Adult hypothyroidism; Underactive thyroid; Goiter - hypothyroidism; Thyroiditis - hypothyroidism; Thyroid hormone - hypothyroidism. Thyroid gland removal - discharge. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Brain-thyroid link Brain-thyroid link Primary and secondary hypothyroidism Primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Brent GA, Weetman AP. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. |
| Hypoxia Brain | ETDF | 150,180,800,5500,17500,32500,151270,257460,413910,692270 | Low oxygen. Use Circulatory Stasis, and see Cyanosis. |
ALT consists of programs based on Ayurvedic knowledge and practice, solfeggios, and planetary frequencies.
BFB a collection of biofeedback scan results.
BIO is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
CAFL is the Consolidated Annotated Frequency List, amassed over years from the experience of Rife experimenters.
CUST consists of programs added by Spooky team members, plus those in your own personal database.
ETDFL is a collection of programs researched in bio resonance clinics in Germany.
HC is Dr. Hulda Clark’s database. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
KHZ is a collection of higher frequencies from Dr. Hulda Clark. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
PROV has produced consistent results in virtually all subjects it was used with.
RIFE is a collection of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s original frequencies.
VEGA is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
XTRA is a collection of programs from various sources, all chosen for their reputation for effectiveness.