| Name | Type | Frequencies | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| B Coli Filterable Virus | RIFE | 770000 | Bacillus Coli, now called Escherichia Coli, or E Coli. Crane=1552, Rife (1936)=17220 |
| B Coli Rod | XTRA | 3332080 | Hoyland MOR. Also called E Coli Rod. |
| B Coli Rod | XTRA | 727,787,800,803,21875,800,8020,13031.25,21343.75,943,19869.63,12453.12 | Bacillus Coli, now called Escherichia Coli, or E Coli. |
| B Coli Rod Form | RIFE | 417000 | Bacillus Coli, now called Escherichia Coli, or E Coli. Crane=800, Rife (1936)=8020 |
| B Coli Virus | XTRA | 27,1552,11939.05,12031.25,16759.77,17220,21686.38 | Bacillus Coli virus. |
| B Coli Virus | XTRA | 3076140 | Hoyland MOR. Also called E Coli Virus. |
| B. Coli (Filterable Virus) | XTRA | 769035 | RifeVideos (1936). Sourced from http://www.rifevideos.com/dr_rifes_true_original_frequencies.html |
| B. Coli (Rod Form) | XTRA | 416510 | RifeVideos (1936). Sourced from http://www.rifevideos.com/dr_rifes_true_original_frequencies.html |
| Babesia | PROV | 76,570,1583,1584,432,753,5776 | Protozoan causing malaria-like symptoms. Mostly tick-borne, but has been found in blood products. Blood |
| Babesia Divergens | XTRA | 470.46 | Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus. It is the main agent of bovine babesiosis, or redwater fever, in Europe. |
| Babesia Lyme | XTRA | 76,570,753,1583,1584,5776,650 | Protozoan causing malaria-like symptoms. Mostly tick-borne, but has been found in blood products. |
| Babesia Microti | XTRA | 465.7 | Theileria microti is a parasitic blood-borne piroplasm transmitted by deer ticks. T. microti is responsible for the disease human theileriosis, similar to babesiosis, a malaria-like disease which also causes fever and hemolysis. |
| Babesia WA 1 | XTRA | 467.7 | Most reported U.S. zoonotic cases of babesiosis have occurred in the Northeast and been caused by Babesia microti. In Washington State, three cases of babesiosis have been reported previously, which were caused by WA1 (for ŇWashington 1Ó)-type parasites. |
| Babesiosis | ETDF | 40,180,700,900,7500,45750,71500,95000,219340,379930 | Malaria-like illness caused by Babesia. Encyclopedia Entry for Babesiosis : Babesiosis - Babesia microti (protozoan parasite; transmitted by deer tick) Encyclopedia Entry for Babesiosis : Babesiosis. Source of disease: Babesia species |
| Babesiosis | XTRA | 76,432,570,753,1583,1584,5776 | Malaria-like illness caused by Babesia. Encyclopedia Entry for Babesiosis : Babesiosis - Babesia microti (protozoan parasite; transmitted by deer tick) Encyclopedia Entry for Babesiosis : Babesiosis. Source of disease: Babesia species |
| Bacillinum | CAFL | 132,423,432,785,853,854,921,1027,1042,1932 | Homeopathic nosode. Respiratory |
| Bacillinum | VEGA | 132,854,921,1042,1932 | Homeopathic nosode. |
| Bacillus Anthracis | HC | 393500-398000 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis | XTRA | 975.38,979.11,986.53,12296.87,12343.75,12437.5 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 1 | XTRA | 622,623,624,627,628,629,632,633,634,637,638,639,642,643,644 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 2 | XTRA | 129,224,273,400,414,420,500,633,768,900,930,1365,1370,4000,16655 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 2nd | HC | 363200-365300 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 2nd range | XTRA | 11350 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. Other use: gallium. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 3 | XTRA | 900.27,902.26,905.49,11350,11375,11415.62 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 3rd | HC | 359400-370500 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 4 | XTRA | 890.86,912.17,918.37,11231.25,11500,11578.12 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis 5 | XTRA | 902.26,912.17,961.75,979.11,18122.49,18321.63,19317.38,19665.88 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis Spores | HC | 391450-386950 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Anthracis Spores | XTRA | 959.14,961.75,970.30,12092.19,12125,12232.8 | Weaponised bacteria that causes Anthrax. |
| Bacillus Botulinus 6 | XTRA | 172,518,533,639,660,683,690,691,727.5,802,831,1372,1550,1552,10000 | Bacteria that produces the most powerful toxin known. See Botulinum, and Botulism programs. |
| Bacillus Cereus | HC | 373650-375850 | Can cause food poisoning. Encyclopedia Entry for Bacillus Cereus : Bacillus cereus infection. Source of disease: Bacillus cereus |
| Bacillus Cereus 1 | XTRA | 928.28,18645.25 | Can cause food poisoning. |
| Bacillus Cereus 2 | XTRA | 926.19,928.28,931.6,11676.55,11703.12,11745.3 | Can cause food poisoning. |
| Bacillus Coli Rod Form | CAFL | 318,417,683,800,8020 | Also called E Coli or Escherischia Coli. Some strains cause food poisoning. Intestines |
| Bacillus Coli Virus | CAFL | 770 | Also called E Coli or Escherischia Coli. Some strains cause food poisoning. Intestines |
| Bacillus Infections | CAFL | 787,880,802,727,1552,800 | B Coli, B Coli Rod. Colon |
| Bacillus Infections | ETDF | 50,370,830,2500,3000,73300,355080,363000,393000 | Bacteria are the plural of bacterium, which are microscopic one-celled organisms. They are found everywhere and can be harmful, as in infections; or they can be beneficial, as in fermentation or decomposition. Five types of bacteria are: Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum, Rickettsia, and Mycoplasma. |
| Bacillus Infections | XTRA | 50,370,830,2500,3000,73300,355080,359000,363000,393000 | B Coli, B Coli Rod. |
| Bacillus Licheniformis | XTRA | 2655,21554 | Also spelled Lichenoformis. Degrades feathers. Used in nanotech. Mutagenic immunomodulator present in cancer and Morgellons/Lyme. |
| Bacillus Subtilis | CAFL | 432,722,822,1246 | Can cause conjunctivitis and disease in the immunocompromised, but also functions as a probiotic - as in natto. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger 1 | XTRA | 921.72,954.32,959.51,11620.3,12031.25,12096.87 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger 2 | XTRA | 921.72,941.92,959.51,11620.3,11875,12096.87 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger 3 | XTRA | 921.72,929.52,959.51,11620.3,11718.75,12096.87 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger 4 | XTRA | 929.52,941.92,954.32,18670.15,18919.09,19168.02 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger_1 | HC | 371850-387100 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Subtilis Niger_2 | HC | 380000 | Metabolically-changed form of B Subtilis due to presence of Aspergillus Niger mold. |
| Bacillus Thuringiensis | CAFL | 520,2551,902,1405 | Also known as BT. Pesticidal, with genes spliced into GMO plant foods. |
| Bacillus X | XTRA | 12375,12531.25,21275 | Cancer virus that causes Carcinoma. |
| Bacillus X BX Cancer Carcinoma | XTRA | 12531.25 | Cancer virus that causes Carcinoma. |
| Bacillus X Cancer Carcinoma | XTRA | 17.6,2128,11503.9,12531.25,16634.43,21275 | Cancer virus that causes Carcinoma. |
| Bacillus X Filter Cancer Carcinoma | RIFE | 1604000 | Crane=2128, Rife (1936)=21275. Cancer virus that causes Carcinoma. |
| Bacillus Y BY Cancer Sarcoma | XTRA | 11162.11 | Cancer virus that causes Sarcoma. |
| Bacillus Y Cancer Sarcoma | XTRA | 2008,11162.11,20080 | Cancer virus that causes Sarcoma. |
| Back Pain | ETDF | 140,400,7500,55000,96500,376290,425090,571000,833000,932000 | Back pain is one of the most common reasons people go to the doctor or miss work, and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Most people have back pain at least once. Signs and symptoms of back pain can include: Muscle ache Shooting or stabbing pain Pain that radiates down your leg Pain that worsens with bending, lifting, standing or walking Pain that improves with reclining Encyclopedia Entry for Back Pain : Back pain - returning to work. Exercise helps to prevent future back pain: Exercise a little every day. Walking is a good way to keep your heart healthy and your muscles strong. If walking is too hard for you, work with a physical therapist to develop an exercise plan that you can do. Keep doing the exercises you have been shown to strengthen your core muscles, which support your back. A stronger core helps lower your risk for further back injuries. If you are overweight, ask your health care provider about ways you can lose some weight. Carrying around extra weight adds stress to your back no matter what kind of work you do. Long car rides and getting in and out of the car can be hard on your back. If you have a long commute to work, consider some of these changes: Adjust your car seat to make it easier to enter, sit in, and get out of your car. Bring your seat as far forward as possible to avoid bending forward when you are driving. If you drive long distances, stop and walk around every hour. DO NOT lift heavy objects right after a long car ride. Know how much you can safely lift. Think about how much you have lifted in the past and how easy or hard that was. If an object seems too heavy or awkward, get help to move or lift it. If your work requires you to do lifting that may not be safe for your back, talk with your boss. Try to find out the most weight you should have to lift. You may need to meet with a physical therapist or occupational therapist to learn how to safely lift this amount of weight. Follow these steps when you bend and lift to help prevent back pain and injury: Spread your feet apart to give your body a wide base of support. Stand as close as possible to the object you are lifting. Bend at your knees, not at your waist. Tighten your stomach muscles as you lift the object up or lower it down. Hold the object as close to your body as you can. Lift slowly, using the muscles in your hips and knees. As you stand up with the object, DO NOT bend forward. DO NOT twist your back while you bend to reach the object, lift the object up, or carry the object. Squat as you set the object down, using the muscles in your knees and hips. Some providers recommend using a back brace to help support the spine. A brace may help prevent injuries for workers who have to lift heavy objects. But, using a brace too much can weaken the core muscles that support your back, making back pain problems worse. If your back pain is worse at work, it may be that your work station is not set up correctly. If you sit at a computer at work, make sure that your chair has a straight back with an adjustable seat and back, armrests, and a swivel seat. Ask about having a trained therapist assess your workspace or movements to see if changes, such as a new chair or a cushioned mat under your feet, would help. Get up and move around during the workday. If you are able, take a 10 to 15 minute walk in the morning before work and at lunchtime. If your work involves physical activity, review the needed motions and activities with your physical therapist. Your therapist may be able to suggest helpful changes. Also, ask about exercises or stretches for the muscles you use most during work. Avoid standing for long periods. If you must stand at work, try resting one foot on a stool, then the other foot. Keep switching off during the day. Take medicines as needed. Let your boss or supervisor know if you need to take medicines that make you sleepy, such as narcotic pain relievers and muscle relaxant medicines. Nonspecific back pain - work; Backache - work; Lumbar pain - work; Pain - back - chronic; Low back pain - work; Lumbago - work. Barr KP, Concannon LG, Harrast MA. Low back pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Back Pain : Back pain - when you see the doctor. Questions your provider may ask include: Is your back pain on one side only or both sides? What does the pain feel like? Is it dull, sharp, throbbing, or burning? Is this the first time you have had back pain? When did the pain begin? Did it start suddenly? Did you have an injury or accident? What were you doing just before the pain began? For example, were you lifting or bending? Sitting at your computer? Driving a long distance? If you have had back pain before, is this pain similar or different? In what way is it different? Do you know what caused your back pain in the past? How long does each episode of back pain usually last? Do you feel the pain anywhere else, such as in your hip, thigh, leg or feet? Do you have any numbness or tingling? Any weakness or loss of function in your leg or elsewhere? What makes the pain worse? Lifting, twisting, standing, or sitting for long periods? What makes you feel better? You will also be asked if you have other symptoms, which may point to a more serious cause. Tell your provider if you have had weight loss, fever, a change in urination or bowel habits, or a history of cancer. Your provider will perform a physical exam to try to find the exact location of your pain, and determine how it affects your movement. Your back will be pressed on at different spots to find where it hurts. You will also be asked to: Sit, stand, and walk Walk on your toes and then your heels Bend forward, backward, and sideways Lift your legs straight up while lying down Move your back in certain positions If the pain is worse when you lift your legs straight up while lying down, you may have sciatica, especially if you also feel numbness or tingling going down the same leg. Your provider will also move your legs into different positions, including bending and straightening your knees. A rubber hammer is used to check your reflexes and to see if your nerves are working properly. Your provider will touch your skin in many places, using a pin, cotton swab, or feather. This reveals how well you can feel or sense things. Dixit R. Low back pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Back Pain : Back pain and sports. Although bicycling strengthens the muscles of your legs, it does not do much for the muscles around your spine. Bending your lower spine forward while arching your upper back for long periods can strain your back and neck muscles. Mountain biking on uneven surfaces can cause jarring and sudden compressions (squeezing) on the spine. Tips to help make bicycling easier on your back include: Avoid mountain biking. Ride a bike that fits you properly. Staff at a good bike shop can help you get fitted. Remember not only to push down on the pedals, but also to pull up on them. Wear biking gloves and use a handlebar cover to reduce jarring in your upper body. Put shock absorbers on the front wheel. A more upright bike can have less pressure on your lower back and neck. Recumbent bikes place less stress on your back and neck. The muscles that bring your leg up toward your abdomen are called flexors. They are used a lot when you ride a bicycle. Keeping these muscles stretched out is important because it will help keep the proper balance in the muscles around your spine and hips. Weightlifting can put a lot of stress on the spine. This is especially true for people who are middle-aged and older because their spinal disks may dry out and become thinner and more brittle with age. Disks are the 'cushions' between the bones (vertebrae) of your spine. Along with muscle and ligament injuries, weightlifters are also at risk for a type of stress fracture in the back called spondylolysis. To prevent injuries when weightlifting: Do some aerobic exercise and stretch well before lifting to warm up your muscles. Use training machines rather than free weights. These machines place less stress on your spine and do not require a spotter. Training machines are also easier to learn how to use compared to free weights. Do more repetitions instead of adding more weight when you are trying to build strength. Lift only as much as you can safely lift. DO NOT add too much weight. Learn the proper lifting techniques from someone who is well-trained. Technique is important. Avoid certain weightlifting exercises that are more stressful on your spine. Some of these are squats, clean-and-jerks, snatches, and dead-lifts. Ask your provider or trainer whether a weightlifting belt would be helpful for you. The golf swing requires forceful rotation of your spine, and this puts stress on your spinal muscles, ligaments, joints, and disks. Tips to take the stress off your back include: Ask your physical therapist about the best posture and technique for your swing. Warm up and stretch your muscles in your back and upper legs before starting a round. Bend with your knees when picking up the golf ball. On the course, use a push cart (trolley) to wheel your golf bag. You can also drive a golf cart. The disks and the small joints in the back are called facet joints. Running causes repeated jarring and compression on these areas of your lumbar spine. Tips to help reduce the stress on your spine include: Avoid running on concrete and uneven surfaces. Instead run on a padded track or soft, even grassy surfaces. Wear high-quality running shoes with good cushioning. Replace them when they become worn. Ask your physical therapist about the best running form and motion. Most experts suggest a forward motion, leading with your chest and keeping your head balanced over your chest. Before taking off on a longer run, warm up and stretch the muscles in your legs and lower back. Learn exercises that strengthen the core muscles deep inside your abdomen and pelvis that support your spine. Motions that place stress on your spine while playing tennis include overextending (arching) your back when serving, constant stopping and starting motions, and forceful twisting of your spine when taking shots. A tennis coach or your physical therapist can show you different techniques that can help reduce the stress on your back. For example: Bend your knees. Keeping your abdominal muscles tighter will reduce stress on your spine. Ask about the best ways to serve to avoid overextending your lower back. Before playing, always warm up and stretch the muscles in your legs and lower back. Learn exercises that strengthen the core muscles deep inside your abdomen and pelvis, which support your spine. Before skiing again after a back injury, learn exercises that strengthen the core muscles deep inside your spine and pelvis. A physical therapist may also help you to build strength and flexibility in the muscles that you use when you twist and turn while skiing. Before you start skiing, warm up and stretch the muscles in your legs and lower back. Make sure you only ski down slopes that match your skill level. Although swimming can strengthen the muscles and ligaments in your spine and legs, it can also stress your spine by: Keeping your lower back extended (arched) when doing strokes on your stomach, such as the crawl or the breaststroke Turning your neck back every time you take a breath Swimming on your side or back can avoid these movements. Using a snorkel and mask may help decrease the neck turning when you breathe. Proper technique when swimming is also important. This includes keeping your body level in the water, tightening your abdominal muscles somewhat, and keeping your head on the surface of the water and not holding it in a lifted position. Bicycling - back pain; Golf - back pain; Tennis - back pain; Running - back pain; Weightlifting - back pain; Lumbar pain - sports; Sciatica - sports; Low back pain - sports. Lauerman W, Russo M. Thoracolumbar spine disorders in the adult. |
| Back Spasms | XTRA | 26,33,41.2,120,146,160,212,240,305,326,333,424,464,465,466,522,523,528,555,660,690,727.5,760,768,784,786,787,789,800,802,880,1550,1552,2112,3000,5000,10000 | Back spasms can be the result of injuries to the muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the back, or they can be related to more serious medical conditions. Heavy lifting is a common cause of back spasms. In addition to heavy lifting, any activity that puts excessive strain on the muscles and ligaments in the lower back can cause an injury. Sports such as football and golf can lead to back spasms because they demand that the back turn suddenly and repeatedly. Your back muscles may be more vulnerable if you have weak abdominal muscles, which help support the back. Weak or stiff muscles in the back itself can be injured more easily than muscles that are stronger and more limber. Back spasms may occur if you have arthritis or a ruptured disc in your spine. Arthritis in the lower back can put pressure on the spinal cord, which may cause pain in the back and the legs. A ruptured or bulging disc in the vertebrae may also pressure a nerve and result in back pain. |
| Backache 1 | CAFL | 10000,1550,880,802,787,760,727,305,212,41.2,33 | If no relief, use Kidney Insufficiency program, take magnesium and B6 supplements, drink plenty of water. Back |
| Backache 2 | CAFL | 9.3,9.4,9.6,7.6,7.7,3,0.5,432,465,727,728,776,784,787 | If no relief, use Kidney Insufficiency program, take magnesium and B6 supplements, drink plenty of water. Back |
| Backache and Spasms 1 | CAFL | 120,212,240,424,465,528,760,727,787,880,1550,2112,5000,10000 | If no relief, use Kidney Insufficiency program, take magnesium and B6 supplements, drink plenty of water. Back |
| Bacteremia | ETDF | 350,870,2500,11090,40000,90000,275160,425710,564280,640000 | Presence of bacteria in the blood. |
| Bacteria General | XTRA | 20,465,660,664,690,727.5,784,787,800,802,832,866,880,1550 | Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion. In other cases, bacteria are destructive, causing diseases like pneumonia and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). |
| Bacteria Lactis Nosode | VEGA | 512,526,5412 | Homeopathic nosode. |
| Bacterial Capsules | HC | 362400-357600 | Outer envelope of bacterial cell wall. |
| Bacterial Capsules (Capsular) | HC | 416050-418750 | Outer envelope of bacterial cell wall. |
| Bacterial Capsules 1 | XTRA | 886.39,886.39,892.35,898.29,11175,11250,11325 | Outer envelope of bacterial cell wall. |
| Bacterial Capsules 2 | XTRA | 892.35,1034.88,17923.34,20786.09 | Outer envelope of bacterial cell wall. |
| Bacterial Gram (+) and (-) | ETDF | 120,550,850,7500,12500,77500,120000,307250,320000,615000 | ETDFL Bacterial infections Specific to cold & flu inc. Pneumonia |
| Bacterial Infections | CAFL | 20,465,866,664,690,727,787,832,800,880,1550,784 | If infection is chronic, type is accurately diagnosed, and frequencies or antibiotics are ineffective long-term, use Parasites General, and Roundworm programs. Also see General Antiseptic and specific types. |
| Bacterial Infections and Mycoses | ETDF | 50,370,830,2500,3000,73300,95750,175000,269710,355080 | Microbial and fungal infections. |
| Bacterial Infections Gram Positive | ETDF | 150,920,2750,13220,163000,275290,307250,435370,587500,795520 | Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall. |
| Bacterium Coli | BIO | 642 | Also called Bacillus Coli, B Coli, E Coli, Escherischia Coli. Frequent cause of UTIs and wound infection. |
| Bacterium Coli | CAFL | 642,358,539 | Also called Bacillus Coli, B Coli, E Coli, Escherischia Coli. Frequent cause of UTIs and wound infection. Intestines |
| Bacterium Coli 1 | XTRA | 358,539,642 | Also called Bacillus Coli, B Coli, E Coli, Escherischia Coli. Frequent cause of UTIs and wound infection. |
| Bacterium Lactis Nosode | BIO | 512,526,798,951,5412 | Homeopathic nosode. |
| Bacteroides Fragilis | CAFL | 633,634,635,636,637 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. Respiratory |
| Bacteroides Fragilis | HC | 324300-325000 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. |
| Bacteroides Fragilis | XTRA | 556776.6677 | Biofilm. From Newport. Wave=square, Duty=72.4%. Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. |
| Bacteroides Fragilis 1 | XTRA | 803.86,805.59,20268.75,20312.5 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. |
| Bacteroides Fragilis 2 | XTRA | 633 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. Other use: anthracinum (homeopathic nosode for anthrax). |
| Bacteroides Fragilis 3 | XTRA | 805.59,808.07,16180.79,16230.57 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. |
| Bacteroides Fragilis 4 | XTRA | 807.33,808.07,20356.25,20375 | Pleomorphic bacteria in the gut. Implicated in colon cancers. Use with Parasites Ascaris program. |
| Baker's Yeast Allergy | CAFL | 775,843 | Homeopathic preparation. |
| Balancing of Body | XTRA | 33,1130,1131 | Mental and emotional balance. Mind |
| Balanitis | ETDF | 30,250,930,13610,7500,95000,310250,451170,519680,688290 | Inflammation of the glans penis, with many possible causes. Encyclopedia Entry for Balanitis : Balanitis- Candida albicans (yeast)- most common. Encyclopedia Entry for Balanitis : Balanitis. Balanitis is most often caused by poor hygiene in uncircumcised men. Other possible causes include: Diseases, such as reactive arthritis and lichen sclerosus atrophicus Infection Harsh soaps Not rinsing soap off properly while bathing Uncontrolled diabetes. Symptoms include: Redness of foreskin or penis Other rashes on the head of the penis Foul-smelling discharge Painful penis and foreskin. Your health care provider may diagnose the problem with only an exam. However, you may need skin tests for viruses, fungi, or bacteria. A skin biopsy may also be needed. Treatment depends on the cause of the balanitis. Antibiotic pills or creams are used to treat balanitis that is caused by bacteria. Steroid creams may help balanitis that occurs with skin diseases. Anti-fungal cream will be prescribed if it is due to a fungus. In severe cases, circumcision may be the best option. If you cannot pull back (retract) the foreskin to clean it, you may need to be circumcised. Most cases of balanitis can be controlled with medicated creams and good hygiene. Surgery is not needed most of the time. Long-term swelling or infection can: Scar and narrow the opening of the penis (meatal stricture) Make it difficult and painful to retract the foreskin to expose the tip of the penis (a condition called phimosis) Make it difficult to move the foreskin over the head of the penis (a condition called paraphimosis) Affect the blood supply to the tip of the penis Increase the risk of penile cancer. Tell your provider if you have any signs of balanitis, including swelling of the foreskin or pain. Good hygiene can prevent most cases of balanitis. When you bathe, pull back the foreskin to clean and dry the area under it. Balanoposthitis. Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive anatomy Circumcised vs. uncircumcised Penis, with and without foreskin. Fort GG. Balanitis. |
| Balantidium Coli Cysts | HC | 458800-462900 | Caused by Balantidiasis. |
| Balantidium Coli Cysts 1 | XTRA | 1137.25,1140.23,1147.41,14337.5,14375,14465.62 | Caused by Balantidiasis. |
| Balantidium Coli Cysts 2 | XTRA | 1140.23,11451.02 | Caused by Balantidiasis. |
| Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome | ETDF | 240,700,7500,12330,37500,72500,124370,325160,496010,888600 | Genetic disease with overgrowth of lipomas, hemangiomas, and head enlargement. |
| Banti's Syndrome | BIO | 1778 | Chronic congestive enlargement of spleen, causing premature destruction of red blood cells. |
| Barium 135ba 1 | XTRA | 211.46,227.96,19402.34 | Heavy metal. Present in chemtrail sprays. See Detox programs. |
| Barium 137ba 2 | XTRA | 236.56,255.02,21705.08 | Heavy metal. Present in chemtrail sprays. See Detox programs. |
| Barley Smut | CAFL | 377,224,1447 | Homeopathic preparation for an allergen. |
| Barley Smut | VEGA | 377 | Homeopathic preparation for an allergen. |
| Barotrauma | ETDF | 180,230,850,5810,20000,62500,150000,350000,510250,653690 | Tissue injury caused by pressure differences between gas and liquid. |
| Barrett's Esophagus | ETDF | 50,460,800,7500,37500,85750,150000,229320,522530,655200 | Abnormal cell change of lower esophagus caused by chronic acid exposure. |
| Barrett's Esophagus 1 | XTRA | 20,146,676,727,776,787,802,880,2127.5,10000 | Abnormal cell change of lower esophagus caused by chronic acid exposure. |
| Barth Syndrome | ETDF | 50,180,17500,45000,70000,125750,377910,475160,527000,753230 | Genetic disorder affecting multiple body systems, found only in males. |
| Bartonella Alsatica | XTRA | 236.32 | Associated with Lymphadenitis and Endocarditis. |
| Bartonella Bacilliformis | XTRA | 745.4 | Invades red blood cells, and is transmitted by sandflies. |
| Bartonella Birtlesii | XTRA | 857.5 | Bartonella birtlesii is a oxidase- and catalase-negative bacteria from the genus of Bartonella which was isolated from Apodemus. |
| Bartonella Bovis | XTRA | 344.6 | First found in European cattle. |
| Bartonella Clarridgeiae | XTRA | 716.8 | Zoonotic pathogen causing Cat Scratch Fever. |
| Bartonella Doshiae | XTRA | 856.4 | Bartonella doshiae is a proteobacterium. Together with other Bartonella species, it can cause disease in animals. |
| Bartonella Elizabethae | XTRA | 867.4 | Bartonella elizabethae, formerly known as Rochalimaea elizabethae, is a proteobacterium. Together with other Bartonella-species, it can cause disease in animals. |
| Bartonella Grahamii | XTRA | 545.6 | Bartonella grahamii is a proteobacterium. Together with other Bartonella species, it can cause disease in animals. |
| Bartonella Henselae | PROV | 364,379,645,654,786,840,842,844,846,848,850,857,967,6878,634,696,716,1518 | Bacterium which causes Cat Scratch Fever. Common in Lyme and Morgellons. Lymph |
| Bartonella Henselae | XTRA | 354.15 | Causes Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, and Cat Scratch Fever. |
| Bartonella Henselae Comp | XTRA | 576656.5577,7776665.6666 | Duty Cycle=67, Apply=Frequencies Directly. Includes toxin removal. Also use Herpes Simplex 1 programs. Dowsed by Newport. See Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever programs. |
| Bartonella Infections | ETDF | 70,120,1630,20000,40000,134250,357770,510250,752630,923700 | Bacterium which causes Cat Scratch Fever. Common in Lyme and Morgellons. |
| Bartonella Koehlerae | XTRA | 763.25 | First found in cats and birds. |
| Bartonella Lyme | XTRA | 832,39936 | Bacterium which causes Cat Scratch Fever. Common in Lyme and Morgellons. |
| Bartonella Melophagi | XTRA | 643.6 | Known to cause infection in humans. |
| Bartonella Quintana | XTRA | 356,357,547 | Bacterium which causes Cat Scratch Fever. Common in Lyme and Morgellons. |
| Bartonella Quintana 2 | XTRA | 476.3 | Transmitted by body lice and other arthropods, causing trench fever. |
| Bartonella Rochalimae | XTRA | 66697.6755 | Dowsed by Newport. See Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever programs. |
| Bartonella Rochalimae | XTRA | 588.1 | Closely related to B. Quintana, B. Henselae, and B. Clarridgeiae. |
| Bartonella Schoenbuchensis | XTRA | 665.3 | First found in deer fly, whose bite causes human Dermatitis. |
| Bartonella Species Self-Test | XTRA | 236.32,745.4,857.5,344.6,716.8,856.4,867.4,545.6,354.15,763.25,643.6,476.3,588.1,665.3,878.4,573.41,456.6,654.6,654.1,466.7,432.44,968.84,877.4 | All species 60 secs each. Run in Contact or Plasma Modes. Note running frequency when 'hits' are felt, then use Reverse Lookup. |
| Bartonella Tamiae | XTRA | 878.4 | First found in human blood in Thailand. |
| Bartonella Taylorii | XTRA | 573.41 | Bartonella taylorii is a proteobacterium. Together with other Bartonella species, it can cause disease in animals. |
| Bartonella Toxin | XTRA | 7776665.6666 | Toxin removal. Apply: Frequencies Directly. Dowsed by Newport. See Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever programs. |
| Bartonella Tribocorum | XTRA | 456.6 | First found in wild rats. |
| Bartonella Vinsonii | XTRA | 654.6 | Species contains subspecies Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Vinsonii, Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Berkhoffii, and Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Arupensis. |
| Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Arupensis | XTRA | 432.44 | Found in humans in Thailand. |
| Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Berkhoffii | XTRA | 466.7 | Subspecies found in Bartonella Vinsonii. First found in dog with endocarditis. |
| Bartonella Vinsonii subsp Vinsonii | XTRA | 654.1 | Subspecies found in Bartonella Vinsonii. First found in voles. |
| Bartonella Washoensis | XTRA | 968.84 | Causes Meningitis. Also found in dogs and rodents. |
| Bartonella Weisii | XTRA | 877.4 | XTRA. Now called Bartonella Bovis. |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | XTRA | 760,2116,2280,666,2008,2125,2128,2131,2140,2145,2280,3672,6130,6601,6672 | Common skin cancer, mostly found on head or neck. Rarely fatal or metastatic. |
| Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome | ETDF | 100,570,800,7500,15000,52500,95110,655200,750000,923700 | Genetic predisposition to Basal Cell Carcinoma development. |
| Basidiomycetes | CAFL | 751 | Also called Basidiomycota. Filamentous yeast. Other use: Liver Function Stimulate & Normalize. Skin |
| B-Cell Lymphoma | ETDF | 410,930,2750,17500,35670,87500,93500,236420,434000,519340 | Blood cancers in lymph glands. Includes Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Also see Cancer programs. |
| BCG Vaccine | CAFL | 277,768,832,725 | Bacillus CalmetteĐGuŽrin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible. |
| BCG Vaccine | VEGA | 477.7,277 | Bacillus CalmetteĐGuŽrin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible. |
| Beals Syndrome | ETDF | 70,290,38220,49000,53890,67950,115070,502260,632830,726770 | Rare congenital disorder with multiple joint contractures. |
| Beck Frequency 3 | ETDF | 80 | ETDFL Beck 'Dr Robert Beck' (Bob Beck Brain Tuner - Bio Tuner Device Frequencies) Schumann Resonance frequency (also known as the Earth Resonance ) |
| Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | ETDF | 110,550,47500,92500,375750,475160,527000,667000,752700,987230 | Overgrowth disorder with increased risk of childhood cancer. Encyclopedia Entry for Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome : Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is caused by a defect in the genes on chromosome 11. About 10% of cases can be passed down through families. Signs and symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome include: Large size for a newborn Red birth mark on forehead or eyelids (nevus flammeus) Creases in ear lobes Large tongue (macroglossia) Low blood sugar Abdominal wall defect ( umbilical hernia or omphalocele ) Enlargement of some organs Overgrowth of one side of the body (hemihyperplasia/hemihypertrophy) Tumor growth, such as Wilms tumors and hepatoblastomas. The health care provider will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Often this is enough to make a diagnosis. Tests for the disorder include: Blood tests for low blood sugar Chromosomal studies for abnormalities in chromosome 11 Ultrasound of the abdomen. Infants with low blood sugar may be treated with fluids given through a vein ( intravenous , IV). Some infants may need medicine or other management if low blood sugar continues. Defects in the abdominal wall may need to be repaired. If the enlarged tongue makes it hard to breathe or eat, surgery may be needed. Children with overgrowth on one side of the body should be watched for a curved spine ( scoliosis ). The child also must be watched closely for the development of tumors. Tumor screening includes blood tests and abdominal ultrasounds. Children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome typically lead normal lives. Further study is needed to develop long-term follow-up information. These complications can occur: Development of tumors Feeding problems due to enlarged tongue Breathing problems due to enlarged tongue Scoliosis due to hemihypertrophy. If you have a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and worrisome symptoms develop, call your pediatrician right away. There is no known prevention for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Genetic counseling may be of value for families who would like to have more children. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Devaskar SU, Garg M. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the neonate. |
| Bed Wetting | CAFL | 7.83,20,112,120,465,727,787,802,880,1550 | See Enuresis. Use Parasites General, Pinworm, and Ascaris programs. |
| Bedsores | CAFL | 880,1550,802,787,727,465,20,1.2,73 | Also called Pressure ulcers. |
| Bedsores | ETDF | 180,620,930,12760,47230,187500,271500,571340,622530,864000 | Also called Pressure ulcers. |
| Bedsores 1 | XTRA | 1.1,1.19,20,73,250,465,660,690,727.5,784,787,802,880,1550 | Bedsores are categorized into 4 stages. Stage 1 bedsores are usually mild, as the earliest and least severe stage, and can often be healed with simple remedies and changes to everyday habits. After treatment, these sores can be prevented from returning by regular skin checks and changes in position. |
| Behcet Syndrome | ETDF | 110,550,850,16200,47500,376290,476500,527000,667000,742000 | Rare immune-related systemic vasculitis with mucous membrane ulcers and eye problems. |
| Bell's Palsy | CAFL | 2.4,3,3.9,7.83,20,27.57,33,35,40,47.5,57.5,72,90.88,110,125,194,222,304,393.5,464,565.5,600,625,650,727,776,787,833,880,932.5,1250 | One-sided facial paralysis due to nerve dysfunction. Nerve |
| Bell's Palsy | ETDF | 120,17850,27500,47500,150000,225000,452590,683000,712000,993410 | One-sided facial paralysis due to nerve dysfunction. |
| Bell's Palsy 1 | XTRA | 2.39,3,3.89,7.83,20,27.57,33,35,40,47.5,57.5,72,90.97,110,125,194,222,304,393.5,464,565.5,600,625,650,727,776,787,833,880,932.5,1250 | One-sided facial paralysis due to nerve dysfunction. |
| Bell's Palsy 2 | XTRA | 2.39,3,3.89,7.83,20,27.5,33,35,40,72,90.87,110,125,194,220,222,304,410,464,470.5,570.5,600,625,650,660,690,727.5,776,787,833,880,1250,3930.5,5650.5,9320.5 | One-sided facial paralysis due to nerve dysfunction. |
| Bell's Palsy 3 | XTRA | 2.39,3,3.89,7.83,20,27.57,33,35,40,47.5,57.5,72,90.87,110,125,194,222,304,393.5,464,565.5,600,625,650,727,776,787,833,880,932.5,1250 | One-sided facial paralysis due to nerve dysfunction. |
| Berger's Disease | ETDF | 150,240,680,830,32500,197500,332500,555370,696500,875520 | Also called IgA Nephropathy. Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney. |
| Beriberi | ETDF | 120,220,5810,5500,40000,67500,150000,269710,749000,987230 | Primarily due to thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1) with CNS, neuro, cardiac, motor, and psych problems. Encyclopedia Entry for Beriberi : Beriberi. There are two major types of beriberi: Wet beriberi: Affects the cardiovascular system. Dry beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome : Affects the nervous system. Beriberi is rare in the United States. This is because most foods are now vitamin enriched. If you eat a normal, healthy diet, you should get enough thiamine. Today, beriberi occurs mostly in people who abuse alcohol. Drinking heavily can lead to poor nutrition. Excess alcohol makes it harder for the body to absorb and store vitamin B1. In rare cases, beriberi can be genetic. This condition is passed down through families. People with this condition lose the ability to absorb thiamine from foods. This can happen slowly over time. The symptoms occur when the person is an adult. However, this diagnosis is often missed. This is because health care providers may not consider beriberi in nonalcoholics. Beriberi can occur in infants when they are: Breastfed and the mother's body is lacking in thiamine Fed unusual formulas that don't have enough thiamine Some medical treatments that can raise your risk of beriberi are: Getting dialysis Taking high doses of diuretics (water pills). Symptoms of dry beriberi include: Difficulty walking Loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs Mental confusion /speech difficulties Pain Strange eye movements (nystagmus) Tingling Vomiting Symptoms of wet beriberi include: Awakening at night short of breath Increased heart rate Shortness of breath with activity Swelling of the lower legs. A physical examination may show signs of congestive heart failure , including: Difficulty breathing with neck veins that stick out Enlarged heart Fluid in the lungs Rapid heartbeat Swelling in both lower legs A person with late-stage beriberi may be confused or have memory loss and delusions. The person may be less able to sense vibrations. A neurological exam may show signs of: Changes in the walk Coordination problems Decreased reflexes Drooping of the eyelids The following tests may be done: Blood tests to measure the amount of thiamine in the blood Urine tests to see if thiamine is passing through the urine. The goal of treatment is to replace the thiamine your body is lacking. This is done with thiamine supplements. Thiamine supplements are given through a shot (injection) or taken by mouth. Your provider may also suggest other types of vitamins. Blood tests may be repeated after the treatment is started. These tests will show how well you are responding to the medicine. Untreated, beriberi can be fatal. With treatment, symptoms usually improve quickly. Heart damage is usually reversible. A full recovery is expected in these cases. However, if acute heart failure has already occurred, the outlook is poor. Nervous system damage is also reversible, if caught early. If it is not caught early, some symptoms (such as memory loss) may remain, even with treatment. If a person with Wernicke encephalopathy receives thiamine replacement, language problems, unusual eye movements, and walking difficulties may go away. However, Korsakoff syndrome (or Korsakoff psychosis) tends to develop as Wernicke symptoms go away. Complications may include: Coma Congestive heart failure Death Psychosis. Beriberi is extremely rare in the United States. However, call your provider if: You feel your family's diet is inadequate or poorly balanced You or your children have any symptoms of beriberi. Eating a proper diet that is rich in vitamins will prevent beriberi. Nursing mothers should make sure that their diet contains all vitamins. If your infant is not breastfed, make sure that the infant formula contains thiamine. If you drink heavily, try to cut down or quit. Also, take B vitamins to make sure your body is properly absorbing and storing thiamine. Thiamine deficiency; Vitamin B1 deficiency. Koppel BS. Nutritional and alcohol-related neurologic disorders. |
| Bermuda Smut | BIO | 971 | Homeopathic preparation for an allergen. |
| Bermuda Smut | CAFL | 422,767,847,971,644,780 | Homeopathic preparation for an allergen. |
| Berylliosis | ETDF | 140,260,5620,42500,65110,90000,517500,688290,712230,997870 | Chronic lung disease due to beryllium exposure. |
| Beryllium | XTRA | 16350 | Heavy metal. Detox. |
| Beryllium be | XTRA | 299.14,322.49,13723.62 | Toxic heavy metal. |
| Besnoitia (Lung Sect.) Protozoan | HC | 352800-361400 | Protozoan causing pedunculated lesions in skin, nasal cavity, and larynx. |
| Besnoitia 1 | XTRA | 874.5,887.38,895.82,11025,11187.5,11293.75 | Protozoan causing pedunculated lesions in skin, nasal cavity, and larynx. |
| Besnoitia 2 | XTRA | 887.38,17823.77 | Protozoan causing pedunculated lesions in skin, nasal cavity, and larynx. |
| Beta Streptococcus | HC | 380600-387400 | Destroys red blood cells. |
| Beta Streptococcus 1 | XTRA | 943.4,954.32,960.26,11893.75,12031.25,12106.25 | Destroys red blood cells. |
| Beta Streptococcus 2 | XTRA | 954.32,19168.02 | Destroys red blood cells. |
| Bile Duct Spasms and Pain | XTRA | 2,2.2,2.5,2.7,3.2,3.5 | Can be caused by blockage due to cancer, gallstones, or injury. |
| Biliary Atresia | ETDF | 160,2500,10530,45160,62500,293810,425000,571000,833000,932000 | Childhood liver disease with blocked, narrow, or missing bile ducts. Encyclopedia Entry for Biliary Atresia : Biliary atresia. Biliary atresia occurs when the bile ducts inside or outside the liver do not develop normally. The reason why this happens is unknown. The bile ducts help remove waste from the liver and carry salts that help the small intestine break down (digest) fat. In babies with biliary atresia, bile flow from the liver to the gallbladder is blocked. This can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver, which can be deadly. Newborns with this condition may appear normal at birth. However, jaundice (a yellow color to the skin and mucus membranes) develops by the second or third week of life. The infant may gain weight normally for the first month. After that point, the baby will lose weight and become irritable, and will have worsening jaundice. Other symptoms may include: Dark urine Enlarged spleen Floating stools Foul-smelling stools Pale or clay-colored stools Slow growth Slow or no weight gain. The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which includes feeling the baby's belly area. The provider may feel an enlarged liver. Tests to diagnose biliary atresia include: Abdominal x-ray Abdominal ultrasound Blood tests to check total and direct bilirubin levels Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, also called cholescintigraphy, to help determine whether the bile ducts and gallbladder are working properly Liver biopsy to determine the severity of cirrhosis or to rule out other causes of jaundice X-ray of the bile ducts (cholangiogram). An operation called the Kasai procedure is done to connect the liver to the small intestine. The abnormal ducts are bypassed. It is most successful if done before the baby is 8 weeks old. However, a liver transplant may still be needed. Early surgery will improve the survival of more than one third of babies with this condition. The long-term benefit of a liver transplant is not yet known, but it is expected to improve survival. Complications may include: Infection Irreversible cirrhosis Liver failure Surgical complications, including failure of the Kasai procedure. Call your provider if your child appears jaundiced, or if other symptoms of biliary atresia develop. Jaundice newborns - biliary atresia; Newborn jaundice - biliary atresia. Newborn jaundice - discharge Newborn jaundice - what to ask your doctor. Bile produced in the liver Bile produced in the liver. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF. Cholestasis. |
| Biliary Cirrhosis | BIO | 381,514,677,2271 | Inflammatory autoimmune disease in which bile flow through the liver is obstructed. |
| Biliary Headache | CAFL | 8.5,3.5 | Headache brought on by gallstones. Gallbladder |
| Biliary Tract Diseases | ETDF | 170,490,2500,32500,72500,312330,400000,560000,709830,985900 | One of the most common causes of extrahepatic biliary obstruction is choledocholithiasis, with one or more stones in the common bile duct or common hepatic duct causing biliary obstruction. |
| Biliousness | CAFL | 1550,802,10000,880,832,787,727,465 | Nausea and possible vomiting. Gallbladder |
| Biliousness 1 | XTRA | 21.33,465,660,690,727.5,787,802,832,880,1550,10000 | Nausea and possible vomiting. |
| Biliousness 2 | XTRA | 465,727,787,802,832,880,1550,5000,10000 | Nausea and possible vomiting. |
| Bilirubin | CAFL | 717,726,731,863,9305,649,734 | A bile pigment that may cause jaundice in high concentration. Use Liver Support. Liver Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin - urine. This test can be done on any urine sample. For an infant, thoroughly wash the area where urine exits the body. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end). For males, place the entire penis in the bag and attach the adhesive to the skin. For females, place the bag over the labia. Diaper as usual over the secured bag. This procedure may take a few tries. An active baby can move the bag causing urine to go into the diaper. Check the infant often and change the bag after the infant has urinated into it. Drain the urine from the bag into the container provided by your health care provider. Deliver the sample to the laboratory or to your provider as soon as possible. Many medicines can interfere with blood test results. Your provider will tell you if you need to stop taking any medicines before you have this test. DO NOT stop or change your medicines without first talking to your provider. The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort. This test may be done to diagnose liver or gallbladder problems. Bilirubin is not normally found in the urine. Increased levels of bilirubin in the urine may be due to: Biliary tract disease Cirrhosis Gallstones in the biliary tract Hepatitis Liver disease Tumors of the liver or gallbladder. Bilirubin can break down in light. That is why babies with jaundice are sometimes placed under blue fluorescent lamps. Conjugated bilirubin - urine; Direct bilirubin - urine. Male urinary system Male urinary system. Berk PD, Korenblat KM. Approach to the patient with jaundice or abnormal liver test results. Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin blood test. A blood sample is needed. You should not eat or drink for at least 4 hours before the test. Your health care provider may instruct you to stop taking medicines that affect the test. Many drugs may change the bilirubin level in your blood. Make sure your provider knows which medicines you are taking. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool. A high level of bilirubin in the blood can lead to jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow color in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. Jaundice is the most common reason to check bilirubin level. The test will likely be ordered when: The provider is concerned about a newborn's jaundice (most newborns have some jaundice) Jaundice develops in older infants, children, and adults A bilirubin test is also ordered when the provider suspects a person has liver or gallbladder problems. It is normal to have some bilirubin in the blood. A normal level is: Direct (also called conjugated) bilirubin: less than 0.3 mg/dL (less than 5.1 mol/L) Total bilirubin: 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (1.71 to 20.5 mol/L) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or may test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. In newborns, bilirubin level is higher for the first few days of life. Your child's provider must consider the following when deciding whether your baby's bilirubin level is too high: How fast the level has been rising Whether the baby was born early The baby's age Jaundice can also occur when more red blood cells than normal are broken down. This can be caused by: A blood disorder called erythroblastosis fetalis A red blood cell disorder called hemolytic anemia Transfusion reaction in which red blood cells that were given in a transfusion are destroyed by the person's immune system The following liver problems may also cause jaundice or a high bilirubin level: Scarring of the liver ( cirrhosis ) Swollen and inflamed liver ( hepatitis ) Other liver disease Disorder in which bilirubin is not processed normally by the liver ( Gilbert disease ) The following problems with gallbladder or bile ducts may cause higher bilirubin levels: Abnormal narrowing of the common bile duct ( biliary stricture ) Cancer of the pancreas or gallbladder Gallstones. Veins vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Bleeding from where the needle was inserted Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood collecting under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Total bilirubin - blood; Unconjugated bilirubin - blood; Indirect bilirubin - blood; Conjugated bilirubin - blood; Direct bilirubin - blood. Newborn jaundice - discharge. Blood test Blood test. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bilirubin (total, direct [conjugated] and indirect [unconjugated]) - serum. Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin encephalopathy. Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE) is caused by very high levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created as the body gets rid of old red blood cells. High levels of bilirubin in the body can cause the skin to look yellow (jaundice). If the level of bilirubin is very high or a baby is very ill, the substance will move out of the blood and collect in the brain tissue if it is not bound to albumin (protein) in the blood. This can lead to problems such as brain damage and hearing loss. The term 'kernicterus' refers to the yellow staining caused by bilirubin. This is seen in parts of the brain on autopsy. This condition most often develops in the first week of life, but may be seen up until the third week. Some newborns with Rh hemolytic disease are at high risk for severe jaundice that can lead to this condition. Rarely, BE can develop in seemingly healthy babies. The symptoms depend on the stage of BE. Not all babies with kernicterus on autopsy have had definite symptoms. Early stage: Extreme jaundice Absent startle reflex Poor feeding or sucking Extreme sleepiness (lethargy) and low muscle tone (hypotonia) Middle stage: High-pitched cry Irritability May have arched back with neck hyperextended backwards, high muscle tone (hypertonia) Poor feeding Late stage: Stupor or coma No feeding Shrill cry Muscle rigidity, markedly arched back with neck hyperextended backwards Seizures. A blood test will show a high bilirubin level (greater than 20 to 25 mg/dL). However, there is not a direct link between bilirubin level and degree of injury. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. Treatment depends on how old the baby is (in hours) and whether the baby has any risk factors (such as prematurity). It may include: Light therapy (phototherapy) Exchange transfusions (removing the child's blood and replacing it with fresh donor blood or plasma). BE is a serious condition. Many infants with late-stage nervous system complications die. Complications may include: Permanent brain damage Hearing loss Death. Get medical help right away if your baby has signs of this condition. Treating jaundice or conditions that may lead to it can help prevent this problem. Infants with the first signs of jaundice have bilirubin level measured within 24 hours. If the level is high, the infant should be screened for diseases that involve the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). All newborns have a follow-up appointment within 2 to 3 days after leaving the hospital. This is very important for late preterm or early term babies (born more than 2 to 3 weeks before their due date). Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND); Kernicterus. Newborn jaundice - discharge. Kernicterus Kernicterus. Benitz WE; Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Hospital stay for healthy term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):948-953. PMID: 25917993 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25917993. Hamati AI. Neurological complications of systemic disease: children. |
| Bilirubin | VEGA | 717,726,731,863 | A bile pigment that may cause jaundice in high concentration. Use Liver Support. Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin - urine. This test can be done on any urine sample. For an infant, thoroughly wash the area where urine exits the body. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end). For males, place the entire penis in the bag and attach the adhesive to the skin. For females, place the bag over the labia. Diaper as usual over the secured bag. This procedure may take a few tries. An active baby can move the bag causing urine to go into the diaper. Check the infant often and change the bag after the infant has urinated into it. Drain the urine from the bag into the container provided by your health care provider. Deliver the sample to the laboratory or to your provider as soon as possible. Many medicines can interfere with blood test results. Your provider will tell you if you need to stop taking any medicines before you have this test. DO NOT stop or change your medicines without first talking to your provider. The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort. This test may be done to diagnose liver or gallbladder problems. Bilirubin is not normally found in the urine. Increased levels of bilirubin in the urine may be due to: Biliary tract disease Cirrhosis Gallstones in the biliary tract Hepatitis Liver disease Tumors of the liver or gallbladder. Bilirubin can break down in light. That is why babies with jaundice are sometimes placed under blue fluorescent lamps. Conjugated bilirubin - urine; Direct bilirubin - urine. Male urinary system Male urinary system. Berk PD, Korenblat KM. Approach to the patient with jaundice or abnormal liver test results. Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin blood test. A blood sample is needed. You should not eat or drink for at least 4 hours before the test. Your health care provider may instruct you to stop taking medicines that affect the test. Many drugs may change the bilirubin level in your blood. Make sure your provider knows which medicines you are taking. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool. A high level of bilirubin in the blood can lead to jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow color in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. Jaundice is the most common reason to check bilirubin level. The test will likely be ordered when: The provider is concerned about a newborn's jaundice (most newborns have some jaundice) Jaundice develops in older infants, children, and adults A bilirubin test is also ordered when the provider suspects a person has liver or gallbladder problems. It is normal to have some bilirubin in the blood. A normal level is: Direct (also called conjugated) bilirubin: less than 0.3 mg/dL (less than 5.1 mol/L) Total bilirubin: 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (1.71 to 20.5 mol/L) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or may test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. In newborns, bilirubin level is higher for the first few days of life. Your child's provider must consider the following when deciding whether your baby's bilirubin level is too high: How fast the level has been rising Whether the baby was born early The baby's age Jaundice can also occur when more red blood cells than normal are broken down. This can be caused by: A blood disorder called erythroblastosis fetalis A red blood cell disorder called hemolytic anemia Transfusion reaction in which red blood cells that were given in a transfusion are destroyed by the person's immune system The following liver problems may also cause jaundice or a high bilirubin level: Scarring of the liver ( cirrhosis ) Swollen and inflamed liver ( hepatitis ) Other liver disease Disorder in which bilirubin is not processed normally by the liver ( Gilbert disease ) The following problems with gallbladder or bile ducts may cause higher bilirubin levels: Abnormal narrowing of the common bile duct ( biliary stricture ) Cancer of the pancreas or gallbladder Gallstones. Veins vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Bleeding from where the needle was inserted Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood collecting under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Total bilirubin - blood; Unconjugated bilirubin - blood; Indirect bilirubin - blood; Conjugated bilirubin - blood; Direct bilirubin - blood. Newborn jaundice - discharge. Blood test Blood test. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bilirubin (total, direct [conjugated] and indirect [unconjugated]) - serum. Encyclopedia Entry for Bilirubin : Bilirubin encephalopathy. Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE) is caused by very high levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created as the body gets rid of old red blood cells. High levels of bilirubin in the body can cause the skin to look yellow (jaundice). If the level of bilirubin is very high or a baby is very ill, the substance will move out of the blood and collect in the brain tissue if it is not bound to albumin (protein) in the blood. This can lead to problems such as brain damage and hearing loss. The term 'kernicterus' refers to the yellow staining caused by bilirubin. This is seen in parts of the brain on autopsy. This condition most often develops in the first week of life, but may be seen up until the third week. Some newborns with Rh hemolytic disease are at high risk for severe jaundice that can lead to this condition. Rarely, BE can develop in seemingly healthy babies. The symptoms depend on the stage of BE. Not all babies with kernicterus on autopsy have had definite symptoms. Early stage: Extreme jaundice Absent startle reflex Poor feeding or sucking Extreme sleepiness (lethargy) and low muscle tone (hypotonia) Middle stage: High-pitched cry Irritability May have arched back with neck hyperextended backwards, high muscle tone (hypertonia) Poor feeding Late stage: Stupor or coma No feeding Shrill cry Muscle rigidity, markedly arched back with neck hyperextended backwards Seizures. A blood test will show a high bilirubin level (greater than 20 to 25 mg/dL). However, there is not a direct link between bilirubin level and degree of injury. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. Treatment depends on how old the baby is (in hours) and whether the baby has any risk factors (such as prematurity). It may include: Light therapy (phototherapy) Exchange transfusions (removing the child's blood and replacing it with fresh donor blood or plasma). BE is a serious condition. Many infants with late-stage nervous system complications die. Complications may include: Permanent brain damage Hearing loss Death. Get medical help right away if your baby has signs of this condition. Treating jaundice or conditions that may lead to it can help prevent this problem. Infants with the first signs of jaundice have bilirubin level measured within 24 hours. If the level is high, the infant should be screened for diseases that involve the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). All newborns have a follow-up appointment within 2 to 3 days after leaving the hospital. This is very important for late preterm or early term babies (born more than 2 to 3 weeks before their due date). Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND); Kernicterus. Newborn jaundice - discharge. Kernicterus Kernicterus. Benitz WE; Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Hospital stay for healthy term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):948-953. PMID: 25917993 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25917993. Hamati AI. Neurological complications of systemic disease: children. |
| Bilirubinemia | XTRA | 1.19,10,20,72,95,125,146,250,444,600,625,649,650,717,726,731,734,802,863,880,1500,1550,1600,1865,9305 | Increased presence of bilirubin in blood. See Jaundice programs. |
| Biofilms 01 | XTRA | 641.18,543.75,28500,280000,400,80,28.48 | Includes chronic Rhinitis with nasal polyposis, E Coli, and Staphylococcus Epidermidis biofilms (see Staphylococcus Pyogenes Albus). |
| Biotinidase Deficiency | ETDF | 190,350,13520,90000,355080,475160,527000,667000,789000,986220 | Enzyme deficiency caused by failure to process biotin (vitamin B7) in food. |
| Bipolar Disorder | ETDF | 160,800,7500,30000,67500,125000,352930,563190,642910,930120 | Disorder with pronounced transitions between depression and elevation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bipolar Disorder : Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally. It most often starts between ages 15 and 25. The exact cause is not known. But it occurs more often in relatives of people with bipolar disorder. In most people with bipolar disorder, there is no clear cause for the periods (episodes) of extreme happiness and high activity or energy (mania) or depression and low activity or energy (depression). The following may trigger a manic episode: Childbirth Medicines such as antidepressants or steroids Periods of not being able to sleep (insomnia) Recreational drug use. The manic phase may last from days to months. It may include these symptoms: Easily distracted Excess involvement in activities Little need for sleep Poor judgment Poor temper control Reckless behavior and lack of self-control, such as drinking, drug use, sex with many partners, gambling and spending sprees Very irritable mood, racing thoughts, talking a lot, and false beliefs about self or abilities The depressive episode may include these symptoms: Daily low mood or sadness Problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions Eating problems such as loss of appetite and weight loss, or overeating and weight gain Fatigue or lack of energy Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt Loss of pleasure in activities once enjoyed Loss of self-esteem Thoughts of death or suicide Trouble getting to sleep or sleeping too much Pulling away from friends or activities that were once enjoyed People with bipolar disorder are at high risk of suicide. They may use alcohol or other substances. This can make the bipolar symptoms worse and increase the risk of suicide. Episodes of depression are more common than episodes of mania. The pattern is not the same in all people with bipolar disorder: Depression and mania symptoms may occur together. This is called a mixed state. Symptoms may also occur right after each other. This is called rapid cycling. To diagnose bipolar disorder, the provider may do some or all of the following: Ask whether other family members have bipolar disorder Ask about your recent mood swings and for how long you have had them Perform a thorough exam and order lab tests to look for other illnesses that may be causing symptoms that resemble bipolar disorder Talk to family members about your symptoms and overall health Ask about any health problems you have and any medicines you take Watch your behavior and mood. The main goal of treatment is to: Make the episodes less frequent and severe Help you function well and enjoy your life at home and at work Prevent self-injury and suicide MEDICINES Medicines are a key part of treating bipolar disorder. Most often, the first medicines used are called mood stabilizers. They help you avoid mood swings and extreme changes in activity and energy levels. With medicines, you may begin to feel better. However, for some people, symptoms of mania may feel good. Or side effects from the medicines may occur. As a result, you may be tempted to stop taking your medicine or change the way you are taking them. But stopping your medicines or taking them in the wrong way can cause symptoms to come back or become much worse. DO NOT stop taking or change the dosages of your medicines. Talk with your provider first, if you have questions about your medicines. Ask family members or friends to help you take medicines the right way. This means taking the right dose at the right time. They can also help make sure that episodes of mania and depression are treated as soon as possible. If mood stabilizers do not help, your provider may suggest other medicines, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants. You will need regular visits with a psychiatrist to talk about your medicines and their possible side effects. Blood tests are often needed too. OTHER TREATMENTS Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used to treat the manic or depressive phase if it does not respond to medicine. People who are in the middle of a severe manic or depressive episode may need to stay in a hospital until they are stable and their behavior is under control. SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND TALK THERAPY Joining a support group may help you and your loved ones. Involving family members and caregivers in your treatment may help reduce the chance of symptoms returning. Important skills you may learn at such programs include how to: Cope with symptoms that continue even while you are taking medicines Get enough sleep and stay away from recreational drugs Take medicines the right way and manage side effects Watch for the return of symptoms, and know what to do when they return Find out what triggers the episodes and avoid these triggers Talk therapy with a mental health provider may be helpful for people with bipolar disorder. Periods of depression or mania return in most people, even with treatment. People may also have issues with alcohol or drug use. They may also have problems with relationships, school, work, and finances. Suicide is a very real risk during both mania and depression. People with bipolar disorder who think or talk about suicide need emergency attention right away. Seek help right way if you: Have symptoms of mania Feel the urge to hurt yourself or others Feel hopeless, scared, or overwhelmed See things that are not really there Feel you cannot leave the house Are not able to care for yourself Call the treating provider if: Symptoms are getting worse You have side effects from medicines You are not taking medicine the right way. Manic depression; Bipolar affective disorder; Mood disorder - bipolar; Manic depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Bipolar and related disorders. Encyclopedia Entry for Bipolar Disorder : Bipolar Disorder. Can be caused by Borna virus, Herpes Simplex virus 1, HHV-6A and by Borrelia species bacteria. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bipolar Disorder | XTRA | 263.1,304,802,6000,6130 | Disorder with pronounced transitions between depression and elevation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bipolar Disorder : Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally. It most often starts between ages 15 and 25. The exact cause is not known. But it occurs more often in relatives of people with bipolar disorder. In most people with bipolar disorder, there is no clear cause for the periods (episodes) of extreme happiness and high activity or energy (mania) or depression and low activity or energy (depression). The following may trigger a manic episode: Childbirth Medicines such as antidepressants or steroids Periods of not being able to sleep (insomnia) Recreational drug use. The manic phase may last from days to months. It may include these symptoms: Easily distracted Excess involvement in activities Little need for sleep Poor judgment Poor temper control Reckless behavior and lack of self-control, such as drinking, drug use, sex with many partners, gambling and spending sprees Very irritable mood, racing thoughts, talking a lot, and false beliefs about self or abilities The depressive episode may include these symptoms: Daily low mood or sadness Problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions Eating problems such as loss of appetite and weight loss, or overeating and weight gain Fatigue or lack of energy Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt Loss of pleasure in activities once enjoyed Loss of self-esteem Thoughts of death or suicide Trouble getting to sleep or sleeping too much Pulling away from friends or activities that were once enjoyed People with bipolar disorder are at high risk of suicide. They may use alcohol or other substances. This can make the bipolar symptoms worse and increase the risk of suicide. Episodes of depression are more common than episodes of mania. The pattern is not the same in all people with bipolar disorder: Depression and mania symptoms may occur together. This is called a mixed state. Symptoms may also occur right after each other. This is called rapid cycling. To diagnose bipolar disorder, the provider may do some or all of the following: Ask whether other family members have bipolar disorder Ask about your recent mood swings and for how long you have had them Perform a thorough exam and order lab tests to look for other illnesses that may be causing symptoms that resemble bipolar disorder Talk to family members about your symptoms and overall health Ask about any health problems you have and any medicines you take Watch your behavior and mood. The main goal of treatment is to: Make the episodes less frequent and severe Help you function well and enjoy your life at home and at work Prevent self-injury and suicide MEDICINES Medicines are a key part of treating bipolar disorder. Most often, the first medicines used are called mood stabilizers. They help you avoid mood swings and extreme changes in activity and energy levels. With medicines, you may begin to feel better. However, for some people, symptoms of mania may feel good. Or side effects from the medicines may occur. As a result, you may be tempted to stop taking your medicine or change the way you are taking them. But stopping your medicines or taking them in the wrong way can cause symptoms to come back or become much worse. DO NOT stop taking or change the dosages of your medicines. Talk with your provider first, if you have questions about your medicines. Ask family members or friends to help you take medicines the right way. This means taking the right dose at the right time. They can also help make sure that episodes of mania and depression are treated as soon as possible. If mood stabilizers do not help, your provider may suggest other medicines, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants. You will need regular visits with a psychiatrist to talk about your medicines and their possible side effects. Blood tests are often needed too. OTHER TREATMENTS Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used to treat the manic or depressive phase if it does not respond to medicine. People who are in the middle of a severe manic or depressive episode may need to stay in a hospital until they are stable and their behavior is under control. SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND TALK THERAPY Joining a support group may help you and your loved ones. Involving family members and caregivers in your treatment may help reduce the chance of symptoms returning. Important skills you may learn at such programs include how to: Cope with symptoms that continue even while you are taking medicines Get enough sleep and stay away from recreational drugs Take medicines the right way and manage side effects Watch for the return of symptoms, and know what to do when they return Find out what triggers the episodes and avoid these triggers Talk therapy with a mental health provider may be helpful for people with bipolar disorder. Periods of depression or mania return in most people, even with treatment. People may also have issues with alcohol or drug use. They may also have problems with relationships, school, work, and finances. Suicide is a very real risk during both mania and depression. People with bipolar disorder who think or talk about suicide need emergency attention right away. Seek help right way if you: Have symptoms of mania Feel the urge to hurt yourself or others Feel hopeless, scared, or overwhelmed See things that are not really there Feel you cannot leave the house Are not able to care for yourself Call the treating provider if: Symptoms are getting worse You have side effects from medicines You are not taking medicine the right way. Manic depression; Bipolar affective disorder; Mood disorder - bipolar; Manic depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Bipolar and related disorders. Encyclopedia Entry for Bipolar Disorder : Bipolar Disorder. Can be caused by Borna virus, Herpes Simplex virus 1, HHV-6A and by Borrelia species bacteria. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bird Diseases | ETDF | 170,830,25750,87500,225110,450000,519680,687620,712810,992000 | The four diseases that most frequently affect birds that use feeders are: salmonella, trichomoniasis, aspergillosis, and avian pox. All of these diseases are transmitted from one bird to another at feeding stations, especially when overcrowding occurs. Birds are also susceptible to mites and lice. There are many steps you can take to help keep feeder birds and people safe and healthy. |
| Bird Flu Virus | XTRA | 728,800,880,7760,8000,8250 | H5N1. Subtype of Influenza A virus. Other use: general influenza. |
| Bird Tuberculosis | XTRA | 529.29,590 | Avian TB. |
| Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome | ETDF | 180,230,970,7500,32500,175000,453720,515110,684810,712420 | Genetic disorder causing predisposition to kidney cancer, cysts, and fibrofolliculomas. |
| Bismuth bi | XTRA | 342.06,368.75,15692.37 | Heavy metal. |
| Bisphenol A | XTRA | 1055.525 | Plastic pollutant which forms biofilms when Staphylococcus Epidermidis is present. |
| Bites and Stings | ETDF | 30,550,780,7250,50000,85160,97500,210500,752630,925710 | Stings and bites from insects are common. They often result in redness and swelling in the injured area. Sometimes a sting or bite can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction or transmit pathogens (viruses, bacteria or parasites, for example) to humans. |
| Black Vomit | XTRA | 0.67,20,60,72,95,142,178,232,432,660,690,727.5,733,734,779,880,1187,10000 | See Yellow Fever. |
| Black Widow Spider | CAFL | 376,728 | Spider bite. Encyclopedia Entry for Black Widow Spider : Black widow spider. The venom of the black widow spider contains poisonous chemicals that make people sick. Black widows are found throughout the United States, mostly in the South and West. They are usually found in barns, sheds, stone walls, fences, woodpiles, porch furniture, and other outdoor structures. The first symptom of a black widow bite is usually pain similar to a pinprick. This is felt when the bite is made. Some people may not feel it. Minor swelling, redness, and a target-shaped sore may appear. After 15 minutes to 1 hour, a dull muscle pain spreads from the bite area to the whole body. If the bite is on the upper body, you will usually feel most of the pain in your chest. If the bite is on your lower body, you will usually feel most of the pain in your abdomen. The following symptoms can also occur: Anxiety Difficulty breathing Headache High blood pressure Increased saliva Increased sweating Light sensitivity Muscle weakness Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling around the bite site, then sometimes spreading out from the bite Restlessness Seizures (usually seen just before death in children who are bitten) Very painful muscle cramps Pregnant women may have contractions and go into labor. Black widow spider bites are very poisonous. Seek medical help right away. Call the Poison Control Center for guidance. Follow these steps until medical help is given: Clean the area with soap and water. Wrap ice in a clean cloth and place it on the bite area. Leave it on for 10 minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process. If the person has blood flow problems, decrease the time that the ice is on the area to prevent possible skin damage. Keep the affected area still, if possible, to prevent the venom from spreading. A homemade splint may be helpful if the bite was on the arms, legs, hands, or feet. Loosen clothing and remove rings and other tight jewelry. Have this information ready: Person's age, weight, and condition Time the bite occurred Area on the body where the bite occurred Type of spider, if possible. Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If possible, bring the spider to the emergency room. Put it in a secure container. The health care provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. The person may receive: Antivenin, a medicine to reverse the effects of the venom, if available Blood and urine tests Breathing support, including oxygen Chest or abdominal x-rays ECG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing) Intravenous fluids (through a vein) Medicines to treat symptoms In general, children, pregnant women, and the elderly may need to be given Latrodectus antivenom to reverse the effect of the poison. However, it can cause serious allergic reactions and must be used carefully. Severe symptoms usually start to improve within 2 to 3 days, but milder symptoms may last for several weeks. Death in a healthy person is very rare. Young children, the very ill, and the elderly may not survive a bite. Wear protective clothing when traveling through areas where these spiders live. DO NOT stick your hands or feet in their nests or in their preferred hiding places, such as dark, sheltered areas under logs or underbrush, or other damp, moist areas. Arthropods, basic features Arthropods, basic features Arachnids, basic features Arachnids, basic features Black widow spider Black widow spider. Boyer LV, Binford GJ, Degan JA. Spider bites. |
| Black Widow Spider | XTRA | 376,660,690,727.5 | Spider bite. Encyclopedia Entry for Black Widow Spider : Black widow spider. The venom of the black widow spider contains poisonous chemicals that make people sick. Black widows are found throughout the United States, mostly in the South and West. They are usually found in barns, sheds, stone walls, fences, woodpiles, porch furniture, and other outdoor structures. The first symptom of a black widow bite is usually pain similar to a pinprick. This is felt when the bite is made. Some people may not feel it. Minor swelling, redness, and a target-shaped sore may appear. After 15 minutes to 1 hour, a dull muscle pain spreads from the bite area to the whole body. If the bite is on the upper body, you will usually feel most of the pain in your chest. If the bite is on your lower body, you will usually feel most of the pain in your abdomen. The following symptoms can also occur: Anxiety Difficulty breathing Headache High blood pressure Increased saliva Increased sweating Light sensitivity Muscle weakness Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling around the bite site, then sometimes spreading out from the bite Restlessness Seizures (usually seen just before death in children who are bitten) Very painful muscle cramps Pregnant women may have contractions and go into labor. Black widow spider bites are very poisonous. Seek medical help right away. Call the Poison Control Center for guidance. Follow these steps until medical help is given: Clean the area with soap and water. Wrap ice in a clean cloth and place it on the bite area. Leave it on for 10 minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process. If the person has blood flow problems, decrease the time that the ice is on the area to prevent possible skin damage. Keep the affected area still, if possible, to prevent the venom from spreading. A homemade splint may be helpful if the bite was on the arms, legs, hands, or feet. Loosen clothing and remove rings and other tight jewelry. Have this information ready: Person's age, weight, and condition Time the bite occurred Area on the body where the bite occurred Type of spider, if possible. Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If possible, bring the spider to the emergency room. Put it in a secure container. The health care provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. The person may receive: Antivenin, a medicine to reverse the effects of the venom, if available Blood and urine tests Breathing support, including oxygen Chest or abdominal x-rays ECG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing) Intravenous fluids (through a vein) Medicines to treat symptoms In general, children, pregnant women, and the elderly may need to be given Latrodectus antivenom to reverse the effect of the poison. However, it can cause serious allergic reactions and must be used carefully. Severe symptoms usually start to improve within 2 to 3 days, but milder symptoms may last for several weeks. Death in a healthy person is very rare. Young children, the very ill, and the elderly may not survive a bite. Wear protective clothing when traveling through areas where these spiders live. DO NOT stick your hands or feet in their nests or in their preferred hiding places, such as dark, sheltered areas under logs or underbrush, or other damp, moist areas. Arthropods, basic features Arthropods, basic features Arachnids, basic features Arachnids, basic features Black widow spider Black widow spider. Boyer LV, Binford GJ, Degan JA. Spider bites. |
| Blackheads | XTRA | 778 | Also called Comedones. Other use: Morgan Bacterium (enterobacterium). Encyclopedia Entry for Blackheads : Blackheads. Blackheads can be treated with creams that contain salicylic acid or tretinoin. They can be removed by a skin doctor. Open comedones. Blackheads (comedones) Blackheads (comedones). Habif TP. Acne, rosacea, and related disorders. |
| Blackwater Fever | ETDF | 40,240,570,1000,12050,177710,234000,591000,683160,849340 | Complication of malaria that can lead to kidney failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Blackwater Fever : Blackwater Fever- Malaria- Plasmodium falciparum (sporozoan parasite) |
| Bladder | XTRA | 352,727,787,800,880 | The bladder is a storage organ that sits in your pelvis. Urine is made by your kidneys and stored in the bladder until you are ready to empty it. When you go to the toilet your bladder outlet muscles (urethral sphincter and pelvic floor) relax and your bladder contracts (squeezes) emptying your bladder of urine. Your brain controls your bladder by sending messages to tell it when to hold on and when to empty. Bladder Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder biopsy. A bladder biopsy can be done as part of a cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is a procedure that is done to see the inside of the bladder using a thin lighted tube called a cystoscope. A small piece of tissue or the entire abnormal area is removed. The tissue is sent to the lab to be tested if: Abnormalities of the bladder are found during this exam A tumor is seen. You must sign an informed consent form before you have a bladder biopsy. In most cases, you are asked to urinate just before the procedure. You may also be asked to take an antibiotic before the procedure. For infants and children, the preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child's age, previous experiences, and level of trust. For general information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics: Infant test or procedure preparation (birth to 1 year) Toddler test or procedure preparation (1 to 3 years) Preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years) School age test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years) Adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years). You may have a slight discomfort as the cystoscope is passed through your urethra into your bladder. You will feel discomfort that is similar to a strong urge to urinate when the fluid has filled your bladder. You may feel a pinch during the biopsy. There may be a burning sensation when the blood vessels are sealed to stop bleeding (cauterized). After the cystoscope is removed, your urethra may be sore. You may feel a burning sensation during urination for a day or two. There may be blood in the urine. In most cases, this will go away on its own. In some cases, the biopsy needs to be taken from a large area. In that case, you may need general anesthesia or sedation before the procedure. This test is most often done to check for cancer of the bladder or urethra. The bladder wall is smooth. The bladder is of a normal size, shape, and position. There are no blockages , growths, or stones. The presence of cancer cells indicates bladder cancer. The type of cancer can be determined from the biopsy sample. Other abnormalities may include: Bladder diverticula Cysts Inflammation Infection Ulcers. There is some risk for urinary tract infection. There is a slight risk for excessive bleeding. There may be a rupture of the bladder wall with the cystoscope or during biopsy. There is also a risk that the biopsy will fail to detect a serious condition. You will likely have a small amount of blood in your urine shortly after this procedure. If the bleeding continues after you urinate, contact your health care provider. Also contact your provider if: You have pain, chills, or a fever You are producing less urine than usual ( oliguria ) You cannot urinate despite a strong urge to do so. Biopsy - bladder. Bladder catheterization, female Bladder catheterization, female Bladder catheterization, male Bladder catheterization, male Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract Bladder biopsy Bladder biopsy. Bent AE, Cundiff GW. Cystourethroscopy. Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder cancer. In the United States, bladder cancer often starts from the cells lining the bladder. These cells are called transitional cells. These tumors are classified by the way they grow: Papillary tumors look like warts and are attached to a stalk. Nonpapillary (sessile) tumors are flat. They are much less common. But they are more invasive and have a worse outcome. The exact cause of bladder cancer is not known. But several things may make you more likely to develop it: Cigarette smoking -- Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers in men and several in women may be caused by cigarette smoke. Chemical exposure at work -- About 1 in 4 cases of bladder cancer is caused by coming into contact with cancer-causing chemicals at work. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk. Chemotherapy -- The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide may increase the risk for bladder cancer. Radiation treatment -- Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. Bladder infection -- A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer. Research has not shown clear evidence that using artificial sweeteners leads to bladder cancer. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include: Abdominal pain Blood in the urine Bone pain or tenderness if the cancer spreads to the bone Fatigue Painful urination Urinary frequency and urgency Urine leakage (incontinence) Weight loss Other diseases and conditions can cause similar symptoms. It is important to see your health care provider to rule out all other possible causes. The provider will perform a physical examination , including a rectal and pelvic exam. Tests that may be done include: Abdominal and pelvic CT scan Abdominal MRI scan Cystoscopy (examining the inside of the bladder with a camera), with biopsy Intravenous pyelogram - IVP Urinalysis Urine cytology If tests confirm you have bladder cancer, additional tests will be done to see if the cancer has spread. This is called staging. Staging helps guide future treatment and follow-up and gives you some idea of what to expect in the future. The TNM (tumor, nodes, metastatis) staging system is used to stage bladder cancer: Ta -- The cancer is in the lining of the bladder only and has not spread. T1 -- The cancer goes through the bladder lining, but does not reach the bladder muscle. T2 -- The cancer spreads to the bladder muscle. T3 -- The cancer spreads past the bladder into the fatty tissue surrounding it. T4 -- The cancer has spread to nearby structures such as the prostate gland, uterus, vagina, rectum, abdominal wall, or pelvic wall. Tumors are also grouped based on how they appear under a microscope. This is called grading the tumor. A high-grade tumor is fast growing and more likely to spread. Bladder cancer can spread into nearby areas, including the: Lymph nodes in the pelvis Bones Liver Lungs. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the severity of your symptoms, and your overall health. Stage 0 and I treatments: Surgery to remove the tumor without removing the rest of the bladder Chemotherapy or immunotherapy placed directly into the bladder Stage II and III treatments: Surgery to remove the entire bladder (radical cystectomy) and nearby lymph nodes Surgery to remove only part of the bladder, followed by radiation and chemotherapy Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor before surgery A combination of chemotherapy and radiation (in people who choose not to have surgery or who cannot have surgery) Most people with stage IV tumors cannot be cured and surgery is not appropriate. In these people, chemotherapy is often considered. CHEMOTHERAPY Chemotherapy may be given to people with stage II and III disease either before or after surgery to help prevent the tumor from returning. For early disease (stages 0 and I), chemotherapy is usually given directly into the bladder. A Foley catheter can be used to deliver the medicine into the bladder in advanced stages (II-IV) of bladder cancer (intravesically). Common side effects include bladder wall irritation and pain when urinating. IMMUNOTHERAPY Bladder cancers are often treated with immunotherapy. In this treatment, a medicine triggers your immune system to attack and kill the cancer cells. Immunotherapy for bladder cancer is often performed using the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (commonly known as BCG). As with all treatments, side effects are possible. Ask your provider what side effects you might expect, and what to do if they occur. SURGERY Surgery for bladder cancer includes: Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) -- Cancerous bladder tissue is removed through the urethra. Partial or complete removal of the bladder -- Many people with stage II or III bladder cancer may need to have their bladder removed (radical cystectomy). Sometimes, only part of the bladder is removed. Chemotherapy may be given before or after this surgery. Surgery may also be done to help your body drain urine after the bladder is removed. This may include: Ileal conduit -- A small urine reservoir is surgically created from a short piece of your small intestine. The ureters that drain urine from the kidneys are attached to one end of this piece. The other end is brought out through an opening in the skin (a stoma). The stoma allows the person to drain the collected urine out of the reservoir. Continent urinary reservoir -- A pouch to collect urine is created inside your body using a piece of your intestine. You will need to insert a tube into an opening in your skin (stoma) into this pouch to drain the urine. Orthotopic neobladder -- This surgery is becoming more common in people who have had their bladder removed. A part of your bowel is folded over to make a pouch that collects urine. It is attached to the place in the body where the urine normally empties from the bladder. This procedure allows you to maintain some normal urinary control. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. After treatment for bladder cancer, you will be closely monitored by a doctor. This may include: CT scans to check for the spread or return of cancer Monitoring symptoms that might suggest the disease is getting worse, such as fatigue, weight loss, increased pain, decreased bowel and bladder function, and weakness Complete blood count (CBC) to monitor for anemia Bladder exams every 3 to 6 months after treatment Urinalysis if you did not have your bladder removed How well a person with bladder cancer does depends on the initial stage and response to treatment of the bladder cancer. The outlook for stage 0 or I cancers is fairly good. Although the risk for the cancer returning is high, most bladder cancers that return can be surgically removed and cured. The cure rates for people with stage III tumors are less than 50%. People with stage IV bladder cancer are rarely cured. Bladder cancers may spread into the nearby organs. They may also travel through the pelvic lymph nodes and spread to the liver, lungs, and bones. Additional complications of bladder cancer include: Anemia Swelling of the ureters ( hydronephrosis ) Urethral stricture Urinary incontinence. Call your provider if you have blood in your urine or other symptoms of bladder cancer, including: Frequent urination Painful urination Urgent need to urinate. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can increase your risk for bladder cancer. Avoid exposure to chemicals linked to bladder cancer. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder; Urothelial cancer. Cystoscopy Cystoscopy Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract. National Cancer Institute website. Bladder cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/healthprofessional. Updated March 9, 2018. Accessed March 26, 2018. National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): Bladder cancer. Version 3.2018. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bladder.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2018. Smith A, Balar AV, Milowsky MI, Chen RC. Bladder cancer. Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder exstrophy repair. Bladder exstrophy repair involves two surgeries. The first surgery is to repair the bladder. The second one is to attach the pelvic bones to each other. The first surgery separates the exposed bladder from the abdomen wall. The bladder is then closed. The bladder neck and urethra are repaired. A flexible, hollow tube called a catheter is placed to drain urine from the bladder. This is placed through the abdominal wall. A second catheter is left in the urethra to promote healing. The second surgery, pelvic bone surgery, may be done along with the bladder repair. It may also be delayed for weeks or months. A third surgery may be needed if there is a bowel defect. The surgery is recommended for children who are born with bladder exstrophy. This defect occurs more often in boys and is often linked to other birth defects. Surgery is necessary to: Allow the child to develop normal urinary control Avoid future problems with sexual function Improve the child's physical appearance (genitals will look more normal) Prevent infection that could harm the kidneys Sometimes, the bladder is too small at birth. In this case, the surgery will be delayed until the bladder has grown. These newborns are sent home on antibiotics. The bladder, which is outside the abdomen, must be kept moist. It can take months for the bladder to grow to the right size. The infant will be followed closely by a medical team. The team decides when the surgery should take place. Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general are: Reactions to medicines Breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots Infection Risks with this procedure may include: Chronic urinary tract infections Sexual/erectile dysfunction Kidney problems Need for future surgeries Poor urinary control ( incontinence ). Most bladder exstrophy repairs are done when your child is only a few days old, before leaving the hospital. In this case, the hospital staff will prepare your child for the surgery. If the surgery was not done when your child was a newborn, your child may need the following tests at the time of surgery: Urine test ( urine culture and urinalysis ) to check your child's urine for infection and to test kidney function Blood tests ( complete blood count , electrolytes, and kidney tests) Record of urine output X-ray of your child's lower stomach and bones Ultrasound of your child's kidneys Always tell your child's health care provider what medicines your child is taking. Also let them know about the medicines or herbs you bought without a prescription. Ten days before the surgery, your child may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen, warfarin (Coumadin), and any other medicines. These medicines make it hard for the blood to clot. Ask your provider which drugs your child should still take on the day of the surgery. On the day of the surgery: Your child will usually be asked not to drink or eat anything for several hours before the surgery. Give the drugs your child's provider told you to give with a small sip of water. Your child's provider will tell you when to arrive. After pelvic bone surgery, your child will need to be in a lower body cast or sling for 4 to 6 weeks. This helps the bones heal. After the bladder surgery, your child will have a tube that drains the bladder through the stomach wall ( suprapubic catheter ). This will be in place for 3 to 4 weeks. Your child will also need pain management, wound care, and antibiotics. The providers will teach you about these things before you leave the hospital. Due to the high risk of infection, your child will need to have a urinalysis and urine culture at every well-child visit. At the first signs of an illness, these tests may be repeated. Some children take antibiotics on a regular basis to prevent infection. Urinary control most often happens after the neck of the bladder is repaired. This surgery is not always successful. The child may need to repeat the surgery later on. Even with repeat surgery, a few children will not have control of their urine. They may need catheterization. Bladder birth defect repair; Everted bladder repair; Exposed bladder repair; Repair of bladder exstrophy. Surgical wound care - open. Elder JS. Anomalies of the bladder. Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder outlet obstruction. This condition is common in aging men. It is often caused by enlarged prostate. Bladder stones and bladder cancer are also more commonly seen in men than women. As a man ages, his chance of getting these diseases increases greatly. Other common causes of BOO include: Pelvic tumors (cervix, prostate, uterus, rectum) Narrowing of the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder (urethra), due to scar tissue or certain birth defects Less common causes include: Cystocele (when the bladder falls into the vagina) Foreign objects Urethral spasms Inguinal (groin) hernia. The symptoms of BOO may vary, but can include: Abdominal pain Continuous feeling of a full bladder Frequent urination Pain during urination ( dysuria ) Problems starting urination (urinary hesitancy) Slow, uneven urine flow, at times being unable to urinate Urinary tract infection Waking up at night to urinate ( nocturia ). Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You will undergo a physical exam. One or more of the following problems may be found: Abdominal growth Cystocele (women) Enlarged bladder Enlarged prostate (men) Tests may include: Blood chemistries to look for signs of kidney damage Cystoscopy and retrograde urethrogram (x-ray) to look for narrowing of the urethra Tests to determine how fast urine flows out of the body ( uroflowmetry ) Tests to see how much the urine flow is blocked and how well the bladder contracts (urodynamic testing) Ultrasound to locate the blockage of urine and find out how well the bladder empties Urinalysis to look for blood or signs of infection in the urine Urine culture to check for an infection. Treatment of BOO depends on its cause. A tube, called a catheter, is inserted into the bladder. The insertion is done through the urethra to relieve the blockage. Sometimes, a catheter placed through the belly area into the bladder is needed to drain the bladder. Most often, you will need surgery for long-term cure of BOO. However, many of the diseases that cause this problem can be treated with medicines. Talk to your provider about possible treatments. Most causes of BOO can be cured if diagnosed early. However, permanent damage to the bladder or kidneys can result if the diagnosis is delayed. Call your provider if you have symptoms of BOO. Early diagnosis can often lead to a simple and effective cure. BOO; Lower urinary tract obstruction; Prostatism; Urinary retention - BOO. Kidney anatomy Kidney anatomy Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract Kidney - blood and urine flow Kidney - blood and urine flow. Andersson K, Wein AJ. Pharmacologic management of lower urinary tract storage and emptying failure. Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder stones. Bladder stones are most often caused by another urinary system problem, such as: Bladder diverticulum Blockage at the base of the bladder Enlarged prostate (BPH) Neurogenic bladder Urinary tract infection (UTI) Incomplete emptying of bladder Foreign objects in the bladder Almost all bladder stones occur in men. Bladder stones are much less common than kidney stones. Bladder stones may occur when urine in the bladder is concentrated. Materials in the urine form crystals. These may also result from foreign objects in the bladder. Symptoms occur when the stone irritates the lining of the bladder. The stones may also block the flow of urine from the bladder. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain , pressure Abnormally colored or dark-colored urine Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Frequent urge to urinate Inability to urinate except in certain positions Interruption of the urine stream Pain, discomfort in the penis Signs of UTI (such as fever, pain when urinating, and need to urinate often) Loss of urine control may also occur with bladder stones. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This will also include a rectal exam. The exam may reveal an enlarged prostate or other problems. The following tests may be done: Bladder or pelvic x-ray Cystoscopy Urinalysis Urine culture (clean catch) Abdominal ultrasound or CT scan. You may be able to help small stones pass on their own. Drinking 6 to 8 glasses of water or more per day will increase urination. Your provider may remove stones that do not pass using a cystoscope. A small telescope will be passed through the urethra into the bladder. A laser or other device will be used to break up the stones and the pieces will be removed. Some stones may need to be removed using open surgery. Drugs are rarely used to dissolve the stones. Causes of bladder stones should be treated. Most commonly, bladder stones are seen with BPH or blockage at the base of the bladder. You may need surgery to remove the inside part of the prostate or to repair the bladder. Most bladder stones pass on their own or can be removed. They do not cause permanent damage to the bladder. They may come back if the cause is not corrected. Left untreated, stones may cause repeated UTI. This can also cause permanent damage to the bladder or kidneys. Call your provider if you have symptoms of bladder stones. Prompt treatment of UTI or other urinary tract conditions may help prevent bladder stones. Stones - bladder; Urinary tract stones; Bladder calculi. Kidney stones and lithotripsy - discharge Kidney stones - self-care Percutaneous urinary procedures - discharge. Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract. Benway BM, Bhayani SB. Lower urinary tract calculi. Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder : Bladder Infection. May be caused by Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis, and P. Penneri includes pathogens responsible for many human urinary tract infections. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bladder and Prostate Complaints | CAFL | 9.39,20,465,727,787,802,880,1550 | General. Bladder |
| Bladder and Prostate Complaints | XTRA | 9.39,20,465,727,787,802,880,1550,2050 | General. Bladder |
| Bladder Diseases | ETDF | 40,550,780,970,5090,7250,50000,97500,229320,532410 | Symptoms of a UTI in the bladder may include: Cloudy, bloody, or foul-smelling urine. Pain or burning during urination. Strong and frequent need to urinate, even right after emptying the bladder. A mild fever below 101ˇF in some people. Bladder |
| Bladder Exstrophy | ETDF | 20,900,2250,5000,132410,322530,412330,561930,714820,978050 | Protrusion of bladder through abdominal wall. Bladder Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder Exstrophy : Bladder exstrophy repair. Bladder exstrophy repair involves two surgeries. The first surgery is to repair the bladder. The second one is to attach the pelvic bones to each other. The first surgery separates the exposed bladder from the abdomen wall. The bladder is then closed. The bladder neck and urethra are repaired. A flexible, hollow tube called a catheter is placed to drain urine from the bladder. This is placed through the abdominal wall. A second catheter is left in the urethra to promote healing. The second surgery, pelvic bone surgery, may be done along with the bladder repair. It may also be delayed for weeks or months. A third surgery may be needed if there is a bowel defect. The surgery is recommended for children who are born with bladder exstrophy. This defect occurs more often in boys and is often linked to other birth defects. Surgery is necessary to: Allow the child to develop normal urinary control Avoid future problems with sexual function Improve the child's physical appearance (genitals will look more normal) Prevent infection that could harm the kidneys Sometimes, the bladder is too small at birth. In this case, the surgery will be delayed until the bladder has grown. These newborns are sent home on antibiotics. The bladder, which is outside the abdomen, must be kept moist. It can take months for the bladder to grow to the right size. The infant will be followed closely by a medical team. The team decides when the surgery should take place. Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general are: Reactions to medicines Breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots Infection Risks with this procedure may include: Chronic urinary tract infections Sexual/erectile dysfunction Kidney problems Need for future surgeries Poor urinary control ( incontinence ). Most bladder exstrophy repairs are done when your child is only a few days old, before leaving the hospital. In this case, the hospital staff will prepare your child for the surgery. If the surgery was not done when your child was a newborn, your child may need the following tests at the time of surgery: Urine test ( urine culture and urinalysis ) to check your child's urine for infection and to test kidney function Blood tests ( complete blood count , electrolytes, and kidney tests) Record of urine output X-ray of your child's lower stomach and bones Ultrasound of your child's kidneys Always tell your child's health care provider what medicines your child is taking. Also let them know about the medicines or herbs you bought without a prescription. Ten days before the surgery, your child may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen, warfarin (Coumadin), and any other medicines. These medicines make it hard for the blood to clot. Ask your provider which drugs your child should still take on the day of the surgery. On the day of the surgery: Your child will usually be asked not to drink or eat anything for several hours before the surgery. Give the drugs your child's provider told you to give with a small sip of water. Your child's provider will tell you when to arrive. After pelvic bone surgery, your child will need to be in a lower body cast or sling for 4 to 6 weeks. This helps the bones heal. After the bladder surgery, your child will have a tube that drains the bladder through the stomach wall ( suprapubic catheter ). This will be in place for 3 to 4 weeks. Your child will also need pain management, wound care, and antibiotics. The providers will teach you about these things before you leave the hospital. Due to the high risk of infection, your child will need to have a urinalysis and urine culture at every well-child visit. At the first signs of an illness, these tests may be repeated. Some children take antibiotics on a regular basis to prevent infection. Urinary control most often happens after the neck of the bladder is repaired. This surgery is not always successful. The child may need to repeat the surgery later on. Even with repeat surgery, a few children will not have control of their urine. They may need catheterization. Bladder birth defect repair; Everted bladder repair; Exposed bladder repair; Repair of bladder exstrophy. Surgical wound care - open. Elder JS. Anomalies of the bladder. |
| Bladder Infection | XTRA | 1.1,1.2,9.39,9.4,10,20,40,72,73,95,125,246,250,360,444,465,498,530,600,625,630,642,650,660,690,724,726,727.5,771,776,787,802,832,880,1500,1550,1600,1800,1865,2045,2127.5,2170,2250,2720,10000 | An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Bladder Encyclopedia Entry for Bladder Infection : Bladder Infection. May be caused by Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis, and P. Penneri includes pathogens responsible for many human urinary tract infections. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bladder TBC | CAFL | 642,771,360,726,724 | Transitional Bladder Cancer. Can also cause kidney cancer. Also see Cancer Bladder and Cancer Urethral. Bladder |
| Bladder TBC | VEGA | 771 | Transitional Bladder Cancer. Can also cause kidney cancer. Also see Cancer Bladder and Cancer Urethral. Other use: nematodes. Bladder |
| Blastocystis Hominis | BIO | 365,595,844,848,1201,1243 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). |
| Blastocystis Hominis | CAFL | 365,595,844,848,1201,1243,5777,11425,11841,11967,13145,13469,21776 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Intestines |
| Blastocystis Hominis | VEGA | 848,365,844,595 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). |
| Blastocystis Hominis | XTRA | 210,365,595,844,848,1201,1243,5777,11425,11841,11967,13145,13469,21776 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). |
| Blastocystis Hominis Infections | ETDF | 40,460,750,2750,7500,47500,96500,357300,834000,937410 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). |
| Blastocystis Hominis Infections | KHZ | 10,460,750,2750,7500,47500,96500,357300,834000,937410 | Protozoan causing GI tract problems. Often misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). |
| Blastomyces Dermatitidis | XTRA | 1233 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Blastomyces dermatitidis is the causal agent of blastomycosis, an invasive and often serious fungal infection found occasionally in humans and other animals in regions where the fungus is endemic. |
| Blepharisma | CAFL | 31320 | Ciliate water-dwelling protist. |
| Blepharisma | HC | 405650-407450 | Ciliate water-dwelling protist. |
| Blepharisma | XTRA | 1007.61,3120,20233.43 | Ciliate water-dwelling protist. |
| Blepharitis | ETDF | 100,830,5000,45110,93500,475160,527000,667000,752700,987230 | Chronic inflammation of eyelid at eyelash follicles. May involve Demodex follicular mites. Encyclopedia Entry for Blepharitis : Blepharitis- infestation of the eyelash follicle by a mite. This results in an allergic reaction which leads to an inflammatory reaction and secondary infection with Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis. Encyclopedia Entry for Blepharitis : Blepharitis. The exact cause of blepharitis is unknown. It is thought to be due to: An overgrowth of bacteria. A decrease or breakdown of the normal oils produced by the eyelid. Blepharitis is more likely to be seen in people with: A skin condition called seborrheic. This problem involves the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, skin behind the ears, and the creases of the nose Allergies that affect the eyelashes (less common) Excess growth of the bacteria that are normally found on the skin Rosacea , which is a skin condition that causes a red rash on the face. Symptoms include: Red, irritated eyelids Scales that stick to the base of the eyelashes Burning feeling in the eyelids Crusting, itching and swelling of the eyelids You may feel like you have sand or dust in your eye when you blink. Sometimes, the eyelashes may fall out. The eyelids may become scarred if the condition continues long-term. The health care provider can most often make the diagnosis by looking at the eyelids during an eye exam. Special photos of the glands that produce oil for the eyelids can be taken to see if they are healthy or not. Cleaning the edges of the eyelid every day will help remove excess bacteria and oil. Your provider might recommend using baby shampoo or special cleansers. Using an antibiotic ointment in the eyelid or taking antibiotic pills may help treat the problem. It may also help to take fish oil supplements. If you have blepharitis: Apply warm compresses to your eyes for 5 minutes, at least 2 times per day. After the warm compresses, gently rub a solution of warm water and no-tears baby shampoo along your eyelid, where the lash meets the lid, using a cotton swab. A device has recently been developed that can massage the eyelids to increase the flow of oil from the glands. The role of this device remains unclear. The outcome is most often good with treatment. You may need to keep the eyelid clean to prevent the problem from coming back. Continuing treatment will ease redness and help make your eyes more comfortable. Styes and chalazia are more common in people with blepharitis. . Call with your provider if symptoms get worse or DO NOT improve after several days of carefully cleaning your eyelids. Cleaning the eyelids carefully will help reduce the chances of getting blepharitis. Treat skin conditions that may add to the problem. Eyelid inflammation; Meibomian gland dysfunction. Eye Eye Blepharitis Blepharitis. Blackie CA, Coleman CA, Holland EJ. The sustained effect (12 months) of a single-dose vectored thermal pulsation procedure for meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1385-1396. PMID: 27555745 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27555745. Epitropoulos AT. Lid hygiene product helps reduce blepharitis, MGD symptoms. Ophthalmology Times. November 15, 2015. www.ophthalmologytimes.com/modern-medicine-feature-articles/lid-hygiene-product-helps-reduce-blepharitis-mgd-symptoms. Accessed September 8, 2016. Gadaria-Rathod N, Fernandez KB, Asbell PA. Blepharitis. |
| Blepharoptosis | ETDF | 70,250,22500,42500,125000,377910,524370,650000,759830,926700 | Eyelid droop. Also called Ptosis. |
| Blepharospasm | ETDF | 120,230,730,830,5620,7250,32500,42500,90000,175110 | Uncontrolled eyelid twitch. |
| Blister | XTRA | 465,660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid, either serum or plasma. However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) or with pus (for instance, if they become infected). Encyclopedia Entry for Blister : Blister Beetle. Latin name: Mylabris phalerata, Mylabris cichorii. Pinyin name: BAN MAO. Effect(s): To break blood and disperse concretion, attack toxin and cure sores. Plant part: dried body. |
| Blood | XTRA | 4.6,10.5 | The blood serves three main functions: Transport. The blood transports gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and the rest of the body. The blood also moves nutrients from the digestive tract to the rest of the body, and transports waste products, hormones, and other cells. Protection. The blood contains white blood cells that destroy invading microorganisms, as well as platelet factors to clot the blood and minimize blood loss from an injury. Regulation. The blood helps to regulate your bodys pH, water balance, and temperature. Your blood has a lot of important responsibilities, so its no wonder that people are looking for ways to keep their blood free of wastes and toxins. Blood Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood clots. Situations in which a blood clot is more likely to form in veins include: Being on long-term bed rest Sitting for long periods, such as in a plane or car During and after pregnancy Taking birth control pills or estrogen hormones (especially in women who smoke) Long-term use of an intravenous catheter After surgery Blood clots are also more likely to form after an injury. People with cancer, obesity, and liver or kidney disease are also prone to blood clots. Smoking also increases the risk of forming blood clots. Conditions that are passed down through families (inherited) may make you more likely to form abnormal blood clots. Inherited conditions that affect clotting are: Factor V Leiden thrombophilia Prothrombin G20210A mutation Other rare conditions, such as protein C, protein S , and antithrombin III deficiencies. A blood clot may block an artery or vein in the heart, affecting the: Heart (angina or a heart attack) Intestines ( mesenteric ischemia or mesenteric venous thrombosis ) Kidneys ( renal vein thrombosis ) Leg or arm arteries Legs ( deep vein thrombosis ) Lungs ( pulmonary embolism ) Neck or brain (stroke). Clot; Emboli; Thrombi; Thromboembolus; Hypercoagulable state. Deep vein thrombosis - discharge Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor Taking warfarin (Coumadin). Thrombus Thrombus Deep venous thrombosis, ileofemoral Deep venous thrombosis, iliofemoral. Anderson JA, Hogg KE, Weitz JI. Hypercoagulable states. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood culture. A blood sample is needed. The site where blood will be drawn is first cleaned with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine. This reduces the chance of an organism from the skin getting into (contaminating) the blood sample and causing a false-positive result (see below). The sample is sent to a laboratory. There, it is placed in a special dish (culture). It is then watched to see if bacteria or other disease-causing germs grow. A gram stain may also be done. A gram stain is a method of identifying bacteria using a special series of stains (colors). With some infections, bacteria can be found in the blood only intermittently. So, a series of three or more blood cultures may be done to increase the chance of finding the infection. There is no special preparation. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away. Your health care provider may order this test if you have symptoms of a serious infection, also known as sepsis. Symptoms of sepsis can include high fever, chills, rapid breathing and heart rate, confusion, and low blood pressure. The blood culture helps identify the type of bacteria causing the infection. This helps your provider determine how best to treat the infection. A normal value means that no bacteria or other germs were seen in your blood sample. An abnormal (positive) result means that germs were identified in your blood. The medical term for this is bacteremia. This can be the result of sepsis. Sepsis is a medical emergency and you will be admitted to a hospital for treatment. Other types of germs, such as a fungus or a virus, may also be found in a blood culture. Sometimes, an abnormal result can be due to contamination. This means bacteria may be found, but it came from your skin or from the lab equipment, instead of your blood. This is called a false-positive result. It means you do not have a true infection. There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Multiple punctures to locate veins Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Culture - blood. Beavis KG, Charnot-Katsikas A. Specimen collection and handling for diagnosis of infectious diseases. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood differential test. A blood sample is needed. A laboratory specialist takes a drop of blood from your sample and smears it onto a glass slide. The smear is stained with a special dye, which helps tell the difference between various types of white blood cells. Five types of white blood cells, also called leukocytes, normally appear in the blood: Neutrophils Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils A special machine or a health care provider counts the number of each type of cell. The test shows if the number of cells are in proper proportion with one another, and if there is more or less of one cell type. No special preparation is necessary. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away. This test is done to diagnose an infection, anemia , or leukemia. It may also be used to monitor one of these conditions, or to see if treatment is working. The different types of white blood cells are given as a percentage: Neutrophils: 40% to 60% Lymphocytes: 20% to 40% Monocytes: 2% to 8% Eosinophils: 1% to 4% Basophils: 0.5% to 1% Band (young neutrophil): 0% to 3%. Any infection or acute stress increases your number of white blood cells. High white blood cell counts may be due to inflammation, an immune response, or blood diseases such as leukemia. It is important to realize that an abnormal increase in one type of white blood cell can cause a decrease in the percentage of other types of white blood cells. An increased percentage of neutrophils may be due to: Acute infection Acute stress Eclampsia (seizures or coma in a pregnant woman) Gout (type of arthritis due to uric acid buildup in the blood) Myelocytic leukemia (a bone marrow cancer) Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever (disease due to an infection with group A streptococcus bacteria) Thyroiditis (a thyroid disease) Trauma A decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to: Aplastic anemia Chemotherapy Influenza (flu) Radiation therapy or exposure Viral infection Widespread severe bacterial infection An increased percentage of lymphocytes may be due to: Chronic bacterial infection Infectious hepatitis (liver swelling and inflammation from bacteria or viruses) Infectious mononucleosis , or mono (viral infection that causes fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands) Lymphocytic leukemia (a type of blood cancer) Multiple myeloma (a type of blood cancer) Viral infection (such as mumps or measles ) A decreased percentage of lymphocytes may be due to: Chemotherapy HIV/AIDS infection Leukemia Radiation therapy or exposure Sepsis (severe, inflammatory response to bacteria or other germs) Steroid use An increased percentage of monocytes may be due to: Chronic inflammatory disease Leukemia Parasitic infection Tuberculosis , or TB (bacterial infection that involves the lungs) Viral infection (for example, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, measles) An increased percentage of eosinophils may be due to: Addison disease (adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones) Allergic reaction Cancer Chronic myelogenous leukemia Collagen vascular disease Hypereosinophilic syndromes Parasitic infection An increased percentage of basophils may be due to: After splenectomy Allergic reaction Chronic myelogenous leukemia (a type of bone marrow cancer) Collagen vascular disease Myeloproliferative diseases (group of bone marrow diseases) Chickenpox A decreased percentage of basophils may be due to: Acute infection Cancer Severe injury. There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Differential; Diff; White blood cell differential count. Basophil (close-up) Basophil (close-up) Formed elements of blood Formed elements of blood. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Differential leukocyte count (diff) - peripheral blood. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood donation before surgery. Hsu YMS, Ness PM, Cushing MM. Principles of red blood cell transfusion. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood gases. Usually, blood is taken from an artery. In some cases, blood from a vein may be used. Blood may be collected from one of the following arteries: Radial artery in the wrist Femoral artery in the groin Brachial artery in the arm The health care provider may test circulation to the hand before taking a sample of blood from the wrist area. The provider inserts a small needle through the skin into the artery. The sample is quickly sent to a laboratory for analysis. There is no special preparation. If you are on oxygen therapy, the oxygen concentration must remain constant for 20 minutes before the test. Tell your provider if you are taking any blood-thinning medicines (anticoagulants), including aspirin. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away. The test is used to evaluate respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs. It helps determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. The test also provides information about the body's acid/base balance, which can reveal important clues about lung and kidney function and the body's general metabolic state. Values at sea level: Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 75 to 100 mm Hg (10.5 to 13.5 kPa) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 38 to 42 mm Hg (5.1 to 5.6 kPa) Arterial blood pH: 7.38 to 7.42 Oxygen saturation (SaO2): 94% to 100% Bicarbonate - (HCO3): 22 to 28 mEq/L Note: mEq/L = milliequivalents per liter; mmHg = millimeters of mercury At altitudes of 3,000 feet (900 meters) and higher, the oxygen value is lower. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. Abnormal results may be due to lung, kidney, or metabolic diseases. Head or neck injuries or other injuries that affect breathing can also lead to abnormal results. There is very little risk when the procedure is done correctly. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with this test may include: Bleeding at the puncture site Blood flow problems at puncture site (rare) Bruising at the puncture site Delayed bleeding at the puncture site Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Arterial blood gas analysis; ABG; Hypoxia - ABG; Respiratory failure - ABG. Blood gases test Blood gases test. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Blood gases, arterial (ABG) - blood. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood in the semen. Most of the time, blood in the semen is caused by swelling or infection of the prostate or seminal vesicles. The problem may occur after a prostate biopsy. Blood in the semen may also be caused by: Blockage due to enlarged prostate (prostate problems) Infection of the prostate Irritation in the urethra (urethritis) Injury to the urethra Often, the cause of the problem cannot be found. Sometimes, the visible blood will last several days to weeks, depending on the cause of the blood and if any clots formed in the seminal vesicles. Depending on the cause, other symptoms that may occur include: Blood in the urine Fever or chills Lower back pain Pain with bowel movement Pain with ejaculation Pain with urination Swelling in the scrotum Swelling or tenderness in the groin area Tenderness in the scrotum. The following steps may help ease discomfort from a prostate infection or urinary infection: Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Drink plenty of fluids. Eat high-fiber foods to make bowel movements easier. Always call your health care provider if you notice any blood in your semen. The provider will perform a physical exam and look for signs of: Discharge from the urethra Enlarged or tender prostate Fever Swollen lymph nodes Swollen or tender scrotum You may need the following tests: Prostate exam PSA blood test Semen analysis Semen culture Ultrasound of the prostate, pelvis or scrotum Urinalysis Urine culture. Semen - bloody; Blood in ejaculation. Blood in semen Blood in semen. Gerber GS, Brendler CB. Evaluation of the urologic patient: history, physical examination, and urinalysis. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood pressure measurement. Sit in a chair with your back supported. Your legs should be uncrossed, and your feet on the floor. Your arm should be supported so that your upper arm is at heart level. Roll up your sleeve so that your arm is bare. Be sure the sleeve is not bunched up and squeezing your arm. If it is, take your arm out of the sleeve, or remove the shirt entirely. You or your provider will wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm. The lower edge of the cuff should be 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the bend of your elbow. The cuff will be inflated quickly. This is done either by pumping the squeeze bulb or pushing a button on the device. You will feel tightness around your arm. Next, the valve of the cuff is opened slightly, allowing the pressure to slowly fall. As the pressure falls, the reading when the sound of blood pulsing is first heard is recorded. This is the systolic pressure. As the air continues to be let out, the sounds will disappear. The point at which the sound stops is recorded. This is the diastolic pressure. Inflating the cuff too slowly or not inflating it to a high enough pressure may cause a false reading. If you loosen the valve too much, you will not be able to measure your blood pressure. The procedure may be done two or more times. Before you measure your blood pressure: Rest for at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes is better, before blood pressure is taken. DO NOT take your blood pressure when you are under stress, have had caffeine or used tobacco in the past 30 minutes, or have exercised recently. Take 2 or 3 readings at a sitting. Take the readings 1 minute apart. Remain seated. When checking your blood pressure on your own, note the time of the readings. Your provider may suggest that you do your readings at certain times of the day. You may want to take your blood pressure in the morning and at night for a week. This will give you at least 14 readings and will help your provider make decisions about your blood pressure treatment. You will feel slight discomfort when the blood pressure cuff is inflated to its highest level. High blood pressure has no symptoms so you may not know if you have this problem. High blood pressure is often discovered during a visit to the provider for another reason (such as a routine physical exam). Finding high blood pressure and treating it early can help prevent heart disease, stroke, eye problems, or chronic kidney disease. All adults over the age of 18 should have their blood pressure checked every year. More frequent measurement may be needed for those with a history of high blood pressure readings or those with risk factors for high blood pressure. Your provider may recommend more frequent screenings based on your blood pressure levels and other health conditions. Blood pressure readings are usually given as two numbers. For example, your provider might tell you that your blood pressure is 120 over 80 (written as 120/80 mm Hg). One or both of these numbers can be too high. Normal blood pressure is when the top number (systolic blood pressure) is below 120 most of the time, and the bottom number (diastolic blood pressure) is below 80 most of the time (written as 120/80 mm Hg). If your blood pressure is between 120/80 and 130/80 mm Hg, you have elevated blood pressure. If your blood pressure is higher than 130/80 but lower than 140/90 mm Hg, you have Stage 1 high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is higher than 140/90 mm Hg, you have Stage 2 high blood pressure. If you have diabetes, heart disease, or kidney problems, or if you had a stroke, your provider may want your blood pressure to be lower. The most commonly used blood pressure targets for people with these medical problems are below 130 to 140/80 mm Hg. Most of the time, high blood pressure does not cause symptoms. It is normal for your blood pressure to vary at different times of the day: It is usually higher when you are at work. It drops slightly when you are at home. It is usually lowest when you are sleeping. It is normal for your blood pressure to increase suddenly when you wake up. In people with very high blood pressure, this is when they are most at risk for a heart attack and stroke. Blood pressure readings taken at home may be a better measure of your current blood pressure than those taken at your provider s office. Make sure your home blood pressure monitor is accurate. Ask your provider to compare your home readings with those taken in the office. Many people get nervous at the provider s office and have higher readings than they have at home. This is called white coat hypertension. Home blood pressure readings can help detect this problem. Diastolic blood pressure; Systolic blood pressure; Blood pressure reading; Measuring blood pressure; Hypertension - blood pressure measurement; High blood pressure - blood pressure measurement; Sphygmomanometry. American Diabetes Association. Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S75-S87. PMID 27979896 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979896. Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Examination techniques and equipment. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood pressure monitors for home. Hypertension - home monitoring. Elliott WJ, Peixoto AJ, Bakris GL. Primary and secondary hypertension. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood smear. A blood sample is needed. The blood sample is sent to a lab. There, the lab technician looks at it under a microscope. Or, the blood may be examined by an automated machine. The smear provides this information: The number and kinds of white blood cells ( differential , or percentage of each type of cell) The number and kinds of abnormally shaped blood cells A rough estimate of white blood cell and platelet counts. No special preparation is necessary. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away. This test may be done as part of a general health exam to help diagnose many illnesses. Or, your health care provider may recommend this test if you have signs of: Any known or suspected blood disorder Cancer Leukemia A blood smear may also be done to monitor the side effects of chemotherapy or to help diagnose an infection, such as malaria. Red blood cells normally are the same size and color and are a lighter color in the center. The blood smear is considered normal if there is: Normal appearance of cells Normal white blood cell differential Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results. Abnormal results mean the size, shape, color, or coating of the red blood cells (RBCs) is not normal. Some abnormalities may be graded on a 4-point scale: 1+ means one quarter of cells are affected 2+ means one half of cells are affected 3+ means three quarters of cells are affected 4+ means all of the cells are affected Presence of cells called target cells may be due to: Deficiency of an enzyme called lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase Abnormal hemoglobin , the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen (hemoglobinopathies) Iron deficiency Liver disease Spleen removal Presence of sphere-shaped cells may be due to: Low number of RBCs due to the body destroying them ( immune hemolytic anemia ) Low number of RBCs due to some red blood cells shaped like spheres ( hereditary spherocytosis ) Increased breakdown of RBCs Presence of RBCs with an oval shape may be a sign of hereditary elliptocytosis or hereditary ovalocytosis. These are conditions in which RBCs are abnormally shaped. Presence of fragmented cells may be due to: Artificial heart valve Disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) Infection in the digestive system producing toxic substances that destroy red blood cells, causing kidney injury ( hemolytic uremic syndrome ) Blood disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around the body and leads to a low platelet count ( thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ) Presence of a type of immature red blood cells called normoblasts may be due to: Cancer that has spread to bone marrow Blood disorder called erythroblastosis fetalis that affects a fetus or newborn Tuberculosis that has spread from the lungs to other parts of the body through the blood ( miliary tuberculosis ) Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue ( myelofibrosis ) Removal of spleen Severe breakdown of RBCs ( hemolysis ) Disorder in which there is excessive breakdown of hemoglobin ( thalassemia ) The presence of cells called burr cells may indicate: Abnormally high level of nitrogen waste products in the blood ( uremia ) The presence of cells called spur cells may indicate: Inability to fully absorb dietary fats through the intestines ( abetalipoproteinemia ) Severe liver disease The presence of teardrop-shaped cells may indicate: Myelofibrosis Severe iron deficiency Thalassemia major Cancer in the bone marrow Anemia caused by bone marrow not producing normal blood cells due to toxins or tumor cells (myelophthisic process) The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies (a type of granule) may indicate: Bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells (myelodysplasia) Spleen has been removed Sickle cell anemia The presence of Heinz bodies (bits of altered hemoglobin) may indicate: Alpha thalassemia Congenital hemolytic anemia Disorder in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs or is stressed because of infection ( G6PD deficiency ) Unstable form of hemoglobin The presence of slightly immature red blood cells may indicate: Anemia with bone marrow recovery Hemolytic anemia Hemorrhage The presence of basophilic stippling (a spotted appearance) may indicate: Lead poisoning Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue (myelofibrosis) The presence of sickle cells may indicate sickle cell anemia. There is little risk involved with having your blood taken.Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Multiple punctures to locate veins Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Peripheral smear; Complete blood count - peripheral; CBC - peripheral. Red blood cells, sickle cell Red blood cells, sickle cell Red blood cells, tear-drop shape Red blood cells, tear-drop shape Red blood cells, normal Red blood cells, normal Red blood cells, elliptocytosis Red blood cells, elliptocytosis Red blood cells, spherocytosis Red blood cells, spherocytosis Acute lymphocytic leukemia - photomicrograph Acute lymphocytic leukemia - photomicrograph Red blood cells, multiple sickle cells Red blood cells, multiple sickle cells Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites Red blood cells, sickle cells Red blood cells, sickle cells Red blood cells, sickle and pappenheimer Red blood cells, sickle and Pappenheimer Red blood cells, target cells Red blood cells, target cells Formed elements of blood Formed elements of blood. Bain BJ. The peripheral blood smear. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood sugar test. A blood sample is needed. The test may be done in the following ways: After you have not eaten anything for at least 8 hours (fasting) At any time of the day (random) Two hours after you drink a certain amount of glucose ( oral glucose tolerance test ). When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away. Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of diabetes. More than likely, the doctor will order a fasting blood sugar test. The blood glucose test is also used to monitor people who already have diabetes. The test may also be done if you have: An increase in how often you need to urinate Recently gained a lot of weight Blurred vision Confusion or a change in the way you normally talk or behave Fainting spells Seizures (for the first time) Unconsciousness or coma SCREENING FOR DIABETES This test may also be used to screen a person for diabetes. High blood sugar and diabetes may not cause symptoms in the early stages. A fasting blood sugar test is almost always done to screen for diabetes. If you are over age 45, you should be tested every 3 years. If you're overweight (body mass index, or BMI, of 25 or higher) and have any of the risk factors below, ask your health care provider about getting tested at an earlier age and more often: High blood sugar level on a previous test Blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher, or unhealthy cholesterol levels History of heart disease Member of a high-risk ethnic group (African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander) Woman who has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes Polycystic ovary disease (condition in which a woman has an imbalance of female sex hormones causing cysts in the ovaries) Close relative with diabetes (such as a parent, brother, or sister) Not physically active Children age 10 and older who are overweight and have at least two of the risk factors listed above should be tested for type 2 diabetes every 3 years, even if they have no symptoms. If you had a fasting blood glucose test, a level between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9 and 5.6 mmol/L) is considered normal. If you had a random blood glucose test, a normal result depends on when you last ate. Most of the time, the blood glucose level will be below 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L). The examples above show the common measurements for results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or may test different specimens. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. If you had a fasting blood glucose test: A level of 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) means you have impaired fasting glucose, a type of prediabetes. This increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) and higher usually means you have diabetes. If you had a random blood glucose test: A level of 200 mg/dL (11 mmol/L) or higher often means you have diabetes. Your provider will order a fasting blood glucose, A1C test , or glucose tolerance test , depending on your random blood glucose test result. In someone who has diabetes, an abnormal result on the random blood glucose test may mean that the diabetes is not well controlled. Other medical problems can also cause a higher-than-normal blood glucose level, including: Overactive thyroid gland Pancreatic cancer Swelling and inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis ) Stress due to trauma, stroke, heart attack, or surgery Rare tumors, including pheochromocytoma , acromegaly , Cushing syndrome , or glucagonoma A lower-than-normal blood glucose level ( hypoglycemia ) may be due to: Hypopituitarism (a pituitary gland disorder) Underactive thyroid gland or adrenal gland Tumor in the pancreas ( insulinoma - very rare) Too little food Too much insulin or other diabetes medicines Liver or kidney disease Weight loss after weight loss surgery Vigorous exercise Some medicines can raise or lower your blood glucose level. Before having the test, tell your provider about all the medicines you are taking. For some thin young women, a fasting blood sugar level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) may be normal. There is little risk involved with having your blood taken.Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Multiple punctures to locate veins Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). Random blood sugar; Blood sugar level; Fasting blood sugar; Glucose test; Diabetic screening - blood sugar test; Diabetes - blood sugar test. Type 2 diabetes - what to ask your doctor. Blood test Blood test. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S13-S27. PMID: 29222373 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222373. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Glucose, 2-hour postprandial - serum. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood transfusions. The most common source of blood is from volunteers in the general public. This kind of donation is also called homologous blood donation. Many communities have a blood bank at which any healthy person can donate blood. This blood is tested to see if it matches yours. You may have read about the danger of becoming infected with hepatitis, HIV, or other viruses after a blood transfusion. Blood transfusions are not 100% safe. But the current blood supply is thought to be safer now than ever. Donated blood is tested for many different infections. Also, blood centers keep a list of unsafe donors. Donors answer a detailed list of questions about their health before they are allowed to donate. Questions include risk factors for infections that can be passed on through their blood, such as sexual habits, drug use, and current and past travel history. This blood is then tested for infectious diseases before it is allowed to be used. This method involves a family member or friend donating blood before a planned surgery. This blood is then set aside and held only for you, if you need a blood transfusion after surgery. Blood from these donors must be collected at least a few days before it is needed. The blood is tested to see if it matches yours. It is also screened for infection. Most of the time, you need to arrange with your hospital or local blood bank before your surgery to have directed donor blood. It is important to note that there is no evidence that receiving blood from family members or friends is any safer than receiving blood from the general public. In very rare cases, though, blood from family members can cause a condition called graft-versus-host disease. For this reason, the blood needs to be treated with radiation before it can be transfused. Although blood donated by the general public and used for most people is thought to be very safe, some people choose a method called autologous blood donation. Autologous blood is blood donated by you , which you later receive if you need a transfusion during or after surgery. You can have blood taken from 6 weeks to 5 days before your surgery. Your blood is stored and is good for a few weeks from the day it is collected. If your blood is not used during or after surgery, it will be thrown away. Hall BA, Chantigian RC. Blood products, transfusion, and fluid therapy. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood typing. A blood sample is needed. The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies. The second step is called back typing. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and type B. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies. The 2 steps above can accurately determine your blood type. Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing. When blood typing is done to see if you have Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells, the results will be one of these: Rh+ (positive), if you have this cell surface protein Rh- (negative), if you do not have this cell surface protein. No special preparation is necessary for this test. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away. Blood typing is done so you can safely receive a blood transfusion or a transplant. Your blood type must closely match the blood type of the blood you are receiving. If the blood types do not match: Your immune system will see the donated red blood cells as foreign. Antibodies will develop against the donated red blood cells and attack these blood cells. The two ways that your blood and the donated blood may not match are: A mismatch between blood types A, B, AB, and O. This is the most common form of a mismatch. In most cases, the immune response is very severe. Rh factor may not match. Blood typing is very important during pregnancy. Careful testing can prevent a severe anemia in the newborn and jaundice. You will be told which ABO blood type you have. It will be one of these: Type A blood Type B blood Type AB blood Type O blood You will also be told whether you have Rh-positive blood or Rh-negative blood. Based on your results, your health care providers can determine which type of blood you can safely receive: If you have type A blood, you can only receive types A and O blood. If you have type B blood, you can only receive types B and O blood. If you have type AB blood, you can receive types A, B, AB, and O blood. If you have type O blood, you can only receive type O blood. If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood. If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood. Type O blood can be given to anyone with any blood type. That is why people with type O blood are called universal blood donors. There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include: Fainting or feeling lightheaded Multiple punctures to locate veins Excessive bleeding Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). There are many antigens besides the major ones (A, B, and Rh). Many minor ones are not routinely detected during blood typing. If they are not detected, you may still have a reaction when receiving certain types of blood, even if the A, B, and Rh antigens are matched. A process called cross-matching followed by a Coombs test can help detect these minor antigens. It is done before transfusions, except in emergency situations. Cross matching; Rh typing; ABO blood typing; ABO blood type; A blood type; AB blood type; O blood type; Transfusion - blood typing. Erythroblastosis fetalis, photomicrograph Erythroblastosis fetalis - photomicrograph Blood types Blood types. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Type-and-crossmatch blood. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Bloodborne pathogens. HEPATITIS Symptoms of hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be mild, and not start until 2 weeks to 6 months after contact with the virus. Sometimes, there are no symptoms. Hepatitis B often gets better on its own and sometimes does not need to be treated. Some people develop a long-term infection that leads to liver damage. Most people who become infected with hepatitis C develop a long-term infection. After many years, they often have liver damage. HIV After someone is infected with HIV, the virus stays in the body. It slowly harms or destroys the immune system. Your body's immune system fights disease and helps you heal. When it is weakened by HIV, you are more likely to get sick from other infections, including ones that would not normally make you sick. Treatment can help people with all of these infections. Hepatitis B can be prevented by a vaccine. There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C or HIV. If you are stuck with a needle , get blood in your eye, or are exposed to any bloodborne pathogen: Wash the area. Use soap and water on your skin. If your eye is exposed, irrigate with clean water, saline, or a sterile irrigant. Tell your supervisor right away that you were exposed. Get medical help right away. You may or may not need lab tests, a vaccine, or medicines. Isolation precautions create barriers between people and germs. They help prevent the spread of germs in the hospital. Follow standard precautions with all people. When you are near or are handling blood, bodily fluids, body tissues, mucous membranes, or areas of open skin, you must use personal protective equipment (PPE). Depending on the exposure, you may need: Gloves Mask and goggles Apron, gown, and shoe covers It is also important to properly clean up afterward. Bloodborne infections. Beekman SE, Henderson DK. Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus and other bloodborne pathogens. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Blood of sheep. Latin name: Sanguis Naemorhedi. Pinyin name: SHAN YANG XUE. Properties: Minor Warm,Sweet,Salty. Meridians: Liver,Heart. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Bloodflower Milkweed. Latin name: Asclepias curassavica. Pinyin name: LIAN SHENG GUI ZI HUA. Effect(s): To clear heat and resolve toxin, quicken blood and stanch bleeding, disperse swelling and relieve pain. Plant part: herb. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood : Bloodred Iris. Latin name: Iris sanguinea. Pinyin name: DOU CHI CAO. Effect(s): To disperse accumulation and move water. Plant part: rhizome and root. |
| Blood Circulation Sluggish | XTRA | 9.39,9.4,16,17,40 | A wide range of symptoms can indicate poor circulation. These symptoms can affect a person's quality of life and may even cause severe complications. Common symptoms include: numbness and tingling in the hands and feet cold hands and feet swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs memory loss and difficulty concentrating digestive issues fatigue joint and muscle cramping skin color changes ulcers in the legs or feet varicose veins |
| Blood Cleanser Cancer | XTRA | 727,787,880,2008,2127,5000,10000 | Use for all types of cancer. |
| Blood Clots | XTRA | 6,28,59,685 | Use with extreme caution. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood Clots : Blood clots. Situations in which a blood clot is more likely to form in veins include: Being on long-term bed rest Sitting for long periods, such as in a plane or car During and after pregnancy Taking birth control pills or estrogen hormones (especially in women who smoke) Long-term use of an intravenous catheter After surgery Blood clots are also more likely to form after an injury. People with cancer, obesity, and liver or kidney disease are also prone to blood clots. Smoking also increases the risk of forming blood clots. Conditions that are passed down through families (inherited) may make you more likely to form abnormal blood clots. Inherited conditions that affect clotting are: Factor V Leiden thrombophilia Prothrombin G20210A mutation Other rare conditions, such as protein C, protein S , and antithrombin III deficiencies. A blood clot may block an artery or vein in the heart, affecting the: Heart (angina or a heart attack) Intestines ( mesenteric ischemia or mesenteric venous thrombosis ) Kidneys ( renal vein thrombosis ) Leg or arm arteries Legs ( deep vein thrombosis ) Lungs ( pulmonary embolism ) Neck or brain (stroke). Clot; Emboli; Thrombi; Thromboembolus; Hypercoagulable state. Deep vein thrombosis - discharge Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor Taking warfarin (Coumadin). Thrombus Thrombus Deep venous thrombosis, ileofemoral Deep venous thrombosis, iliofemoral. Anderson JA, Hogg KE, Weitz JI. Hypercoagulable states. |
| Blood Clots | XTRA | 685 | Use with extreme caution. Encyclopedia Entry for Blood Clots : Blood clots. Situations in which a blood clot is more likely to form in veins include: Being on long-term bed rest Sitting for long periods, such as in a plane or car During and after pregnancy Taking birth control pills or estrogen hormones (especially in women who smoke) Long-term use of an intravenous catheter After surgery Blood clots are also more likely to form after an injury. People with cancer, obesity, and liver or kidney disease are also prone to blood clots. Smoking also increases the risk of forming blood clots. Conditions that are passed down through families (inherited) may make you more likely to form abnormal blood clots. Inherited conditions that affect clotting are: Factor V Leiden thrombophilia Prothrombin G20210A mutation Other rare conditions, such as protein C, protein S , and antithrombin III deficiencies. A blood clot may block an artery or vein in the heart, affecting the: Heart (angina or a heart attack) Intestines ( mesenteric ischemia or mesenteric venous thrombosis ) Kidneys ( renal vein thrombosis ) Leg or arm arteries Legs ( deep vein thrombosis ) Lungs ( pulmonary embolism ) Neck or brain (stroke). Clot; Emboli; Thrombi; Thromboembolus; Hypercoagulable state. Deep vein thrombosis - discharge Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor Taking warfarin (Coumadin). Thrombus Thrombus Deep venous thrombosis, ileofemoral Deep venous thrombosis, iliofemoral. Anderson JA, Hogg KE, Weitz JI. Hypercoagulable states. |
| Blood Coagulation Disorders | ETDF | 70,520,30000,47500,150000,225160,476500,527000,663710,742000 | Coagulation disorders are disruptions in the bodys ability to control blood clotting. Coagulation disorders can result in either a hemorrhage (too little clotting that causes an increased risk of bleeding) or thrombosis (too much clotting that causes blood clots to obstruct blood flow).These clotting disorders develop due to several conditions. |
| Blood Conduction | XTRA | 3481 | Blood conditions. |
| Blood Diseases | CAFL | 880,787,727,5000 | Common blood disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders such as hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Talking to your doctor is the first step to take if you believe you may have a blood condition. Blood |
| Blood Flukes | XTRA | 329,419,635,847,867,5516,7391,9889 | Also see Schistomsomiasis, Bilharzia, Schistosoma Haematobium, Parasites Schistosoma Haematobium, Schistosoma Mansoni, and Parasites Schistosoma Mansoni. |
| Blood Hypertension | XTRA | 6,9.18,9.19,20,65,72,95,304,660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | High blood pressure. |
| Blood Hypotention | XTRA | 20,471.5,660,690,727.5,787,880 | Low blood pressure. |
| Blood Platelet Disorders | ETDF | 40,520,11090,55750,60000,125000,275160,571000,834000,932000 | Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small pieces of blood cells. They form in your bone marrow, a sponge-like tissue in your bones. |
| Blood Platelet Disorders | KHZ | 10,520,11090,55750,60000,125000,275160,571000,834000,932000 | Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries. Thrombocytopenia often occurs as a result of a separate disorder, such as leukemia or an immune system problem. Or it can be a side effect of taking certain medications. It affects both children and adults. Thrombocytopenia may be mild and cause few signs or symptoms. In rare cases, the number of platelets may be so low that dangerous internal bleeding occurs. Treatment options are available.Thrombocytopenia signs and symptoms may include: Easy or excessive bruising (purpura) Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the lower legs Prolonged bleeding from cuts Bleeding from your gums or nose Blood in urine or stools Unusually heavy menstrual flows Fatigue Enlarged spleen Jaundice |
| Blood Pressure Balance 1 | XTRA | 10.5 | Other uses: circulatory system, immunity, thymus, love of life. |
| Blood Pressure Balance 2 | XTRA | 15 | Other uses: lymph circulation stimulate, energy blocks clearing, emotional trauma balance. |
| Blood Pressure High | CAFL | 6,7.83,9.19,20,304,727,728,787,10000 | See Hypertension. Blood |
| Blood Pressure High Renin Induced | XTRA | 6,9.18 | Kidney renin high. |
| Blood Purification | XTRA | 66.5 | The blood serves three main functions: Transport. The blood transports gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and the rest of the body. The blood also moves nutrients from the digestive tract to the rest of the body, and transports waste products, hormones, and other cells. Protection. The blood contains white blood cells that destroy invading microorganisms, as well as platelet factors to clot the blood and minimize blood loss from an injury. Regulation. The blood helps to regulate your bodys pH, water balance, and temperature. Your blood has a lot of important responsibilities, so its no wonder that people are looking for ways to keep their blood free of wastes and toxins. Blood |
| Blood Purify 1 | CAFL | 3.92 | Basically, detoxification means cleansing the blood. This is done by removing impurities from the blood in the liver, where toxins are processed for elimination. The body also eliminates toxins through the kidneys, intestines, lungs, lymphatic system, and skin. Blood |
| Bloom Syndrome | ETDF | 70,490,32500,125750,275000,425000,571000,721000,835750,937410 | Genetic condition with short stature and predisposition to cancer and genomic instability. |
| Blount's Disease | ETDF | 300,830,7500,128000,202430,340000,450000,575370,719340 | Blount's disease is a growth disorder of the tibia (shin bone) that causes the lower leg to angle inward, resembling a bowleg. It is also known as 'tibia vara'. |
| Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome | ETDF | 80,240,4220,12710,92500,325160,400000,560000,642060,987230 | Venous malformations in the GI tract and on skin. |
| Blue-green Algae | HC | 256000 | Former name for Cyanobacteria. Encyclopedia Entry for Blue-green Algae : Blue-green algae refers to several species of bacteria that produce blue-green colored pigments. They grow in salt water and some large fresh water lakes. Blue-green algae have been used for food for several centuries in Mexico and some African countries. They have been sold as a supplement in the US since the late 1970s. Blue-green algae products are used for many conditions, but so far, there isn't enough scientific evidence to determine whether or not they are effective for any of them. Blue-green algae are taken by mouth as a source of dietary protein, B-vitamins, and iron. They are also taken by mouth for anemia and to stop unintentional weight loss. They are also used for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hay fever, diabetes, stress, fatigue, anxiety, depression, weight loss, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and other women's health issues such as menopause. Some people use blue-green algae for treating precancerous growths inside the mouth, twitching of the eyelids, boosting the immune system, improving memory, increasing energy and metabolism, improving exercise performance, lowering cholesterol, preventing heart disease, healing wounds, and improving digestion and bowel health. Blue-green algae is also taken by mouth for high blood pressure, HIV/AIDS and HIV-related conditions, cancer, fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, and arsenic poisoning. Blue-green algae are applied inside the mouth to treat gum disease. Blue green algae is also used as a food or for food coloring. Blue-green algae are commonly found in tropical or subtropical waters that have a high-salt content, but some types grow in large fresh water lakes. The natural color of these algae can give bodies of water a dark-green appearance. Some blue-green algae products are grown under controlled conditions. Others are grown in a natural setting, where they are more likely to be contaminated by bacteria, liver poisons (microcystins) produced by certain bacteria, and heavy metals. Choose only products that have been tested and found free of these contaminants. You may have been told that blue-green algae are an excellent source of protein. But, in reality, blue-green algae are no better than meat or milk as a protein source and cost about 30 times as much per gram. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. The effectiveness ratings for BLUE-GREEN ALGAE are as follows: Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for. Seasonal allergies (hayfever). Early research shows that taking 2 grams per day of blue-green algae by mouth for 6 months might relieve some allergy symptoms in adults. Insulin resistance due to HIV medication. Early research shows that taking 19 grams per day of blue-green algae by mouth for 2 months increases insulin sensitivity in people with insulin resistance due to HIV medication. Arsenic poisoning. Early research shows that taking 250 mg of blue-green algae and 2 mg of zinc by mouth twice daily for 16 weeks reduces arsenic levels and the effects of arsenic on the skin in people living in areas with high arsenic levels in the drinking water. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Early research shows that dissolving 3 mL of a product containing blue-green algae, peony, ashwagandha, gotu kola, bacopa, and lemon balm (Nurture and Clarity, Tree of Healing-LD, Israel) into 50-60 mL of water and drinking three times daily for 4 months improves ADHD in children aged 6 years to 12 years who haven't taken other treatments for ADHD. Tics or twitching of the eyelids (blepharospasm or Meige syndrome). Early research shows that taking a specific blue-green algae product (Super Blue-Green Algae, Cell Tech, Klamath Falls, OR) at a dose of 1500 mg daily for 6 months does not reduce eyelid spasms in people with blepharospasm. Diabetes. An early study shows that people with type 2 diabetes who take 1 gram of a blue-green algae product (Multinal, New Ambadi Estate Pvt. Ltd., Madras, India) by mouth twice daily for 2 mouths have lower blood sugar levels. Exercise performance. An early study shows that men who jog regularly are able to sprint for longer periods of time before becoming tired when they take 2 grams of blue-green algae three times daily for 4 weeks. Hepatitis C. Research on the effects of blue-green algae in people with chronic hepatitis C has been inconsistent. One study shows that taking 500 mg of spirulina blue-green algae by mouth three times daily for 6 months results in greater improvements in liver function compared to milk thistle in adults with hepatitis C who were not yet treated or were unresponsive to other treatments. However, another study shows that taking blue-green algae for one month worsens liver function in people with hepatitis C or hepatitis B. HIV/AIDS. Research on the effects of blue-green algae in people with HIV/AIDS has been inconsistent. Some early research shows that taking 5 grams of blue-green algae by mouth daily for 3 months reduces the incidences of infections, stomach and intestinal problems, feelings of tiredness, and breathing problems in patients with HIV/AIDS. However, taking blue-green algae does not appear to improve CD4 cell counts or reduce viral load in HIV patients. High cholesterol. Early research shows that blue-green algae lowers cholesterol in people with normal or slightly elevated cholesterol levels. However, the research findings have been somewhat inconsistent. In some studies, blue-green algae only lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL or 'bad') cholesterol. In other studies, blue-green algae lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL or 'good') cholesterol. High blood pressure. Early research shows that taking 4.5 grams per day of blue-green algae by mouth for 6 weeks reduces blood pressure in some people with high blood pressure. Long-term fatigue. Early research shows that taking 1 gram per day of blue-green algae by mouth three times daily for 4 weeks does not improve fatigue in adults with long-term complaints of fatigue. Malnutrition. Early research on the use of blue-green algae in combination with other dietary treatments for malnutrition in infants and children shows conflicting results. Weight gain was seen in undernourished children who were given spirulina blue-green algae with a combination of millet, soy and peanut for 8 weeks. However, in another study, children up to 3 years-old who were given 5 grams of blue-green algae daily for 3 months did not gain weight more than those given general treatments to improve nutrition alone. Menopausal symptoms. An early study shows that taking 1.6 grams per day of a blue-green algae product by mouth daily for 8 weeks lowers anxiety and depression in women going through menopause. However, it doesn't appear to reduce symptoms such as hot flashes. Obesity. Research on the effects of blue-green algae in people who are overweight or obese has been inconsistent. One early study shows that taking a specific blue-green algae product (Multinal, New Ambadi Estate Pvt. Ltd.) at a dose of 1 gram taken two or four times per day by mouth for 3 months slightly improve weight loss in overweight adults. However, another early study shows that taking 2.8 grams of spirulina by mouth three times per day for 4 weeks does not improve weight loss in obese adults who are also following a reduced-calorie diet. Precancerous mouth sores (oral leukoplakia). Early research shows that taking 1 gram of spirulina blue-green algae daily by mouth for 12 months reduces oral leukoplakia in people who chew tobacco. Gum disease (periodontitis). Early research shows that injecting a gel containing blue-green algae into the gums of adults with gum disease improves gum health. Anxiety. As a source of dietary protein, B-vitamins, and iron. Boosting the immune system. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Depression. Digestion. Heart disease. Memory. Wound healing. Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of blue-green algae for these uses. Blue-green algae have a high protein, iron, and other mineral content which is absorbed when taken orally. Blue-green algae are being researched for their potential effects on the immune system, swelling (inflammation), and viral infections. Blue-green algae products that are free of contaminants, such as liver-damaging substances called microcystins, toxic metals, and harmful bacteria, are POSSIBLY SAFE for most people when used short-term. Doses up to 19 grams per day have been used safely for up to 2 months. Lower doses of 10 grams per day have been used safely for up to 6 months. Side effects are typically mild and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, headache, and dizziness. But blue-green algae products that are contaminated are POSSIBLY UNSAFE , especially for children. Children are more sensitive to contaminated blue-green algae products than adults. Contaminated blue-green algae can cause liver damage, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, thirst, rapid heartbeat, shock, and death. Don't use any blue-green algae product that hasn't been tested and found free of microcystins and other contamination. Special precautions & warnings: Pregnancy and breast-feeding : Not enough is known about the use of blue-green algae during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. 'Auto-immune diseases' such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pemphigus vulgaris (a skin condition), and others : Blue-green algae might cause the immune system to become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. If you have one of these conditions, it's best to avoid using blue-green algae. Bleeding disorders : Blue-green algae might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bruising and bleeding in people with bleeding disorders. Phenylketonuria : The spirulina species of blue-green algae contains the chemical phenylalanine. This might make phenylketonuria worse. Avoid Spirulina species blue-green algae products if you have phenylketonuria. Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants) Blue-green algae might increase the immune system. By increasing the immune system, blue-green algae might decrease the effectiveness of medications that decrease the immune system. Some medications that decrease the immune system include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others. Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) Blue-green algae might slow blood clotting. Taking blue-green algae along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin; clopidogrel (Plavix); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), and naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others); dalteparin (Fragmin); enoxaparin (Lovenox); heparin; warfarin (Coumadin); and others. Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting Blue-green algae might slow blood clotting. Taking blue-green algae along with herbs that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Some of these herbs include angelica, clove, danshen, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, Panax ginseng, red clover, turmeric, and others. There are no known interactions with foods. The appropriate dose of blue-green algae depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for blue-green algae. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. AFA, Algae, Algas Verdiazul, Algues Bleu-Vert, Algues Bleu-Vert du Lac Klamath, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Arthrospira fusiformis, Arthrospira maxima, Arthrospira platensis, BGA, Blue Green Algae, Blue-Green Micro-Algae, Cyanobacteria, Cyanobact rie, Cyanophyc e, Dihe, Espirulina, Hawaiian Spirulina, Klamath, Klamath Lake Algae, Lyngbya wollei, Microcystis aeruginosa and other Microcystis species, Nostoc ellipsosporum, Spirulina Blue-Green Algae, Spirulina fusiformis, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis, Spiruline, Spiruline d'Hawaii, Tecuitlatl. |
| Boils | CAFL | 20,465,660,727,770,787,802,880,1550 | Usually due to Staphylococcus Aureus or Streptococcus Pyogenes. Also see Furunculosis programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Boils : Boils - Staphylcoccus aureus (G+ coccus) Encyclopedia Entry for Boils : Boils. Boils are very common. They are most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. They can also be caused by other types of bacteria or fungi found on the skin's surface. Damage to the hair follicle allows the infection to grow deeper into the follicle and the tissues under it. Boils may occur in the hair follicles anywhere on the body. They are most common on the face, neck, armpit, buttocks, and thighs. You may have one or many boils. The condition may occur only once or it can be a long-lasting (chronic) problem. A boil may begin as tender, pinkish-red, and swollen, on a firm area of the skin. Over time, it will feel like a water-filled balloon or cyst. Pain gets worse as it fills with pus and dead tissue. Pain lessens when the boil drains. A boil may drain on its own. More often, the boil needs to be opened to drain. The main symptoms of a boil include: A bump about the size of a pea, but may be as large as a golf ball White or yellow center ( pustules ) Spread to other skin areas or joining with other boils Quick growth Weeping, oozing, or crusting Other symptoms may include: Fatigue Fever General ill-feeling Itching before the boil develops Skin redness around the boil. The health care provider can usually diagnose a boil based on how it looks. A sample of cells from the boil may be sent to the lab for a culture to look for staphylococcus or other bacteria. Boils may heal on their own after a period of itching and mild pain. More often, they become more painful as pus builds up. Boils usually need to open and drain in order to heal. This most often happens within 2 weeks. You should: Put warm, moist, compresses on the boil several times a day to speed draining and healing. Never squeeze a boil or try to cut it open at home. This can spread the infection. Continue to put warm, wet, compresses on the area after the boil opens. You may need to have surgery to drain deep or large boils. Get treatment from your provider if: A boil lasts longer than 2 weeks. A boil comes back. You have a boil on your spine or the middle of your face. You have a fever or other symptoms with the boil. The boil causes pain or discomfort. It is important to keep a boil clean. To do this: Clean boils and change their dressing often. Wash your hands well after touching a boil. DO NOT re-use or share washcloths or towels. Wash clothing, washcloths, towels, and sheets or other items that have touched infected areas in hot water. Throw out used dressings in a sealed bag so that fluid from the boil does not touch anything else. Your provider may give you antibiotics to take by mouth, or a shot, if the boil is very bad or comes back. Antibacterial soaps and creams cannot help much once a boil has formed. Some people have repeated boil infections and are unable to prevent them. Boils in areas like the ear canal or nose can be very painful. Boils that form close together may expand and join, causing a condition called carbunculosis. These complications may occur: Abscess of the skin, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organ Brain infection Heart infection Bone infection Infection of the blood or tissues ( sepsis ) Spinal cord infection Spread of infection to other parts of the body or skin surfaces Permanent scarring. Call your provider if boils: Appear on your face or spine Come back Do not heal with home treatment within 1 week Occur along with a fever, red streaks coming out from the sore, a large build-up of fluid in the area, or other symptoms of infection Cause pain or discomfort. The following may help prevent the spread of infection: Antibacterial soaps Antiseptic (germ-killing) washes Keeping clean (such as thorough hand washing). Furuncle. Hair follicle anatomy Hair follicle anatomy. Habif TP. Bacterial infections. |
| Boils 1 | XTRA | 6.79,48,60,100,333,465,523,590,660,690,727.5,768,786,787,802,880,1550 | Also called furuncles/Furunculosis. Usually due to Staphylococcus Aureus or Streptococcus Pyogenes. |
| Boils Carbuncles | XTRA | 20,465,660,727,787,880,1550,5000 | Clusters of boils. Usually due to Staphylococcus Aureus or Streptococcus Pyogenes. Also see Furunculosis programs. |
| Boils Furunculosis | XTRA | 20,116,200,465,660,727,728,770,784,787,802,880,1000,1550 | Usually due to Staphylococcus Aureus or Streptococcus Pyogenes. Also see Furunculosis programs. |
| Bone | XTRA | 418.3 | General bone program. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone graft. A bone graft can be taken from the person's own healthy bone (this is called an autograft). Or, it can be taken from frozen, donated bone (allograft). In some cases, a manmade (synthetic) bone substitute is used. You will be asleep and feel no pain ( general anesthesia ). During surgery, the surgeon makes a cut over the bone defect. The bone graft is shaped and inserted into and around the area. The bone graft can be held in place with pins, plates, or screws. Bone grafts are used to: Fuse joints to prevent movement Repair broken bones (fractures) that have bone loss Repair injured bone that has not healed. Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general include: Reactions to medicines, breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots, infection Risks of this surgery include: Pain at the place on the body where the bone was removed Injury of nerves near the bone grafting area Stiffness of the area. Tell your surgeon what medicines you are taking. This includes medicines, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription. Follow instructions about stopping medicines that make it harder for your blood to clot. These might cause increased bleeding during the surgery. On the day of the surgery: Follow instructions about not eating or drinking anything before surgery. Take the medicines your provider told you to take with a small sip of water. If you are going to the hospital from home, be sure to arrive at the scheduled time. Recovery time depends on the injury or defect being treated and the size of the bone graft. Your recovery may take 2 weeks to 3 months. The bone graft itself will take up to 3 months or longer to heal. You may be told to avoid extreme exercise for up to 6 months. Ask your doctor or nurse what you can and cannot safely do. You will need to keep the bone graft area clean and dry. Follow instructions about showering. DO NOT smoke. Smoking slows or prevents bone healing. If you smoke, the graft is more likely to fail. Be aware that nicotine patches slow healing just like smoking does. Most bone grafts help the bone defect heal with little risk of graft rejection. Autograft - bone; Allograft - bone; Fracture - bone graft; Surgery - bone graft; Autologous bone graft. Bone graft - series Spinal bone graft - series Bone graft harvest Bone graft harvest. Brinker MR, O'Connor DP. Nonunions: evaluation and treatment. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone lesion biopsy. The test is done in the following way: An x-ray, CT or MRI scan is likely used to guide the exact placement of the biopsy instrument. The health care provider applies a numbing medicine (local anesthetic) to the area. A small cut is then made in the skin. A special drill needle is often used. This needle is gently inserted through the cut, then pushed and twisted into the bone. Once the sample is obtained, the needle is twisted out. Pressure is applied to the site. Once bleeding stops, stitches are applied, and covered with a bandage. The sample is sent to a lab for examination. Bone biopsy may also be done under general anesthesia to remove a larger sample. Then surgery to remove the bone can be done if the biopsy exam shows that there is an abnormal growth or cancer. Follow your provider's instructions on how to prepare. This may include not eating and drinking for several hours before the procedure. With a needle biopsy, you may feel some discomfort and pressure, even though a local anesthetic is used. You must remain still during the procedure. After the biopsy, the area may be sore or tender for several days. The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to tell the difference between cancerous and noncancerous bone tumors and to identify other bone problems. It may be performed on people with bone pain and tenderness, particularly if x-ray , CT scan, or other testing reveals a problem. No abnormal bone tissue is found. An abnormal result may be any of the following problems. Benign (noncancerous) bone tumors, such as: Bone cyst Fibroma Osteoblastoma Osteoid osteoma Cancerous tumors, such as: Ewing sarcoma Multiple myeloma Osteosarcoma Other types of cancer that may have spread to the bone Abnormal results may also be due to: Osteitis fibrosa (weak and deformed bone) Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Risks of this procedure may include: Bone fracture Bone infection (osteomyelitis) Damage to surrounding tissue Discomfort Excessive bleeding Infection near the biopsy area A serious risk of this procedure is bone infection. Signs include: Fever Headache Pain with movement Redness and swelling of around the biopsy site Drainage of pus from the biopsy site If you have any of these signs, call your provider right away. People with bone disorders who also have blood clotting disorders may have an increased risk of bleeding. Bone biopsy; Biopsy - bone. Bone biopsy Bone biopsy. Chen YH, Carrino JA, Fayad LM. Image-guided percutaneous biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow (stem cell) donation. There are two types of bone marrow donation: Autologous bone marrow transplant is when people donate their own bone marrow. 'Auto' means self. Allogenic bone marrow transplant is when another person donates bone marrow. 'Allo' means other. With an allogenic transplant, the donor's genes must at least partly match the person's genes. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. Sometimes parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. But only about 30% of people who need a bone marrow transplant can find a matching donor in their own family. The 70% of people who do NOT have a relative who is a good match may be able to find one through a bone marrow registry. The largest one is called Be the Match ( bethematch.org ). It registers people who would be willing to donate bone marrow and stores their information in a database. Doctors can then use the registry to find a matching donor for a person who needs a bone marrow transplant. How to Join a Bone Marrow Registry To be listed in a bone marrow donation registry, a person must be: Between the ages of 18 and 60 Healthy and not pregnant People can register online or at a local donor registry drive. Those between the ages of 45 to 60 must join online. The local, in-person drives only accept donors who are younger than age 45. Their stem cells are more likely to help patients than stem cells from older people. People who register must either: Use a cotton swab to take a sample of cells from the inside of their cheek Give a small blood sample (about 1 tablespoon or 15 milliliters) The cells or blood is then tested for special proteins, called human leukocytes antigens (HLA). HLAs help your infection-fighting system (immune system) tell the difference between body tissue and substances that are not from your own body. Bone marrow transplants work best if the HLAs from the donor and the patient are a close match. If a donor's HLAs match well with a person who needs a transplant, the donor must give a new blood sample to confirm the match. Then, a counselor meets with the donor to discuss the bone marrow donation process. Donor stem cells can be collected in two ways. Peripheral blood stem cell collection. Most donor stem cells are collected through a process called leukapheresis. First, the donor is given 5 days of shots to help stem cells move from the bone marrow into the blood. During the collection, blood is removed from the donor through a line in a vein (IV). The part of white blood cells that contains stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. The red blood cells are returned to the donor through an IV in the other arm. This procedure takes about 3 hours. Side effects include: Headaches Sore bones Discomfort from needles in the arms Bone marrow harvest. This minor surgery is done under general anesthesia. This means the donor will be asleep and pain-free during the procedure. The bone marrow is removed from the back of your pelvic bones. The process takes about an hour. After a bone marrow harvest, the donor stays in the hospital until they're fully awake and can eat and drink. Side effects include: Nausea Headache Fatigue Bruising or discomfort in the lower back You can resume normal activity in about a week. There are very few risks for the donor and no lasting health effects. Your body will replace the donated bone marrow in about 4 to 6 weeks. Stem cell transplant - donation; Allogeneic donation; Leukemia - bone marrow donation; Lymphoma - bone marrow donation; Myeloma - bone marrow donation. American Cancer Society website. Stem cell transplant for cancer. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/stem-cell-transplant.html. Updated May 11, 2016. Accessed August 22, 2018. Fuchs E. Haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow aspiration may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. The bone marrow is removed from your pelvic or breast bone. Sometimes, another bone is selected. Marrow is removed in the following steps: If needed, you are given medicine to help you relax. The provider cleans the skin and injects numbing medicine into the area and surface of the bone. A special needle is inserted into the bone. The needle has a tube attached to it, which creates suction. A small sample of bone marrow fluid flows into the tube. The needle is removed. Pressure and then a bandage are applied to the skin. The bone marrow fluid is sent to a laboratory and examined under a microscope. Tell the provider: If you are allergic to any medicines If you are pregnant If you have bleeding problems What medicines you are taking. You will feel a sting and slight burning sensation when the numbing medicine is applied. You may feel pressure as the needle is inserted into the bone, and a sharp and usually painful sucking sensation as the marrow is removed. This feeling lasts for only a few seconds. Your doctor may order this test if you have abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells or platelets on a complete blood count. This test is used to diagnose: Anemia (some types) Infections Leukemia Other blood cancers and disorders It may help determine whether cancers have spread or responded to treatment. The bone marrow should contain the proper number and types of: Blood-forming cells Connective tissues Fat cells. Abnormal results may be due to cancers of the bone marrow, including: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Abnormal results may also be due to other causes, such as: Bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells (aplastic anemia) Bacterial or fungal infections that have spread throughout the body Cancer of the lymph tissue (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma ) A bleeding disorder called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Blood cancer called ( multiple myeloma ) Disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by scar tissue ( myelofibrosis ) Disorder in which not enough healthy blood cells are made (myelodysplastic syndrome; MDS) Abnormally low amount of platelets, which help blood to clot (primary thrombocytopenia ) White blood cell cancer called Waldenstr m macroglobulinemia. There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare. Iliac crest tap; Sternal tap; Leukemia - bone marrow aspiration; Aplastic anemia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelodysplastic syndrome - bone marrow aspiration; Thrombocytopenia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelofibrosis - bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Sternum - view of the outside (anterior) Sternum - view of the outside (anterior). Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow). Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow biopsy. A bone marrow biopsy may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. The sample may be taken from the pelvic or breast bone. Sometimes, another area is used. Marrow is removed in the following steps: If needed, you are given medicine to help you relax. The provider cleans the skin and injects numbing medicine into the area and surface of the bone. A biopsy needle is inserted into the bone. The center of the needle is removed and the hollowed needle is moved deeper into the bone. This captures a tiny sample, or core, of bone marrow within the needle. The sample and needle are removed. Pressure and then a bandage are applied to the skin. A bone marrow aspiration may also be done, usually before the biopsy is taken. After the skin is numbed, the needle is inserted into the bone, and a syringe is used to withdraw the liquid bone marrow. If this is done, the needle will be removed and repositioned. Or, another needle may be used for the biopsy. Tell the provider: If you are allergic to any medicines What medicines you are taking If you have bleeding problems If you are pregnant. You will feel a sharp sting when the numbing medicine is injected. The biopsy needle may also cause a brief, usually dull, pain. Since the inside of the bone cannot be numbed, this test may cause some discomfort. If a bone marrow aspiration is also done, you may feel a brief, sharp pain as the bone marrow liquid is removed. Your provider may order this test if you have abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells or platelets on a complete blood count (CBC). This test is used to diagnose leukemia, infections, some types of anemia, and other blood disorders. It may also be used to help determine if a cancer has spread or responded to treatment. A normal result means the bone marrow contains the proper number and types of blood-forming (hematopoietic) cells, fat cells, and connective tissues. Abnormal results may be due to cancers of the bone marrow (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or other cancers). The results may detect the cause of anemia (too few red blood cells), abnormal white blood cells, or thrombocytopenia (too few platelets). Specific conditions for which the test may be performed: A body-wide fungal infection ( disseminated coccidioidomycosis ) A white blood cell cancer called hairy cell leukemia Cancer of the lymph tissue ( Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma ) Bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells ( aplastic anemia ) Blood cancer called multiple myeloma Group of disorders in which not enough healthy blood cells are made (myelodysplastic syndrome; MDS) A nerve tissue tumor called neuroblastoma Bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in blood cells ( polycythemia vera ) Abnormal protein buildup in tissues and organs ( amyloidosis ) Bone marrow disorder in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue ( myelofibrosis ) Bone marrow produces too many platelets ( thrombocythemia ) White blood cell cancer called Waldenstr m macroglobulinemia Unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or leukopenia (low WBC count) . There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare. Biopsy - bone marrow. Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Bone biopsy Bone biopsy. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis-specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow). Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow culture. The doctor removes a sample of your bone marrow from the back of your pelvic bone or front of your breast bone. This is done with a small needle inserted into your bone. The procedure is called a bone marrow aspiration or a biopsy. The tissue sample is sent to a lab. It is placed into a special container called a culture dish. The tissue sample is examined under a microscope each day to see if any bacteria, fungi, or viruses have grown. If any bacteria, fungi, or viruses are found, other tests may be done to learn which drugs will kill the organisms. Treatment can then be adjusted based on these results. You will feel a sharp sting when numbing medicine is injected. The biopsy needle may also cause a brief, usually dull, pain. Since the inside of the bone cannot be numbed, this test may cause some discomfort. If a bone marrow aspiration is also done, you may feel a brief, sharp pain as the bone marrow liquid is removed. Soreness at the site usually lasts from a few hours up to 2 days. You may have this test if you have an unexplained fever or if your health care provider thinks you have an infection of the bone marrow. No growth of bacteria, viruses, or fungi in the culture is normal. Abnormal results suggest that you have an infection of the bone marrow. The infection may be from bacteria, viruses, or fungi. There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare. Culture - bone marrow. Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis-specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow). Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow transplant - discharge. It will take 6 months or more for your blood counts and immune system to fully recover. During this time, your risk for infection, bleeding, and skin problems is higher. Your body is still weak. It may take up to a year to feel like you did before your transplant. You will likely get tired very easily. You may also have a poor appetite. If you received bone marrow from someone else, you may develop signs of graft-versus-host disease ( GVHD ). Ask your health care provider to tell you what signs of GVHD you should watch for. Take good care of your mouth. Dry mouth or sores from medicines you need to take for the bone marrow transplant can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause mouth infection, which can spread to other parts of your body. Brush your teeth and gums 2 to 3 times a day for 2 to 3 minutes each time. Use a toothbrush with soft bristles. Let your toothbrush air dry between brushings. Use a toothpaste with fluoride. Floss gently once a day. Rinse your mouth 4 times a day with a salt and baking soda solution. (Mix one half teaspoon, or 2.5 grams, of salt and one half teaspoon or 2.5 grams, of baking soda in 8 ounces or 240 milliliters of water.) Your doctor may prescribe a mouth rinse. DO NOT use mouth rinses with alcohol in them. Use your regular lip care products to keep your lips from drying and cracking. Tell your doctor if you develop new mouth sores or pain. Avoid foods and drinks that have a lot of sugar in them. Chew sugarless gums or suck on sugar-free popsicles or sugar-free hard candies. Take care of your dentures, braces, or other dental products. If you wear dentures, put them in only when you are eating. Do this for the first 3 to 4 weeks after your transplant. DO NOT wear them at other times during the first 3 to 4 weeks. Brush your dentures 2 times a day. Rinse them well. To kill germs, soak your dentures in an antibacterial solution when you are not wearing them. Take care not to get infections for up to 1 year or more after your transplant. Practice safe eating and drinking during cancer treatment. DO NOT eat or drink anything that may be undercooked or spoiled. Make sure your water is safe. Know how to cook and store foods safely. Be careful when you eat out. DO NOT eat raw vegetables, meat, fish, or anything else you are not sure is safe. Wash your hands with soap and water often, including: After being outdoors After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After changing a diaper Before handling food After using the telephone After doing housework After going to the bathroom Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask, or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle flowers and plants. Be careful with pets and animals. If you have a cat, keep it inside. Have someone else change your cat's litter box every day. DO NOT play rough with cats. Scratches and bites can get infected. Stay away from puppies, kittens, and other very young animals. Ask your doctor what vaccines you may need and when to get them. Other things you can do to stay healthy include: If you have a central venous line or PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) line , know how to take care of it. If your provider tells you your platelet count is low, learn how to prevent bleeding during cancer treatment. Stay active by walking. Slowly increase how far you go based on how much energy you have. Eat enough protein and calories to keep your weight up. Ask your provider about liquid food supplements that can help you get enough calories and nutrients. Be careful when you are in the sun. Wear a hat with a wide brim. Use sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher on any exposed skin. DO NOT smoke. You will need close follow-up care from your transplant doctor and nurse for at least 3 months. Be sure to keep all your appointments. Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Diarrhea that does not go away or is bloody. Severe nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. Cannot eat or drink. Extreme weakness. Redness, swelling, or draining from any place where you have an IV line inserted. Pain in your abdomen. Fever, chills, or sweats. These may be signs of infection. A new skin rash or blisters. Jaundice (your skin or the white part of your eyes looks yellow). A very bad headache or a headache that does not go away. A cough that is getting worse. Trouble breathing when you are at rest or when you are doing simple tasks. Burning when you urinate. Transplant - bone marrow - discharge; Stem cell transplant - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant - discharge; Reduced intensity; Non-myeloablative transplant - discharge; Mini transplant - discharge; Allogenic bone marrow transplant - discharge; Autologous bone marrow transplant - discharge; Umbilical cord blood transplant - discharge. Bashir Q, Champlin R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow transplant children - discharge. Take care that your child does not to get infections for 1 year or more after their transplant. Keeping your house clean is important to help prevent infection. But do not vacuum or clean while your child is in the room. Keep your child away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask, or not to visit. DO NOT let your child play in the yard or handle flowers and plants. Make sure your child follows guidelines for safe eating and drinking during her cancer treatment. DO NOT let them eat or drink anything that may be undercooked or spoiled at home or when eating out. Learn how to cook and store foods safely. Make sure their water is safe to drink. Make sure your child washes their hands with soap and water often, including: After touching body fluids, such as mucous or blood Before handling food After going to the bathroom After using the telephone After being outdoors Ask the doctor what vaccines your child may need and when to get them. Your child's immune system is weak. So it is important to take good care of your child's oral health. This will help prevent infections that can become serious and spread. Make sure your child's dentist knows that your child has had a bone marrow transplant. That way you can work together to ensure the best oral care for your child. Have your child to brush his teeth and gums 2 to 3 times a day for 2 to 3 minutes each time. Give them a toothbrush with soft bristles to use. Floss gently once a day. Let your child's toothbrush air dry between brushings. Make sure your child uses toothpaste with fluoride. Have your child rinse his mouth 4 times a day with a salt and baking soda solution. (Mix one half teaspoon, or 2.5 mL, of salt and one half teaspoon, or 2.5 mL, of baking soda in 8 ounces, or 237 mL, of water.) Your child's doctor may prescribe a mouth rinse. Make sure it is alcohol-free. Take care of your child's lips with products made with lanolin. Tell your child's doctor if they develop new mouth sores or pain. DO NOT let your child eat foods and drinks that have a lot of sugar in them. Give them sugarless gums or sugar-free popsicles or sugar-free hard candies. Take care of your child's braces, retainers, or other dental products: Children can continue to wear oral appliances like retainers as long as they fit well. Clean retainers and retainer cases daily with an antibacterial solution. As your doctor or dentist to recommend one. If any areas of permanent braces irritate your child's gums, use mouth guards or dental wax to protect the delicate mouth tissue. If your child has a central venous line or PICC line , be sure to learn how to take care of it. If your child's provider tells you your child's platelet count is low, learn how to prevent bleeding during cancer treatment. Give your child enough protein and calories to keep her weight up. Ask your child's provider about liquid food supplements that can help her get enough calories and nutrients. Protect your child from the sun. Make sure she wears a hat with a wide brim and sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher on any exposed skin. Take care when your child plays with toys: Make sure that your child only plays with toys that can easily be cleaned. Avoid toys that cannot be washed. Wash dishwasher-safe toys in the dishwasher. Clean other toys in hot, soapy water. DO NOT allow your child to play with toys that other children have put in their mouth. Avoid using bath toys that retain water, like squirt guns or squeezable toys that can draw water inside. Be careful with pets and animals: If you have a cat, keep it inside. DO NOT bring in any new pets. Keep all pets away from where your child eats, sleeps, or spends a lot of time, such as a play area. DO NOT let your child play with animals. Scratches and bites can easily get infected. DO NOT let your child come near your cat's litter box. If your child touches a pet, make sure they use an antibacterial soap after handling it. DO NOT let dogs lick your child. Resuming schoolwork and returning to school: Most children will need to do schoolwork at home during their recovery. Talk with your child's teacher about how to keep up with schoolwork and stay connected to classmates. Your child may be able to receive special help through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Talk with the hospital social worker to find out more. Once your child is ready to return to school, meet with teachers, nurses and other school staff to help them understand your child's medical condition. Arrange any special help or care as needed. Your child will need close follow-up care from the transplant doctor and nurse for at least 3 months. At first, your child may need to be seen weekly. Be sure to keep all appointments. If your child tells you about any bad feelings or symptoms then call your child's doctor. A symptom can be a warning sign of an infection. Watch for these symptoms: Fever Diarrhea that does not go away or is bloody Severe nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite Inability to eat or drink Extreme weakness Redness, swelling, or draining from any place where an IV line had been inserted Pain in the abdomen Fever, chills, or sweats, which may be signs of an infection A new skin rash or blisters Jaundice (skin or the white part of the eyes looks yellow) A very bad headache or a headache that does not go away A cough that is getting worse Trouble breathing when at rest or when doing simple tasks Burning when urinating. Transplant - bone marrow - children - discharge; Stem cell transplant - children - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant -children - discharge; Reduced intensity, non-myeloablative transplant - children - discharge; Mini transplant - children - discharge; Allogenic bone marrow transplant - children - discharge; Autologous bone marrow transplant - children - discharge; Umbilical cord blood transplant - children - discharge. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatr Dent. 2013 Sep-Oct;35(5):E185-93. PMID: 24290549 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290549. Bashir Q, Champlin, R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone marrow transplant. Before the transplant, chemotherapy , radiation , or both may be given. This may be done in 2 ways: Ablative (myeloablative) treatment. High-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both are given to kill any cancer cells. This also kills all healthy bone marrow that remains, and allows new stem cells to grow in the bone marrow. Reduced intensity treatment, also called a mini transplant. Lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation are given before a transplant. This allows older people, and those with other health problems to have a transplant. There are three kinds of bone marrow transplants: Autologous bone marrow transplant. The term auto means self. Stem cells are removed from you before you receive high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The stem cells are stored in a freezer. After high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatments, your stems cells are put back in your body to make normal blood cells. This is called a rescue transplant. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The term allo means other. Stem cells are removed from another person, called a donor. Most times, the donor's genes must at least partly match your genes. Special tests are done to see if a donor is a good match for you. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. Sometimes parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. Donors who are not related to you, yet still match, may be found through national bone marrow registries. Umbilical cord blood transplant. This is a type of allogeneic transplant. Stem cells are removed from a newborn baby's umbilical cord right after birth. The stem cells are frozen and stored until they are needed for a transplant. Umbilical cord blood cells are very immature so there is less of a need for perfect matching. Due to the smaller number of stem cells, blood counts take much longer to recover. A stem cell transplant is usually done after chemotherapy and radiation is complete. The stem cells are delivered into your bloodstream usually through a tube called a central venous catheter. The process is similar to getting a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel through the blood into the bone marrow. Most times, no surgery is needed. Donor stem cells can be collected in two ways: Bone marrow harvest. This minor surgery is done under general anesthesia. This means the donor will be asleep and pain-free during the procedure. The bone marrow is removed from the back of both hip bones. The amount of marrow removed depends on the weight of the person who is receiving it. Leukapheresis. First, the donor is given several days of shots to help stem cells move from the bone marrow into the blood. During leukapheresis, blood is removed from the donor through an IV line. The part of white blood cells that contains stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. The red blood cells are returned to the donor. A bone marrow transplant replaces bone marrow that is either not working properly or has been destroyed (ablated) by chemotherapy or radiation. Doctors believe that for many cancers, the donor's white blood cells may attack any remaining cancer cells, similar to when white cells attack bacteria or viruses when fighting an infection. Your health care provider may recommend a bone marrow transplant if you have: Certain cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplasia, or multiple myeloma. A disease that affects the production of bone marrow cells, such as aplastic anemia , congenital neutropenia , severe immune system illnesses, sickle cell anemia , or thalassemia. A bone marrow transplant may cause the following symptoms: Chest pain Drop in blood pressure Fever, chills, flushing Funny taste in the mouth Headache Hives Nausea Pain Shortness of breath Possible complications of a bone marrow transplant depend on many things, including: The disease you are being treated for Whether you had chemotherapy or radiation before the bone marrow transplant and the dosages of such treatments Your age Your overall health How good of a match your donor was The type of bone marrow transplant you received (autologous, allogeneic, or umbilical cord blood) Complications may include: Anemia Bleeding in the lungs, intestines, brain, and other areas of the body Cataracts Clotting in the small veins of the liver Damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart Delayed growth in children who receive a bone marrow transplant Early menopause Graft failure, which means that the new cells do not settle into the body and start producing stem cells Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a condition in which the donor cells attack your own body Infections, which can be very serious Inflammation and soreness in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, called mucositis Pain Stomach problems, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Your provider will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. You will have many tests before treatment begins. Before transplant, you will have 1 or 2 tubes, called catheters, inserted into a blood vessel in your neck or arms. This tube allows you to receive treatments, fluids, and sometimes nutrition. It is also used to draw blood. Your provider will likely discuss the emotional stress of having a bone marrow transplant. You may want to meet with a counselor. It is important to talk to your family and children to help them understand what to expect. You will need to make plans to help you prepare for the procedure and handle tasks after your transplant: Complete an advance care directive Arrange medical leave from work Take care of bank or financial statements Arrange care of pets Arrange for someone to help with household chores Confirm health insurance coverage Pay bills Arrange for care of your children Find housing for yourself or your family near the hospital, if needed. A bone marrow transplant is usually done in a hospital or medical center that specializes in such treatment. Most of the time, you stay in a special bone marrow transplant unit in the center. This is to limit your chance of getting an infection. Depending on the treatment and where it is done, all or part of an autologous or allogeneic transplant may be done as an outpatient. This means you do not have to stay in the hospital overnight. How long you stay in the hospital depends on: How much chemotherapy or radiation you received The type of transplant Your medical center's procedures While you are in the hospital: The health care team will closely monitor your blood count and vital signs. You will receive medicines to prevent GVHD and prevent or treat infections, including antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral medicine. You will likely need many blood transfusions. You will be fed through a vein (IV) until you can eat by mouth and stomach side effects and mouth sores have gone away. After you leave the hospital, be sure to follow instructions on how to care for yourself at home. How well you do after the transplant depends on: The type of bone marrow transplant How well the donor's cells match yours What type of cancer or illness you have Your age and overall health The type and dosage of chemotherapy or radiation therapy you had before your transplant Any complications you may have A bone marrow transplant may completely or partially cure your illness. If the transplant is a success, you can go back to most of your normal activities as soon as you feel well enough. Usually it takes up to 1 year to recover fully, depending on what complications occur. Complications or failure of the bone marrow transplant can lead to death. Transplant - bone marrow; Stem cell transplant; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant; Reduced intensity nonmyeloablative transplant; Mini transplant; Allogenic bone marrow transplant; Autologous bone marrow transplant; Umbilical cord blood transplant; Aplastic anemia - bone marrow transplant; Leukemia - bone marrow transplant; Lymphoma - bone marrow transplant; Multiple myeloma - bone marrow transplant. Bleeding during cancer treatment Bone marrow transplant - discharge Central venous catheter - dressing change Central venous catheter - flushing Drinking water safely during cancer treatment Dry mouth during cancer treatment Eating extra calories when sick - adults Eating extra calories when sick - children Oral mucositis - self-care Peripherally inserted central catheter - flushing Safe eating during cancer treatment. Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Formed elements of blood Formed elements of blood Bone marrow from hip Bone marrow from hip Bone-marrow transplant - series Bone-marrow transplant - series. Bashir Q, Champlin R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone mineral density test. Bone density testing can be done in several ways. The most common and accurate way uses a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. DEXA uses low-dose x-rays. (You receive more radiation from a chest x-ray.) There are two types of DEXA scans: Central DEXA -- You lie on a soft table. The scanner passes over your lower spine and hip. In most cases, you do not need to undress. This scan is the best test to predict your risk for fractures, especially of the hip. Peripheral DEXA (p-DEXA) -- These smaller machines measure the bone density in your wrist, fingers, leg, or heel. These machines are in health care offices, pharmacies, shopping centers, and at health fairs. If you are or could be pregnant, tell your provider before this test is done. DO NOT take calcium supplements for 24 hours before the test. You'll be told to remove all metal items from your body, such as jewelry and buckles. The scan is painless. You need to remain still during the test. Bone mineral density (BMD) tests are used to: Diagnose bone loss and osteoporosis See how well osteoporosis medicine is working Predict your risk for future bone fractures Bone density testing is recommended for all women age 65 and older. There is not full agreement on whether men should undergo this type of testing. Some groups recommend testing of men at age 70, while others state that the evidence is not clear enough to say whether men at this age benefit from screening. Younger women, as well as men of any age, may also need bone density testing if they have risk factors for osteoporosis. These risk factors include: Fracturing a bone after age 50 Strong family history of osteoporosis History of treatment for prostate cancer or breast cancer History of medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes, thyroid imbalances, or anorexia nervosa Early menopause (either from natural causes or hysterectomy) Long-term use of medications such as corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, or aromatase inhibitors Low body weight (less than 127 pounds) or low body mass index (less than 21) Significant loss of height Long-term tobacco or excessive alcohol use. The results of your test are usually reported as a T-score and Z-score: T-score compares your bone density with that of a healthy young woman. Z-score compares your bone density with that of other people of your age, gender, and race. With either score, a negative number means you have thinner bones than average. The more negative the number, the higher your risk for a bone fracture. A T-score is within the normal range if it is -1.0 or above. Bone mineral density testing does not diagnose fractures. Along with other risk factors you may have, it helps predict your risk for having a bone fracture in the future. Your provider will help you understand the results. If your T-score is: Between -1 and -2.5, you may have early bone loss (osteopenia) Below -2.5, you likely have osteoporosis Treatment recommendation depends on your total fracture risk. This risk can be calculated using the FRAX score. Your provider can tell you more about this. You can also find information about FRAX online. Bone mineral density uses a slight amount of radiation. Most experts feel that the risk is very low compared with the benefits of finding osteoporosis before you break a bone. BMD test; Bone density test; Bone densitometry; DEXA scan; DXA; Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; p-DEXA; Osteoporosis - BMD. Bone density scan Bone density scan Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis. Chapurlat RD, Genant HK. Osteoporosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone pain or tenderness. Bone pain is less common than joint pain and muscle pain. The source of bone pain may be clear, such as from a fracture following an accident. Other causes, such as cancer that spreads ( metastasizes ) to the bone, may be less obvious. Bone pain can occur with injuries or conditions such as: Cancer in the bones (primary malignancy) Cancer that has spread to the bones (metastatic malignancy) Disruption of blood supply (as in sickle cell anemia ) Infected bone ( osteomyelitis ) Infection Injury (trauma) Leukemia Loss of mineralization ( osteoporosis ) Overuse Toddler fracture (a type of stress fracture that occurs in toddlers). See your health care provider if you have bone pain and do not know why it is occurring. Take any bone pain or tenderness very seriously. Contact your provider if you have any unexplained bone pain. Your provider will ask you about your medical history and do a physical exam. Some questions that may be asked include: Where is the pain located? How long have you had pain and when did it start? Is the pain getting worse? Do you have any other symptoms? You may have the following tests: Blood studies (such as CBC , blood differential ) Bone x-rays , including a bone scan CT or MRI scan Hormone level studies Pituitary and adrenal gland function studies Urine studies Depending on the cause of the pain, your provider may prescribe: Antibiotics Anti-inflammatory medicines Hormones Laxatives (if you develop constipation during prolonged bed rest) Pain relievers If pain is related to thinning bones, you may need treatment for osteoporosis. Aches and pains in bones; Pain - bones. Skeleton Skeleton. McCormack RG, Lopez CA. Commonly encountered fractures in sports medicine. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone scan. A bone scan involves injecting a very small amount of radioactive material (radiotracer) into a vein. The substance travels through your blood to the bones and organs. As it wears off, it gives off a bit of radiation. This radiation is detected by a camera that slowly scans your body. The camera takes pictures of how much radiotracer collects in the bones. If a bone scan is done to see if you have a bone infection, images may be taken shortly after the radioactive material is injected and again 3 to 4 hours later, when it has collected in the bones. This process is called a 3-phase bone scan. To evaluate metastatic bone disease, images are taken only after the 3- to 4-hour delay. The scanning part of the test will last about 1 hour. The scanner's camera may move above and around you. You may need to change positions. You will probably be asked to drink extra water after you receive the radiotracer to keep the material from collecting in your bladder. You must remove jewelry and other metal objects. You may be asked to wear a hospital gown. Tell your health care provider if you are or may be pregnant. DO NOT take any medicine with bismuth in it, such as Pepto-Bismol, for 4 days before the test. Follow any other instructions you are given. There is a small amount of pain when the needle is inserted. During the scan, there is no pain. You must remain still during the scan. The technologist will tell you when to change positions. You may experience some discomfort due to lying still for a long period. A bone scan is used to: Diagnose a bone tumor or cancer. Determine if a cancer that began elsewhere in your body has spread to the bones. Common cancers that spread to the bones include breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney. Diagnose a fracture, when it cannot be seen on a regular x-ray (most commonly hip fractures, stress fractures in the feet or legs, or spine fractures). Diagnose a bone infection (osteomyelitis). Diagnose or determine the cause of bone pain, when no other cause has been identified. Evaluate metabolic disorders, such as osteomalacia , primary hyperparathyroidism , osteoporosis , complex regional pain syndrome , and Paget disease. Test results are considered normal if the radiotracer is present evenly throughout all the bones. An abnormal scan will show 'hot spots' and/or 'cold spots' as compared to surrounding bone. Hot spots are areas where there is an increased collection of the radioactive material. Cold spots are areas that have taken up less of the radioactive material. Bone scan findings must be compared with other imaging studies, in addition to clinical information. Your provider will discuss any abnormal findings with you. If you are pregnant or nursing, the test may be postponed to prevent exposing the baby to radiation. If you must have the test while breastfeeding, you should pump and throw away the breast milk for the next 2 days. The amount of radiation injected into your vein is very small. All radiation is gone from the body within 2 to 3 days. The radiotracer that is used exposes you to a very small amount of radiation. The risk is probably no greater than with routine x-rays. Risks related to the bone radiotracer are rare, but may include: Anaphylaxis (severe allergic response) Rash Swelling There is a slight risk of infection or bleeding when the needle is inserted into a vein. Scintigraphy - bone. Nuclear scan Nuclear scan. Bearcroft PWP, Hopper MA. Imaging techniques and fundamental observations for the musculoskeletal system. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone tumor. The cause of bone tumors is unknown. They often occur in areas of the bone that grow rapidly. Possible causes include: Genetic defects passed down through families Radiation Injury In most cases, no specific cause is found. Osteochondromas are the most common noncancerous (benign) bone tumors. They occur most often in young people between the ages of 10 and 20. Cancers that start in the bones are called primary bone tumors. Bone cancers that start in another part of the body (such as the breast, lungs, or colon) are called secondary or metastatic bone tumors. They behave very differently from primary bone tumors. Cancerous primary bone tumors include: Chondrosarcoma Ewing sarcoma Fibrosarcoma Osteosarcomas Cancers that most often spread to the bone are cancers of the: Breast Kidney Lung Prostate Thyroid These forms of cancer usually affect older people. Bone cancer is more common in people who have a family history of cancers. Symptoms of bone tumor may include any of the following: Bone fracture, especially from slight injury (trauma) Bone pain may be worse at night Occasionally a mass and swelling can be felt at the tumor site Some benign tumors have no symptoms. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Tests that may be done include: Alkaline phosphatase blood level Bone biopsy Bone scan Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest MRI of the bone and surrounding tissue X-ray of bone and surrounding tissue PET scan These following tests may also be ordered to monitor the disease: Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme Blood calcium level Parathyroid hormone Blood phosphorus level. Some benign bone tumors go away on their own and do not need treatment. Your provider will closely monitor you. You will likely need regular imaging tests, such as x-rays, to see if the tumor shrinks or grows. Surgery may be needed to remove the tumor in some cases. Treatment for cancerous bone tumors that have spread from other parts of the body depends on where the cancer started. Radiation therapy may be given to prevent fractures or to relieve pain. Chemotherapy may be used to prevent fractures or the need for surgery or radiation. Tumors that start in the bone are rare. After biopsy, a combination of chemotherapy and surgery is usually necessary. Radiation therapy may be needed before or after surgery. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. How well you do depends on the type of bone tumor. Outcome is usually good in people with noncancerous (benign) tumors. But some benign bone tumors can turn into cancer. People with cancerous bone tumors that have not spread may be cured. The cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors. Talk to your provider about your particular cancer. Problems that may result from the tumor or treatment include: Pain Reduced function, depending on the tumor Side effects of chemotherapy Spread of the cancer to other nearby tissues (metastasis). Call your provider if you have symptoms of a bone tumor. Tumor - bone; Bone cancer; Primary bone tumor; Secondary bone tumor; Bone tumor - benign. X-ray X-ray Skeleton Skeleton Osteogenic sarcoma - X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - x-ray Ewing sarcoma - X-ray Ewing sarcoma - x-ray. Coleman RE, Holen I. Bone metastases. Encyclopedia Entry for Bone : Bone x-ray. The test is done in a hospital radiology department or in the health care provider's office by an x-ray technician. For the test, you will position the bone to be x-rayed on the table. Pictures are then taken, and the bone is repositioned for different views. Tell the health care provider if you are pregnant. You must remove all jewelry for the x-ray. The x-rays are painless. Changing position for getting different views of the bone may be uncomfortable. A bone x-ray is used to look for injuries or conditions affecting the bone. Abnormal findings include: Fractures or broken bone Bone tumors Degenerative bone conditions Osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone caused by an infection) Additional conditions under which the test may be performed: Cystic fibrosis Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) II Multiple myeloma Osgood-Schlatter disease Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteomalacia Paget's disease Primary hyperparathyroidism Rickets. There is low radiation exposure. X-ray machines are set to provide the smallest amount of radiation exposure needed to produce the image. Most experts feel that the risk is low compared with the benefits. Children and the fetuses of pregnant women are more sensitive to the risks of the x-ray. A protective shield may be worn over areas not being scanned. X-ray - bone. Skeleton Skeleton Skeletal spine Skeletal spine Osteogenic sarcoma - X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - x-ray. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone radiography-diagnostic. |
| Bone Conduction | XTRA | 4902 | Bone enhancement. |
| Bone Disease and Periodontal | XTRA | 47.5,600,625,650,728,776,787,880,1600,1800 | See Bone Regeneration, Paradontosis, and Dental programs. |
| Bone Disease Periodontal Disease | CAFL | 47.5,600,625,650,727,776,787,880,1600,1800 | See Bone Regeneration, Paradontosis, and Dental programs. Oral Cavity |
| Bone Diseases | ETDF | 230,600,12000,55000,96500,375110,512330,655200,750000,927100 | Your bones help you move, give you shape and support your body. They are living tissues that rebuild constantly throughout your life. During childhood and your teens, your body adds new bone faster than it removes old bone. After about age 20, you can lose bone faster than you make bone. To have strong bones when you are young, and to prevent bone loss when you are older, you need to get enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise. You should also avoid smoking and drinking too much alcohol. Bone diseases can make bones easy to break. Different kinds of bone problems include Low bone density and osteoporosis, which make your bones weak and more likely to break Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle Paget's disease of bone makes them weak Bones can also develop cancer and infections Other bone diseases, which are caused by poor nutrition, genetics, or problems with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding |
| Bone Fractures | XTRA | 3,220,230,380,660,690,727.5,787,802,880,1550,2720,10000 | Also see Fractures Bone. Use for any bone trauma. |
| Bone Growth | XTRA | 25,50 | Fracture healing. |
| Bone Pain and Inflammation | XTRA | 40,783 | Bone pain is extreme tenderness, aching, or other discomfort in one or more bones. It differs from muscle and joint pain because its present whether youre moving or not. The pain is commonly linked to diseases that affect the normal function or structure of the bone. |
| Bone Regeneration | CAFL | 2720,10000 | The ability of bone to heal with practically no scarring is the most extraordinary feature of it. However, perturbations of the fracture site could disrupt the repair process when defects reach a critical size, resulting in non_union. Current therapies include allografting, autografting, applying vascularized grafts, and other bone transport techniques. Bone |
| Bone Regeneration 1 | XTRA | 7,424,465,660,690,727.5,784,787,880,1552,1560,1577,2720,10000 | Two types of cells are active in the work of bone generation: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These cells keep busy by creating new bone material little by little, day after day. Bones continue to regenerate long after we reach our full height. Even when we become adults, bones continue to regenerate every three years. |
| Bone Spur 1 | XTRA | 1.19,3.39,250 | Also called osteophytes. Painful bony formations along joint margins. Bone |
| Bone Spur 2 | XTRA | 4931 | Also called osteophytes. Painful bony formations along joint margins. Bone |
| Bone Stimulation | XTRA | 50 | _ Bone growth stimulators are increasingly used in the treatment of delayed union and nonunion after fracture, ankle fusion, and spinal fusion. _ Substantial basic science and animal studies and clinical evidence exist for the use of bone growth stimulation. |
| Bone Trauma | CAFL | 380,1550,802,10000,880,787,727,2720 | Breaks, fractures. Bone |
| Bones Stimulate Healing | XTRA | 7,25,50 | Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. Generally bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur. Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair. Age, Bone type, drug therapy and pre existing bone pathology are factors which affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity. |
| Bordetella Parapertussis 1 | XTRA | 46,484,526,660,690,697,727.5,765,906,9101,12775.3,12819.84,12868.28,16479.52,20615.63,20687.5,20765.63 | Bacteria causing generally milder form of Pertussis (whooping cough). |
| Bordetella Pertussis | HC | 329850-332250 | Bacteria causing Pertussis (whooping cough). Other use: Bordetella Parapertussis. |
| Bordetella Pertussis 1 | XTRA | 20615.63 | Bacteria causing Pertussis (whooping cough). |
| Bordetella Pertussis 2 | XTRA | 817.62,820.47,823.57,20615.63,20687.5,20765.63 | Bacteria causing Pertussis (whooping cough). |
| Bordetella Pertussis 3 | XTRA | 46,284,526,660,690,697,727.5,765,906,9101,12775.30,12819.84,12868.28,16479.52,20615.63,20687.5,20765.63 | Bacteria causing Pertussis (whooping cough). |
| Bordetella Pertussis 4 | XTRA | 776,787,802,832,880,1234,1550,7344,12775.3,12819.84,12868.28,16479.52,20615.63,20687.5,20765.63 | Bacteria causing Pertussis (whooping cough). |
| Borna Disease | ETDF | 40,350,2500,35160,93500,458500,517500,689410,712000,993410 | Infectious neuro syndrome causing abnormal behaviour and possible death, due to BDV. |
| Borna Disease Virus BDV | XTRA | 776,787,802,832,840,880,1550,1570,1998,2008,2052,2127.5,2489,2490,5000 | Zoonotic virus that can infect nerve cells, causing Borna Disease. |
| Boron 10b | XTRA | 228.75,246.59,20988.27 | Heavy metal. |
| Boron 11b | XTRA | 682.97,736.25,15666.02 | Heavy metal. |
| Borrelia | VEGA | 254,644 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Borrelia : Borrelia miyamotoi Disease - Borrelia miyamotoi (G- bacterium; spirochete) Encyclopedia Entry for Borrelia : Borrelia. May be caused by: Anorexia nervosa ADHD Bipolar disorder Dementia Depression Obsessive compulsive disorder Rheumatoid arthritis Schizophrenia Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Borrelia | XTRA | 382000 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. Encyclopedia Entry for Borrelia : Borrelia miyamotoi Disease - Borrelia miyamotoi (G- bacterium; spirochete) Encyclopedia Entry for Borrelia : Borrelia. May be caused by: Anorexia nervosa ADHD Bipolar disorder Dementia Depression Obsessive compulsive disorder Rheumatoid arthritis Schizophrenia Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Borrelia 1352 | XTRA | 5524.3 | Type/strain: US-1352. |
| Borrelia 19535 | XTRA | 5658.27 | Type/strain: US-19535. |
| Borrelia 19857 | XTRA | 3354.6 | Type/strain: US-19857. |
| Borrelia 19865 | XTRA | 7674.3 | Type/strain: US-19865. |
| Borrelia 19952 | XTRA | 5490.47 | Type/strain: US-19952. |
| Borrelia 21123 | XTRA | 2897.3 | Type/strain: US-21123. |
| Borrelia 21133 | XTRA | 8672.49 | Type/strain: US-21133. |
| Borrelia 21305 | XTRA | 4651.37 | Type/strain: US-21305. |
| Borrelia 21343 | XTRA | 7384.34 | Type/strain: US-21343. |
| Borrelia 25015 | XTRA | 7873.46 | Type/strain: US-25015. |
| Borrelia 26816 | XTRA | 8370.5 | Type/strain: US-26816. |
| Borrelia 27985 | XTRA | 2384.76 | Type/strain: US-27985. |
| Borrelia 297 | XTRA | 6890.5 | Type/strain: US-297. |
| Borrelia Afzelii 2 | XTRA | 7357.4 | Type/strain: Afzelii. |
| Borrelia Afzelii Cysts | XTRA | 6564.8 | Type/strain: Afzelii, encysted. |
| Borrelia Afzelii Lyme 6 | XTRA | 12109.37 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia B31 | XTRA | 2067.05 | Type/strain: US-B 31. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi 1 | XTRA | 941.92,18919.09 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi 2 | XTRA | 11875 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. Other uses: human body cell, typhoid fever, tungsten. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi Lyme | XTRA | 432,864,345,612,2016,38304 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi Lyme Disease | HC | 378950-382000 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi Lyme Disease | PROV | 939.32,941.92,946.87,11842.19,11875 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Burgdorferi Spirochete | XTRA | 2605546.3669 | Lyme Disease co-infection. |
| Borrelia CA118 | XTRA | 5264.58 | Type/strain: US-CA 118. |
| Borrelia CA127 | XTRA | 4424.6 | Type/strain: US-CA 127. |
| Borrelia CA128 | XTRA | 5675.32 | Type/strain: US-CA 128. |
| Borrelia CA139 | XTRA | 7095.13 | Type/strain: US-CA 139. |
| Borrelia CA2-87 | XTRA | 2720.34 | Type/strain: US-CA 2-87. |
| Borrelia CA5 | XTRA | 3345.64 | Type/strain: US-CA 5. |
| Borrelia CA55 | XTRA | 5717.86 | Type/strain: US-CA 55. |
| Borrelia CA6 | XTRA | 4432.05 | Type/strain: US-CA 6. |
| Borrelia CA920953 | XTRA | 5481.86 | Type/strain: US-CA 920953. |
| Borrelia Charlie Tick | XTRA | 6262.47 | Type/strain: Charlie Tick. |
| Borrelia DN127 | XTRA | 6567.35 | Type/strain: US-DN 127. |
| Borrelia Garinii 2 | XTRA | 4583.5 | Type/strain: Garinii. |
| Borrelia Garinii Cysts | XTRA | 1072.7 | Type/strain: Garinii, encysted. |
| Borrelia Garinii Lyme | XTRA | 11937.5 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Hatchlings and Eggs | XTRA | 203,214,414,589,640,667,840,1000,1072,1087,1105,8554 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia HUM115 | XTRA | 2265.3 | Type/strain: US-HUM 115. |
| Borrelia HUM3336 | XTRA | 5643.4 | Type/strain: US-HUM 3336. |
| Borrelia HUM7814 | XTRA | 6898.7 | Type/strain: US-HUM 7814. |
| Borrelia LAKE339 | XTRA | 1458.35 | Type/strain: US-LAKE 339. |
| Borrelia Lyme 1 | XTRA | 485,490,495,500,505,610,615,620,625,630,690,785,790,795,864 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme 2 | XTRA | 3,230,254,306,338,344,345,432,484,485,490,495,500,505,510,525,533,534,597,605,610,615,620,625,630,644,660,664,673,688,690,699,727,732,758,785,790,795,797,800,864,880,884,885,920,943,1455,1520,2016,2050,272 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme 3 | XTRA | 3422.86,13542.86,17187.52,21576.29 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme 4 | XTRA | 615,625,1520,2016,2050 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme A | XTRA | 776,786,802,828,863,880,885,1433,1455,1519,1550,1600,1800,2016,2720,2899,4879,6675 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme B | XTRA | 62,144,250,345,432,451,464,581,600,604,672,726,749,758,765 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme JB | XTRA | 13542.86 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme Secondary | XTRA | 254,525,597,644,699,885 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Lyme Tertiary | XTRA | 306,432,484,610,625,690,790,864,2016 | Spirochete involved in Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia MEN115 | XTRA | 4335.8 | Type/strain: US-MEN 115. |
| Borrelia N40 | XTRA | 2577.67 | Type/strain: US-N 40. |
| Borrelia NY13-87 | XTRA | 5264.52 | Type/strain: US-NY 13-87. |
| Borrelia NY1-86 | XTRA | 6723.64 | Type/strain: US-NY 1-86. |
| Borrelia SH-2-82 | XTRA | 9582.67 | Type/strain: US-SH-2-82. |
| Borrelia SON188 | XTRA | 3554.6 | Type/strain: US-SON 188. |
| Borrelia SON2110 | XTRA | 4655.74 | Type/strain: US-SON 2110. |
| Borrelia SON328 | XTRA | 7288.3 | Type/strain: US-SON 328. |
| Borrelia SON335 | XTRA | 3672.5 | Type/strain: US-SON 335. |
| Borrelia Species Self-Test | XTRA | 3345.64,4432.05,5717.86,5264.58,4424.6,5675.32,7095.13,5481.86,2720.34,6890.5,5524.3,5658.27,3354.6,7674.3,5490.47,2897.3,8672.49,4651.37,7384.34,7873.46,8370.5,2384.76,2067.05,2577.67,6567.35,1799.64,2265.3,5643.4,6898.7,4335.8,1458.35,9582.67,3554.6,7288.3,3672.5,4655.74,6723.64,5264.52,6262.47,5630.4,7357.4,4583.5 | All species 60 secs each. Run in Contact or Plasma Modes. Note running frequency when 'hits' are felt, then use Reverse Lookup. |
| Borrelia Spirochete A | XTRA | 444 | Chain before Borrelia Spirochete B in a Program. Other uses: pyorrhea, Carbo Animalis (homeopathic nosode). |
| Borrelia Spirochete B | XTRA | 20,70,324,644,736,544,444,333,367,243,331,133,332,73,445,43,776,24,566 | Chain after Borrelia Spirochete A in a Program. |
| Borrelia Spirochete Inhabited Microbes | XTRA | 13888.87,19599.93,20148,17013.88,20854.18,15208.19,16666.5,18361.25,21888,12283 | Targets Borrelia-infected organisms. |
| Borrelia Spp. Cysts | XTRA | 840.6 | Experimental. Encysted bacterial agent of Lyme disease. |
| Borrelia Veery | XTRA | 5630.4 | Type/strain: Veery. First found in Veery thrush. |
| Borrelia VS2 | XTRA | 1799.64 | Type/strain: US-VS 2. |
| Borreliosis | BIO | 254,345,525,605,644,673,797,884,1455 | Also called Lyme Disease. |
| Borreliosis | CAFL | 338,344,345,432,533,534,605,673,732,758,797,800,884,1455,4200,6863,6870 | Also called Lyme Disease. Joints |
| Borreliosis 1 | XTRA | 3,42,125,230,254,306,338,432,484,525,533,597,600,610,625,644,650,652,660,664,673,690,727.5,785,797,800,884,885,1064,1455,2016,2050,2720,4200,6863,6870,10000 | Also called Lyme Disease. |
| Borreliosis 2 | XTRA | 344,345,432,485,495,510,534,605,615,620,644,688,699,732,758,810,864,920,943,1520 | Also called Lyme Disease. |
| Borreliosis 3 | XTRA | 939.32,941.92,946.87,1500,2127,2416,2624,3422.86,9664,11842.19,11875,11937.5,12382,13542.86,17187.52,18368,18919.09,20393.88,21576.29 | Also called Lyme Disease. |
| Botrytis | CAFL | 1545 | Homeopathic preparation from a fungal allergen. Lung |
| Botrytis Cinereas | BIO | 1132 | Homeopathic preparation from a fungal allergen. |
| Botrytis Cinereas | CAFL | 1132,212 | Homeopathic preparation from a fungal allergen. Lung |
| Botulinum | CAFL | 518,533,639,172,1372,691,683 | Bacillus that causes Botulism, an often fatal form of food poisoning. Also called Bacillus Botulinus. Encyclopedia Entry for Botulinum : Botulinum toxin injection - larynx. BTX is injected into the muscles around the vocal cords. This weakens the muscles and improves voice quality. It is not a cure for laryngeal dystonia, but can help ease the symptoms. In most cases, you will have the BTX injections in your health care provider's office. There are 2 common ways to inject BTX into the larynx: Through the neck: You may have local anesthesia to numb the area. You may lie down on your back or remain sitting up. This will depend on your comfort and your provider's preference. Your provider may use an EMG (electromyography) machine. An EMG machine records the movement of your vocal cord muscles through tiny electrodes placed on your skin. This helps your provider guide the needle to the correct area. Another method involves using a flexible laryngoscope inserted through the nose to help guide the needle. Through the mouth: You may have general anesthesia so you are asleep during this procedure. You may also have numbing medicine sprayed into your nose, throat, and larynx. Your provider will use a long, curved needle to inject directly into the vocal cord muscles. You provider may place a small camera (endoscope) into your mouth to guide the needle. You would have this procedure if you have been diagnosed with laryngeal dystonia. BTX injections are the most common treatment for this condition. BTX injections are used to treat other problems in the voice box (larynx). They are also used to treat many other conditions in different parts of the body. You may not be able to talk for about an hour after the injections. BTX can cause some side effects. In most cases, these side effects only last a few days. Some of the side effects include: A breathy sound to your voice Hoarseness Weak cough Trouble swallowing Pain where the BTX was injected Flu-like symptoms. In most cases, BTX injections should improve your voice quality for about 3 to 4 months. To maintain your voice, you may need injections every few months. Your provider may ask you to keep a diary of your symptoms to see how well and how long the injection is working. This will help you and your provider find the right dose for you and to decide how often you need treatment. Injection laryngoplasty; Botox - larynx: spasmodic dysphonia-BTX; Essential voice tremor (EVT)-btx; Glottic insufficiency; Percutaneous electromyography - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Percutaneous indirect laryngoscopy - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Adductor dysphonia-BTX; OnabotulinumtoxinA-larynx; AbobotulinumtoxinA. Blitzer A, Sadoughi B, Guardiani E. Neurologic disorders of the larynx. |
| Botulinum | VEGA | 518 | Bacillus that causes Botulism, an often fatal form of food poisoning. Also called Bacillus Botulinus. Encyclopedia Entry for Botulinum : Botulinum toxin injection - larynx. BTX is injected into the muscles around the vocal cords. This weakens the muscles and improves voice quality. It is not a cure for laryngeal dystonia, but can help ease the symptoms. In most cases, you will have the BTX injections in your health care provider's office. There are 2 common ways to inject BTX into the larynx: Through the neck: You may have local anesthesia to numb the area. You may lie down on your back or remain sitting up. This will depend on your comfort and your provider's preference. Your provider may use an EMG (electromyography) machine. An EMG machine records the movement of your vocal cord muscles through tiny electrodes placed on your skin. This helps your provider guide the needle to the correct area. Another method involves using a flexible laryngoscope inserted through the nose to help guide the needle. Through the mouth: You may have general anesthesia so you are asleep during this procedure. You may also have numbing medicine sprayed into your nose, throat, and larynx. Your provider will use a long, curved needle to inject directly into the vocal cord muscles. You provider may place a small camera (endoscope) into your mouth to guide the needle. You would have this procedure if you have been diagnosed with laryngeal dystonia. BTX injections are the most common treatment for this condition. BTX injections are used to treat other problems in the voice box (larynx). They are also used to treat many other conditions in different parts of the body. You may not be able to talk for about an hour after the injections. BTX can cause some side effects. In most cases, these side effects only last a few days. Some of the side effects include: A breathy sound to your voice Hoarseness Weak cough Trouble swallowing Pain where the BTX was injected Flu-like symptoms. In most cases, BTX injections should improve your voice quality for about 3 to 4 months. To maintain your voice, you may need injections every few months. Your provider may ask you to keep a diary of your symptoms to see how well and how long the injection is working. This will help you and your provider find the right dose for you and to decide how often you need treatment. Injection laryngoplasty; Botox - larynx: spasmodic dysphonia-BTX; Essential voice tremor (EVT)-btx; Glottic insufficiency; Percutaneous electromyography - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Percutaneous indirect laryngoscopy - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Adductor dysphonia-BTX; OnabotulinumtoxinA-larynx; AbobotulinumtoxinA. Blitzer A, Sadoughi B, Guardiani E. Neurologic disorders of the larynx. |
| Botulinum | XTRA | 172,253,435,518,533,639,660,668,683,690,691,727,775,802,831,1372,1550,1552,2688,10000 | Bacillus that causes Botulism, an often fatal form of food poisoning. Also called Bacillus Botulinus. Encyclopedia Entry for Botulinum : Botulinum toxin injection - larynx. BTX is injected into the muscles around the vocal cords. This weakens the muscles and improves voice quality. It is not a cure for laryngeal dystonia, but can help ease the symptoms. In most cases, you will have the BTX injections in your health care provider's office. There are 2 common ways to inject BTX into the larynx: Through the neck: You may have local anesthesia to numb the area. You may lie down on your back or remain sitting up. This will depend on your comfort and your provider's preference. Your provider may use an EMG (electromyography) machine. An EMG machine records the movement of your vocal cord muscles through tiny electrodes placed on your skin. This helps your provider guide the needle to the correct area. Another method involves using a flexible laryngoscope inserted through the nose to help guide the needle. Through the mouth: You may have general anesthesia so you are asleep during this procedure. You may also have numbing medicine sprayed into your nose, throat, and larynx. Your provider will use a long, curved needle to inject directly into the vocal cord muscles. You provider may place a small camera (endoscope) into your mouth to guide the needle. You would have this procedure if you have been diagnosed with laryngeal dystonia. BTX injections are the most common treatment for this condition. BTX injections are used to treat other problems in the voice box (larynx). They are also used to treat many other conditions in different parts of the body. You may not be able to talk for about an hour after the injections. BTX can cause some side effects. In most cases, these side effects only last a few days. Some of the side effects include: A breathy sound to your voice Hoarseness Weak cough Trouble swallowing Pain where the BTX was injected Flu-like symptoms. In most cases, BTX injections should improve your voice quality for about 3 to 4 months. To maintain your voice, you may need injections every few months. Your provider may ask you to keep a diary of your symptoms to see how well and how long the injection is working. This will help you and your provider find the right dose for you and to decide how often you need treatment. Injection laryngoplasty; Botox - larynx: spasmodic dysphonia-BTX; Essential voice tremor (EVT)-btx; Glottic insufficiency; Percutaneous electromyography - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Percutaneous indirect laryngoscopy - guided botulinum toxin treatment; Adductor dysphonia-BTX; OnabotulinumtoxinA-larynx; AbobotulinumtoxinA. Blitzer A, Sadoughi B, Guardiani E. Neurologic disorders of the larynx. |
| Botulism | ETDF | 20,320,16550,85000,232410,458500,519680,687620,712420,992000 | Often fatal form of food poisoning, caused by Botulinum. Encyclopedia Entry for Botulism : Botulism - Clostridium botulinum (G+ rod: sporulating: anaerobic) Encyclopedia Entry for Botulism : Botulism. Clostridium botulinum is found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. It produces spores that survive in improperly preserved or canned food, where they produce a toxin. When eaten, even tiny amounts of this toxin can lead to severe poisoning. Foods that can be contaminated are home-canned vegetables, cured pork and ham, smoked or raw fish, and honey or corn syrup, baked potatoes cooked in foil, carrot juice, and chopped garlic in oil. Infant botulism occurs when a baby eats spores and the bacteria grow in the baby's gastrointestinal tract. The most common cause of infant botulism is eating honey or corn syrup, or using pacifiers that have been coated with contaminated honey. Clostridium botulinum can be found normally in the stool of some infants. Infants develop botulism when the bacteria grow in their gut. Botulism may also occur if the bacteria enter open wounds and produce toxins there. About 110 cases of botulism occur in the United States each year. Most of the cases are in infants. Symptoms often appear 8 to 36 hours after you eat food contaminated with the toxin. There is NO fever with this infection. In adults, symptoms may include: Abdominal cramps Breathing difficulty that may lead to respiratory failure Difficulty swallowing and speaking Double vision Nausea Vomiting Weakness with paralysis (equal on both sides of the body) Symptoms in infants may include: Constipation Drooling Poor feeding and weak sucking Respiratory distress Weak cry Weakness, loss of muscle tone. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. There may be signs of: Absent or decreased deep tendon reflexes Absent or decreased gag reflex Eyelid drooping Loss of muscle function, starting at the top of the body and moving down Paralyzed bowel Speech impairment Urine retention with inability to urinate Blurred vision No fever Blood tests can be done to identify the toxin. A stool culture may also be ordered. Lab tests can be done on the suspected food to confirm botulism. You will need medicine to fight the toxin produced by the bacteria. The medicine is called botulinus antitoxin. You will have to stay in the hospital if you have breathing trouble. A tube may be inserted through the nose or mouth into the windpipe to provide an airway for oxygen. You may need a breathing machine. People who have trouble swallowing may be given fluids through a vein (by IV). A feeding tube may be inserted. Providers must tell state health authorities or the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about people with botulism, so that the contaminated food can be removed from stores. Some people are given antibiotics, but they may not always help. Prompt treatment significantly reduces the risk for death. Health problems that may result from botulism include: Aspiration pneumonia and infection Long-lasting weakness Nervous system problems for up to 1 year Respiratory distress. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you suspect botulism. NEVER give honey or corn syrup to infants younger than 1 year old -- not even just a little taste on a pacifier. Prevent infant botulism by breastfeeding only, if possible. Always throw away bulging cans or foul-smelling preserved foods. Sterilizing home-canned foods by pressure cooking them at 250 F (121 C) for 30 minutes may reduce the risk for botulism. Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information on home canning safety ( www.cdc.gov/features/homecanning ). Keep foil-wrapped baked potatoes hot or in the refrigerator, not at room temperature. Oils with garlic or other herbs should also be refrigerated as should carrot juice. Make sure to set the refrigerator temperature at 50 F (10 C) or lower. Infant botulism. Bacteria Bacteria. Arnon SS. Botulism ( Clostridium botulinum ). Encyclopedia Entry for Botulism : Botulism (and Infant botulism). Source of disease: Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin. |
| Bowen's Disease | ETDF | 40,120,17330,57500,250000,451170,515110,689410,712000,995380 | Also called Squamous Cell carcinoma in Situ. Can manifest on skin and sex organs. |
| Bowen's Disease | KHZ | 10,120,17330,57500,250000,451170,515110,689410,712000,995380 | Also called Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ. Can manifest on skin and sex organs. |
| Brachial Neuralgia | CAFL | 0.5 | Shoulder, arm, or neck pain due to brachial plexus damage. Other uses: lower back pain, headache/migraine. Nerve |
| Brachial Plexus Neuritis | ETDF | 150,570,15160,52500,119340,357300,424370,561930,642910,930120 | Shoulder, arm, or neck pain due to brachial plexus damage. |
| Bradycardia | ETDF | 240,700,2750,17500,57500,92500,322060,567700,640000,980000 | Abnormally slow heart rate, usually under 60bpm in adult. |
| Brain | XTRA | 315.8 | Assist brain function Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain abscess. Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. As a result, swelling and irritation (inflammation) develop. Infected brain cells, white blood cells, live and dead bacteria, or fungi collect in an area of the brain. Tissue forms around this area and creates a mass, or abscess. The germs that cause a brain abscess can reach the brain through the blood. Or, they enter the brain directly, such as during brain surgery. In rare cases, a brain abscess develops from an infection in the sinuses. The source of the infection is often not found. However, the most common source is a lung infection. Less often, a heart infection is the cause. The following raise your chance of developing a brain abscess: A weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV/AIDS ) Chronic disease, such as cancer Drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids or chemotherapy ) Congenital heart disease. Symptoms may develop slowly, over a period of several weeks, or they may develop suddenly. They may include: Changes in mental status , such as confusion, slow response or thinking, unable to focus, or sleepiness Decreased ability to feel sensation Fever and chills Headache, seizures , or stiff neck Language problems Loss of muscle function, typically on one side Vision changes Vomiting Weakness. A brain and nervous system (neurological) exam will usually show signs of increased pressure inside the skull and problems with brain function. Tests to diagnose a brain abscess may include: Blood cultures Chest x-ray Complete blood count ( CBC ) Head CT scan Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) MRI of head Testing for the presence of antibodies to certain germs A needle biopsy is usually performed to identify the cause of the infection. A brain abscess is a medical emergency. Pressure inside the skull may become high enough to be life threatening. You will need to stay in the hospital until the condition is stable. Some people may need life support. Medicine, not surgery, is recommended if you have: A small abscess (less than 2 cm) An abscess deep in the brain An abscess and meningitis Several abscesses (rare) Shunts in the brain for hydrocephalus (in some cases, the shunt may need to be removed temporarily or replaced) An infection called toxoplasmosis in a person with HIV/AIDS You may be prescribed several different types of antibiotics to make sure treatment works. Antifungal medicines may also be prescribed if the infection is likely caused by a fungus. Surgery is needed if : Increased pressure in the brain continues or gets worse The brain abscess does not get smaller after medicine The brain abscess contains gas (produced by some types of bacteria) The brain abscess might break open (rupture) The brain abscess is large (more than 2 cm) Surgery consists of opening the skull, exposing the brain, and draining the abscess. Laboratory tests are often done to examine the fluid. This helps identify the cause of the infection, so that the right antibiotics or antifungal medicine can be prescribed. Needle aspiration guided by CT or MRI scan may be needed for a deep abscess. During this procedure, medicines may be injected directly into the mass. Certain diuretics (water pills) and steroids may also be used to reduce the swelling of the brain. If untreated, a brain abscess is almost always deadly. With treatment, the death rate is about 10% to 30%. The earlier treatment is received, the better. Some people may have long-term nervous system problems after surgery. Complications may include: Brain damage Meningitis that is severe and life threatening Return (recurrence) of infection Seizures. Go to a hospital emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of a brain abscess. You can reduce the risk of developing a brain abscess by getting treated for infections or health problems that can cause them. Some people, including those with certain heart disorders, may receive antibiotics before dental or other procedures to help reduce the risk of infection. Abscess - brain; Cerebral abscess; CNS abscess. Brain surgery - discharge. Amebic brain abscess Amebic brain abscess Brain Brain. Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain aneurysm repair - discharge. If you had bleeding before, during, or after surgery you may have some short- or long-term problems. These may be mild or severe. For many people, these problems get better over time. If you had either type of surgery you may: Feel sad, angry, or very nervous. This is normal. Have had a seizure and will take medicine to prevent another one. Have headaches that may continue for a while. This is common. What to expect after craniotomy and placement of a clip: It will take 3 to 6 weeks to fully recover. If you had bleeding from your aneurysm this may take longer. You may feel tired for up to 12 or more weeks. If you had a stroke or brain injury from the bleeding, you may have permanent problems such as trouble with speech or thinking, muscle weakness, or numbness. Problems with your memory are common, but these may improve. You may feel dizzy or confused, or your speech may not be normal after the surgery. If you did not have any bleeding, these problems should get better. What to expect after endovascular repair: You may have pain in your groin area. You may have some bruising around and below the incision. You may be able to start daily activities, such as driving a car, within 1 or 2 weeks if you did not have any bleeding. Ask your health care provider which daily activities are safe for you to do. Make plans to have help at home while you recover. Follow a healthy lifestyle, such as: If you have high blood pressure, keep it under control. Be sure to take the medicines your provider prescribed for you. DO NOT smoke. Ask your provider if it is OK for you to drink alcohol. Ask your provider when it is OK to start sexual activity. Take your seizure medicine if any was prescribed for you. Your doctor may refer you to a speech, physical, or occupational therapist to help you recover from any brain damage. If the doctor put a catheter in through your groin (endovascular surgery), it is okay to walk short distances on a flat surface. Limit going up and down stairs to around 2 times a day for 2 to 3 days. DO NOT do yard work, drive, or play sports until your doctor says it is OK to do so. Your provider will tell you when your dressing should be changed. DO NOT take a bath or swim for 1 week. If you have a small amount of bleeding from the incision, lie down and put pressure where it bleeds for 30 minutes. Be sure you understand any instructions about taking medicines such as blood thinners (anticoagulants), aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen. Call your doctor if you have: A severe headache or a headache that gets worse and you feel dizzy A stiff neck Nausea and vomiting Eye pain Problems with your eyesight (from blindness to peripheral vision problems to double vision) Speech problems Problems thinking or understanding Problems noticing things around you Changes in your behavior Feel weak or lose consciousness Loss of balance or coordination or loss of muscle use Weakness or numbness of an arm, leg, or your face. Also, call your doctor if you have: Bleeding at the incision site that does not go away after you apply pressure An arm or leg that changes color, becomes cool to touch, or becomes numb Redness, pain, or yellow or green discharge in or around the incision site A fever higher than 101 F (38.3 C) or chills. Make sure to follow-up with your surgeon's office within 2 weeks of being discharged from the hospital. Ask your doctor if you need long-term follow-up and tests, including CT scans or MRIs of your head. If you had a cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) shunt placed after aneurysm surgery, you will need regular follow-ups to make sure it functions well. Aneurysm repair - cerebral - discharge; Cerebral aneurysm repair - discharge; Coiling - discharge; Saccular aneurysm repair - discharge; Berry aneurysm repair - discharge; Fusiform aneurysm repair - discharge; Dissecting aneurysm repair - discharge; Endovascular aneurysm repair - discharge; Aneurysm clipping - discharge. Bowles E. Cerebral aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nurs Stand. 2014;28(34):52-59. PMID: 24749614 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749614. Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1711-1737. PMID: 22556195 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556195. Szeder V, Tateshima S, Duckwiler GR. Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain aneurysm repair. There are two common methods used to repair an aneurysm: Clipping is done during an open craniotomy. Endovascular repair (surgery), most often using a coil or coiling and stenting (mesh tubes), is a less invasive and more common way to treat aneurysms. During aneurysm clipping: You are given general anesthesia and a breathing tube. Your scalp, skull, and the coverings of the brain are opened. A metal clip is placed at the base (neck) of the aneurysm to prevent it from breaking open (bursting). During endovascular repair (surgery) of an aneurysm: You may have general anesthesia and a breathing tube. Or, you may be given medicine to relax you, but not enough to put you to sleep. A catheter is guided through a small cut in your groin to an artery and then to the blood vessel in your brain where the aneurysm is located. Contrast material is injected through the catheter. This allows the surgeon to view the arteries and the aneurysm on a monitor in the operating room. Thin metal wires are put into the aneurysm. They then coil into a mesh ball. For this reason, the procedure is also called coiling. Blood clots that form around this coil prevent the aneurysm from breaking open and bleeding. Sometimes stents (mesh tubes) are also put in to hold the coils in place and make sure the blood vessel stays open. During and right after the procedure, you may be given a blood thinner, such as heparin, clopidogrel, or aspirin. These medicines prevent dangerous blood clots from forming in the stent. . If an aneurysm in the brain breaks open (ruptures), it is an emergency that needs medical treatment in the hospital. Often a rupture is treated with surgery, especially endovascular surgery. A person may have an unruptured aneurysm without any symptoms. This kind of aneurysm may be found when an MRI or CT scan of the brain is done for another reason. Not all aneurysms need to be treated right away. Aneurysms that have never bled especially if they are very small (less than 3 mm at their largest point) do not need to be treated right away. These very small aneurysms are less likely to rupture. Your surgeon will help you decide whether it is safer to have surgery to block off the aneurysm before it can break open or to monitor the aneurysm with repeated imaging until surgery becomes necessary. Some small aneurysms will never need surgery. . Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general are: Reactions to medicines Breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots, or infections Risks of brain surgery are: Blood clot or bleeding in or around the brain Brain swelling Infection in the brain or parts around the brain, such as the skull or scalp Seizures Stroke Surgery on any one area of the brain may cause problems that may be mild or severe. They may last a short while or they may not go away. Signs of brain and nervous system (neurological) problems include: Behavior changes Confusion , memory problems Loss of balance or coordination Numbness Problems noticing things around you Speech problems Vision problems (from blindness to problems with side vision) Muscle weakness. This procedure is often done as an emergency. If it is not an emergency: Tell your health care provider what medicines or herbs you are taking and if you have been drinking a lot of alcohol. Ask your provider which medicines you should still take on the morning of the surgery. Try to stop smoking. Follow instructions on not eating and drinking before the surgery. Take the medicines your provider told you to take with a small sip of water. Arrive at the hospital on time. A hospital stay for endovascular repair of an aneurysm may be as short as 1 to 2 days if there was no bleeding before surgery. The hospital stay after craniotomy and aneurysm clipping is usually 4 to 6 days. If there is bleeding or other problems, the hospital stay can be 1 to 2 weeks, or longer. You will probably have imaging tests of the blood vessels ( angiogram ) in the brain before you are sent home. Follow instructions on caring for yourself at home. Ask your doctor if it will be safe for you to have imaging tests such as angiogram, CT angiogram, or MRI scans of the head in the future. After successful surgery for a bleeding aneurysm, it is uncommon for it to bleed again. The outlook also depends on whether brain damage occurred from bleeding before, during, or after surgery. Most of the time, surgery can prevent a brain aneurysm that has not caused symptoms from becoming larger and breaking open. You may have more than one aneurysm or the aneurysm that was coiled might grow back. After coiling repair, you will need to be seen by your provider every year. Aneurysm repair - cerebral; Cerebral aneurysm repair; Coiling; Saccular aneurysm repair; Berry aneurysm repair; Fusiform aneurysm repair; Dissecting aneurysm repair; Endovascular aneurysm repair - brain; Subarachnoid hemorrhage - aneurysm. Brain aneurysm repair - discharge Brain surgery - discharge Caring for muscle spasticity or spasms Communicating with someone with aphasia Communicating with someone with dysarthria Dementia and driving Dementia - behavior and sleep problems Dementia - daily care Dementia - keeping safe in the home Epilepsy in children - discharge Stroke - discharge Swallowing problems. American Stroke Association website. What you should know about cerebral aneurysms. www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/HemorrhagicBleeds/What-You-Should-Know-About-Cerebral-Aneurysms_UCM_310103_Article.jsp#.W6EejmhKhQI. Updated November 14, 2016. Accessed May 23, 2018. Le Roux PD, Winn HR. Surgical decision making for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain herniation. Brain herniation occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves brain tissues. This is most often the result of brain swelling from a head injury, stroke , or brain tumor. Brain herniation can be a side effect of tumors in the brain, including: Metastatic brain tumor Primary brain tumor Herniation of the brain can also be caused by other factors that lead to increased pressure inside the skull, including: Collection of pus and other material in the brain, usually from a bacterial or fungal infection ( abscess ) Bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage) Buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling ( hydrocephalus ) Strokes that cause brain swelling Swelling after radiation therapy Defect in brain structure, such as a condition called Chiari malformation Brain herniation can occur: Between areas inside the skull, such as those separated by a rigid membrane like the tentorium or falx Through a natural opening at the base of the skull called the foramen magnum Through openings created during brain surgery. Signs and symptoms may include: High blood pressure Irregular or slow pulse Headache Weakness Cardiac arrest (no pulse) Loss of consciousness, coma Loss of all brainstem reflexes (blinking, gagging, and pupils reacting to light) Respiratory arrest (no breathing) Wide (dilated) pupils and no movement in one or both eyes. A brain and nervous system (neurological) exam shows changes in alertness (consciousness). Depending on the severity of the herniation and the part of the brain that is being pressed on, there will be problems with one or more brain-related reflexes and nerve functions. Tests may include: X-ray of the skull and neck CT scan of the head MRI scan of the head Blood tests if an abscess is suspected. Brain herniation is a medical emergency. The goal of treatment is to save the person's life. To help reverse or prevent a brain herniation, the medical team will treat increased swelling and pressure in the brain. Treatment may involve: Placing a drain into the brain to help remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Medicines to reduce swelling, especially if there is a brain tumor Medicines that remove fluid from the body, such as mannitol or other diuretics, which reduce pressure inside the skull Placing a tube in the airway ( endotracheal intubation ) and increasing the breathing rate to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the blood Removing blood or blood clots if they are raising pressure inside the skull and causing herniation Removing part of the skull to give the brain more room. People who have a brain herniation have a serious brain injury. They may already have a low chance of recovery due to the injury that caused the herniation. When herniation occurs, it further lowers the chance of recovery. The outlook varies depending on where in the brain the herniation occurs. Without treatment, death is likely. There can be damage to parts of the brain that control breathing and blood flow. This can rapidly lead to death or brain death. Complications may include: Brain death Permanent and significant neurologic problems. Call your local emergency number (such as 911) or take the person to a hospital emergency room if they develop decreased alertness or other symptoms, especially if there has been a head injury or if the person has a brain tumor or blood vessel problem. Prompt treatment of increased intracranial pressure and related disorders may reduce the risk for brain herniation. Herniation syndrome; Transtentorial herniation; Uncal herniation; Subfalcine herniation; Tonsillar herniation; Herniation - brain. Brain injury - discharge. Brain Brain Brain hernia Brain hernia. Case CS, Shoamanesh A. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain injury - discharge. First, health care providers provided treatment to prevent any further damage to the brain, and to help the heart, lungs, and other important parts of the body. After the person became stable, treatment was done to help them recover from the brain injury. The person may have stayed in a special unit that helps people with brain injuries. People with a serious brain injury improve at their own pace. Some skills, such as movement or speech, may go back and forth between getting better and then worse. But usually there is improvement. People may display inappropriate behavior after a brain injury. It is OK to point out when behavior is not appropriate. Explain the reason and suggest a different behavior. Offer praise when the person calms down or changes their behavior. Sometimes suggesting a new activity or a new place to go is the best option. It is important for family members and others to stay calm. Try to ignore angry behavior. DO NOT make a face or show anger or judgment. The providers will teach you when to decide to step in and when to ignore certain behavior. At home, the person who had the brain injury may need to practice everyday activities. It may help to create a routine. This means certain activities are done at the same time each day. The providers will help you decide how independent the person can be and when you can leave them alone. Make sure your home is safe so injuries do not happen. This includes making the bathroom safe, for either a child or an adult , and protecting against falls. Family and caregivers may need to help the person with the following: Exercising the elbows, shoulders, and other joints, to keep them loose Watching for joint tightening (contractures) Making sure splints are used in the correct way Making sure arms and legs are in a good position when sitting or lying Caring for muscle spasticity or spasms If the person is using a wheelchair, they will need follow-up visits with their provider to make sure it fits well. The person also needs to change positions in the wheelchair several times an hour during the day, to help prevent skin ulcers. Learn to make your home safer if the person with the brain injury wanders in or from the home. Some people with brain injuries forget about eating. If so, help them learn to add extra calories. Talk with the provider if the person is a child. Children need to get enough calories and nutrition to grow. Ask the provider if you need the advice of a dietitian. If the person with the brain injury has problems with swallowing, help them follow any special diet that makes eating safer. Ask the provider what the signs of swallowing problems are. Learn tips to make feeding and swallowing easier and safer. Tips for making clothing easier to put on and take off: DO NOT give the person too many choices. Velcro is much easier than buttons and zippers. If the clothing has buttons or zippers, they should be in the front. Use pullover clothes when possible and slip on shoes. Tips for talking to the person with a brain injury (if they have problems understanding): Keep distractions and noise down. Move to a quieter room. Use simple words and sentences, speak slowly. Keep your voice lower. Repeat if needed. Use familiar names and places. Tell them when you are going to change the subject. If possible, make eye contact before touching or speaking to them. Ask questions so the person can answer 'yes' or 'no.' When possible, give clear choices. Use props or visual prompts when possible. DO NOT give the person too many options. When giving instructions: Break down instructions into small and simple steps. Allow time for the person to understand. If the person becomes frustrated, take a break or consider redirecting them to another activity. Try using other methods of communicating: You may want to use pointing, hand gestures, or drawings. Develop a book with pictures of words or photographs to use when communicating about common topics or people. Have a routine. Once the person finds a bowel routine that works, help them stick with it. Pick a regular time, such as after a meal or a warm bath. Be patient. It may take 15 to 45 minutes for the person to have bowel movements. Try having the person gently rub their stomach to help stool move through their colon. The person may have problems starting to urinate or emptying all of the urine out of their bladder. The bladder may empty too often or at the wrong time. The bladder may become too full, and they may leak urine out of the overfilled bladder. Some men and women may need to use a urinary catheter. This is a thin tube that is inserted into the bladder. Learn how to care for the catheter. Call the person's provider if they have: Problems taking drugs for muscle spasms Problems moving their joints (joint contracture) Problems moving around or it is getting harder for them to transfer out of a bed or chair Skin sores or redness Pain that is becoming worse Choking or coughing when eating Signs of a bladder infection (fever, burning with urination, or frequent urination) Behavior issues that are hard to manage. Head injury - discharge; Head trauma - discharge; Contusion - discharge; Shaken baby syndrome - discharge. Brain Injury Association of America. Family and caregivers. Biausa.org. www.biausa.org/brain-injury-family-caregivers.htm#Manage the Home. Accessed December 8, 2016. Dobkin BH. Neurologic rehabilitation. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain natriuretic peptide test. A blood sample is needed. The blood is taken from a vein ( venipuncture ). This test is most often done in the emergency room or hospital. Results take up to 15 minutes. In some hospitals, a finger prick test with rapid results is available. When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel a little pain. Most people feel only a prick or a stinging sensation. Afterward there may be some throbbing or bruising. You may need this test if you have signs of heart failure. Symptoms include shortness of breath and swelling of your legs or abdomen. The test helps make sure the problems are due to your heart and not your lungs, kidneys, or liver. It is unclear if repeated BNP tests are helpful in guiding treatment in those already diagnosed with heart failure. In general, results of less than 100 picograms/milliliter (pg/mL) are a sign a person does not have heart failure. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results. BNP levels go up when the heart cannot pump the way it should. A result greater than 100 pg/mL is abnormal. The higher the number, the more likely heart failure is present and the more severe it is. Sometimes other conditions can cause high BNP levels. These include: Kidney failure Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Severe infection (sepsis) Lung problems. Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include: Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling lightheaded Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken). A related test, called the N-terminal pro-BNP test, is done in the same way. It provides similar information, but the normal range is different. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128(16):e240-e327. PMID: 23741058 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23741058. Zile MR, Little WC. Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain PET scan. A PET scan requires a small amount of radioactive material (tracer). This tracer is given through a vein (IV), usually on the inside of your elbow. Or you breathe in the radioactive material as a gas. The tracer travels through your blood and collects in organs and tissues. The tracer helps your health care provider to see certain areas or diseases more clearly. You wait nearby as the tracer is absorbed by your body. This usually takes about 1 hour. Then, you lie on a narrow table, which slides into a large tunnel-shaped scanner. The PET scanner detects signals from the tracer. A computer changes the results into 3-D pictures. The images are displayed on a monitor for your provider to read. You must lie still during test so that the machine can produce clear images of your brain. You may be asked to read or name letters if your memory is being tested. The test takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours. You may be asked not to eat anything for 4 to 6 hours before the scan. You will be able to drink water. Tell your provider if: You are afraid of close spaces (have claustrophobia). You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy and less anxious. You are pregnant or think you might be pregnant. You have any allergies to injected dye (contrast). You have taken insulin for diabetes. You will need special preparation. Always tell your provider about the medicines you are taking, including those bought without a prescription. Sometimes, medicines interfere with the test results. You may feel a sharp sting when the needle containing the tracer is placed into your vein. A PET scan causes no pain. The table may be hard or cold, but you can request a blanket or pillow. An intercom in the room allows you to speak to someone at any time. There is no recovery time, unless you were given a medicine to relax. A PET scan can show the size, shape, and function of the brain, so your doctor can make sure it is working as well as it should. It is most often used when other tests, such as MRI scan or CT scan, do not provide enough information. This test can be used to: Diagnose cancer Prepare for epilepsy surgery Help diagnose dementia if other tests and exams do not provide enough information Tell the difference between Parkinson disease and other movement disorders Several PET scans may be taken to determine how well you are responding to treatment for cancer or another illness. There are no problems detected in the size, shape, or function of the brain. There are no areas in which the tracer has abnormally collected. Abnormal results may be due to: Alzheimer disease or dementia Brain tumor Epilepsy , and may identify where the seizures start in your brain Movement disorders (such as Parkinson disease ). The amount of radiation used in a PET scan is low. It is about the same amount of radiation as in most CT scans. Also, the radiation does not last for long in your body. Women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should let their provider know before having this test. Infants and babies developing in the womb are more sensitive to the effects of radiation because their organs are still growing. It is possible, though very unlikely, to have an allergic reaction to the radioactive substance. Some people have pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site. It is possible to have false results on a PET scan. Blood sugar or insulin levels may affect the test results in people with diabetes. PET scans may be done along with a CT scan. This combination scan is called a PET/CT. Brain positron emission tomography; PET scan - brain. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Positron emission tomography (PET) - diagnostic. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain radiation - discharge. Two weeks after radiation treatment starts, you might notice changes in your skin. Most of these symptoms go away after your treatments have stopped. Your skin and mouth may turn red. Your skin might start to peel or get dark. Your skin may itch. Your hair will begin to fall out about 2 weeks after radiation treatment starts. It may not grow back. When you have radiation treatment, color markings are drawn on your skin. DO NOT remove them. These show where to aim the radiation. If they come off, DO NOT redraw them. Tell your provider instead. To care for your hair: For the first 2 weeks of treatment, wash your hair once a week with a gentle shampoo, such as a baby shampoo. After 2 weeks, use only warm water on your hair and scalp, without shampoo. Dry gently with a towel. DO NOT use a hair dryer. If you wear a wig or toupee: Be sure the lining does not bother your scalp. Wear it only a few hours a day, during the time you are getting radiation treatments and right after treatment has ended. Ask your provider when you can start to wear it more. To care for your skin in the treatment area: Wash the treatment area gently with lukewarm water only. Don't scrub your skin. Don't use soaps. Pat dry instead of rubbing dry. Don't use lotions, ointments, makeup, perfumed powders, or other perfumed products on this area. Ask your provider what is OK to use. Keep the area being treated out of direct sunlight. Wear a hat or scarf. Ask your provider if you should use sunscreen. Don't scratch or rub your skin. Ask your doctor for medicine if your scalp gets very dry and flaky, or if it gets red or tanned. Tell your provider if you have any breaks or openings in your skin. Don't put heating pads or ice bags on the treatment area. Keep the treatment area in the open air as much as possible. But stay away from very hot or cold temperatures. Don't swim during treatment. Ask your provider when you can start swimming after treatment. You need to eat enough protein and calories to keep your weight and strength up. Ask your provider about liquid food supplements that may help you get enough calories. Avoid sugary snacks and drinks that may cause tooth decay. You will likely feel tired after a few days. If so: Don't try to do too much. You probably will not be able to do everything you are used to. Get more sleep at night. Rest during the day when you can. Take a few weeks off work, or work less. You may be taking a medicine called dexamethasone (Decadron) while you are getting radiation to the brain. It may make you hungrier, cause leg swelling or cramps, cause problems sleeping (insomnia), or cause changes in your mood. These side effects will go away after you start taking less of the medicine, or when you stop taking it. Your provider may check your blood counts regularly. Radiation - brain - discharge; Cancer - brain radiation; Lymphoma - brain radiation; Leukemia - brain radiation. Doroshow JH. Approach to the patient with cancer. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain surgery - discharge. You'll probably notice itchiness, pain, burning, and numbness along your incision. You may hear a clicking sound where the bone is slowly reattaching. Complete healing of the bone may take 6 to 12 months. You may have a small amount of fluid under the skin near your incision. The swelling may be worse in the morning when you wake up. You may have headaches. You may notice this more with deep breathing, coughing, or being active. You may have less energy when you get home. This may last for several months. Your doctor may have prescribed medicines for you to take at home. These may include antibiotics and medicines to prevent seizures. Ask your doctor how long you should expect to take these medicines. Follow instructions on how to take these medicines. If you had a brain aneurysm , you may also have other symptoms or problems. Take only the pain relievers your provider recommends. Aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin), and some other medicines you may buy at the store may cause bleeding. Eat the foods you normally do, unless your provider tells you to follow a special diet. Slowly increase your activity. It will take time to get all of your energy back. Start with walking. Use hand railings when you are on stairways. DO NOT lift more than 20 pounds (9 kg) for the first 2 months. Try not to bend over from your waist. It puts pressure on your head. Bend with your knees instead. Ask your provider when you may begin driving and return to having sex. Get enough rest. Sleep more at night, and take naps during the day. Also, take short rest periods during the day. Keep the incision clean and dry: Wear a shower cap when you shower or bathe until your surgeon takes out any stitches or staples. Afterward, gently wash your incision, rinse well, and pat dry. Always change the bandage if it gets wet or dirty. You may wear a loose hat or turban on your head. DO NOT use a wig for 3 to 4 weeks. DO NOT put any creams or lotions on or around your incision. DO NOT use hair products with harsh chemicals (coloring, bleach, perms, or straighteners) for 3 to 4 weeks. You may place ice wrapped in a towel on the incision to help reduce swelling or pain. Never sleep on an ice pack. Sleep with your head raised on several pillows. This helps reduce swelling. Call your doctor if you have: Fever of 101 F (38.3 C) or higher, or chills Redness, swelling, discharge, pain, or bleeding from the incision or the incision comes open Headache that does not go away and is not relieved by medicines the doctor gave you Vision changes (double vision, blind spots in your vision) Problems thinking straight, confusion, or more sleepiness than usual Weakness in your arms or legs that you did not have before New problems walking or keeping your balance A hard time waking up Seizure Fluid or blood dripping into your throat New or worsening problem speaking Shortness of breath, chest pain, or are coughing up more mucus Swelling around your wound or underneath your scalp that does not go away within 2 weeks or is getting worse Side effects to a medicine. DO NOT stop taking a medicine without talking to your doctor first. Craniotomy - discharge; Neurosurgery - discharge; Craniectomy - discharge; Stereotactic craniotomy - discharge; Stereotactic brain biopsy - discharge; Endoscopic craniotomy - discharge. Ortega-Barnett J, Mohanty A, Desai SK, Patterson JT. Neurosurgery. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain surgery. Before surgery, the hair on part of the scalp is shaved and the area is cleaned. The doctor makes a surgical cut through the scalp. The location of this cut depends on where the problem in the brain is located. The surgeon creates a hole in the skull and removes a bone flap. If possible, the surgeon will make a smaller hole and insert a tube with a light and camera on the end. This is called an endoscope. The surgery will be done with tools placed through the endoscope. MRI or CT scan can help guide the doctor to the proper place in the brain. During surgery, your surgeon may: Clip off an aneurysm to prevent blood flow Remove a tumor or a piece of tumor for a biopsy Remove abnormal brain tissue Drain blood or an infection Free a nerve The bone flap is usually replaced after surgery, using small metal plates, sutures, or wires. The bone flap may not be put back if your surgery involved a tumor or an infection, or if the brain was swollen. (This is called a craniectomy.) The time it takes for the surgery depends on the problem being treated. Brain surgery may be done if you have: Brain tumor Bleeding (hemorrhage) in the brain Blood clots ( hematomas ) in the brain Weaknesses in blood vessels ( brain aneurysm repair ) Abnormal blood vessels in the brain (arteriovenous malformations; AVM) Damage to tissues covering the brain (dura) Infections in the brain ( brain abscesses ) Severe nerve or face pain (such as trigeminal neuralgia , or tic douloureux) Skull fracture Pressure in the brain after an injury or stroke Epilepsy Certain brain diseases (such as Parkinson disease) that may be helped with an implanted electronic device Hydrocephalus (brain swelling). Risks for anesthesia and surgery in general are: Reactions to medicines Problems breathing Bleeding, blood clots, infection Possible risks of brain surgery are: Problems with speech, memory, muscle weakness , balance, vision, coordination, and other functions. These problems may last a short while or they may not go away. Blood clot or bleeding in the brain Seizures Stroke Coma Infection in the brain, wound, or skull Brain swelling. Your doctor will examine you, and may order laboratory and imaging tests. Tell your doctor or nurse: If you could be pregnant What drugs you are taking, even drugs, supplements, vitamins, or herbs you bought without a prescription If you have been drinking a lot of alcohol If you take aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen If you have allergies or reactions to medications or iodine During the days before the surgery: You may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen, warfarin (Coumadin), and any other blood thinning medicines. Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of the surgery. Try to stop smoking. Smoking can slow healing after your operation. Ask your doctor for help. Your doctor or nurse may ask you to wash your hair with a special shampoo the night before surgery. On the day of the surgery: You will likely be asked not to drink or eat anything for 8 to 12 hours before the surgery. Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water. Arrive at the hospital on time. After surgery, you will be closely monitored by your health care team to make sure your brain is working properly. The doctor or nurse may ask you questions, shine a light in your eyes, and ask you to do simple tasks. You may need oxygen for a few days. The head of your bed will be kept raised to help reduce swelling of your face or head. The swelling is normal after surgery. Medicines will be given to relieve pain. You will usually stay in the hospital for 3 to 7 days. You may need physical therapy (rehabilitation). After you go home, follow any self-care instructions you're given. How well you do after brain surgery depends on the condition being treated, your general health, which part of the brain is involved, and the specific type of surgery. Craniotomy; Surgery - brain; Neurosurgery; Craniectomy; Stereotactic craniotomy; Stereotactic brain biopsy; Endoscopic craniotomy. Brain aneurysm repair - discharge Brain surgery - discharge Caring for muscle spasticity or spasms Communicating with someone with aphasia Communicating with someone with dysarthria Epilepsy in children - discharge Epilepsy or seizures - discharge Epilepsy - what to ask your doctor - adult Epilepsy - what to ask your doctor - child Stroke - discharge Swallowing problems. Before and after hematoma repair Before and after hematoma repair Craniotomy - series Craniotomy - series. Ortega-Barnett J, Mohanty A, Desai SK, Patterson JT. Neurosurgery. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain tumor - children. The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. Primary brain tumors may be: Not cancerous (benign) Invasive (spread to nearby areas) Cancerous (malignant) Brain tumors are classified based on: The exact site of the tumor The type of tissue involved Whether it is cancerous Brain tumors can directly destroy brain cells. They can also indirectly damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. Tumors can occur at any age. Many tumors are more common at a certain age. In general, brain tumors in children are very rare. COMMON TUMOR TYPES Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. They commonly develop in children ages 5 to 8. Also called low-grade gliomas, these are the most common brain tumors in children. Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. Most medulloblastomas occur before age 10. Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The location and type of ependymoma determine the type of therapy needed to control the tumor. Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children. The average age at which they develop is about 6. The tumor may grow very large before causing symptoms. Symptoms may be subtle and only gradually become worse, or they may occur very quickly. Headaches are often the most common symptom. But only very rarely do children with headaches have a tumor. Headache patterns that may occur with brain tumors include: Headaches that are worse when waking up in the morning and go away within a few hours Headaches that get worse with coughing or exercise, or with a change in body position Headaches that occur while sleeping and with at least one other symptom such as vomiting or confusion Sometimes, the only symptoms of brain tumors are mental changes, which may include: Changes in personality and behavior Unable to concentrate Increased sleep Memory loss Problems with reasoning Other possible symptoms are: Gradual loss of movement or feeling in an arm or leg Hearing loss with or without dizziness Speech difficulty Unexpected vision problem (especially if it occurs with a headache), including vision loss (usually of peripheral vision) in one or both eyes, or double vision Problems with balance Weakness or numbness. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Infants may have the following physical signs: Bulging fontanelle Enlarged eyes No red reflex in the eye Positive Babinski reflex Separated sutures Older children with brain tumors may have the following physical signs or symptoms: Headache Vomiting Vision changes Change how the child walks (gait) Weakness of a specific body part Head tilt The following tests may be used to detect a brain tumor and identify its location: CT scan of the head MRI of the brain Examination of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Treatment depends on the size and type of tumor and the child's general health. The goals of treatment may be to cure the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve brain function or the child's comfort. Surgery is needed for most primary brain tumors. Some tumors may be completely removed. In cases where the tumor cannot be removed, surgery may help reduce pressure and relieve symptoms. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used for certain tumors. The following are treatments for specific types of tumors: Astrocytoma: Surgery to remove the tumor is the main treatment. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be necessary. Brainstem gliomas: Surgery may not be possible because of the tumor's location deep in the brain. Radiation is used to shrink the tumor and prolong life. Sometimes targeted chemotherapy can be used. Ependymomas: Treatment includes surgery. Radiation and chemotherapy may be necessary. Medulloblastomas: Surgery alone does not cure this type of tumor. Chemotherapy with or without radiation is often used in combination with surgery. Medicines used to treat children with primary brain tumors include: Corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling Diuretics (water pills) to reduce brain swelling and pressure Anticonvulsants to reduce or prevent seizures Pain medicines Chemotherapy to help shrink the tumor or prevent the tumor from growing back Comfort measures, safety measures, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other such steps may be required to improve quality of life. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you and your child feel less alone. How well a child does depends on many things, including the type of tumor. In general, about 3 out of 4 children survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed. Long-term brain and nervous system problems may result from the tumor itself or from treatment. Children may have problems with attention, focus, or memory. They may also have problems processing information, planning, insight, or initiative or desire to do things. Children younger than age 7, especially younger than age 3, seem to be at greatest risk of these complications. Parents need to make sure that children receive support services at home and at school. Call a provider if a child develops headaches that do not go away or other symptoms of a brain tumor. Go to the emergency room if a child develops any of the following: Physical weakness Change in behavior Severe headache of unknown cause Seizure of unknown cause Vision changes Speech changes. Glioblastoma multiforme - children; Ependymoma - children; Glioma - children; Astrocytoma - children; Medulloblastoma - children; Neuroglioma - children; Oligodendroglioma - children; Meningioma - children; Cancer - brain tumor (children). Brain radiation - discharge Brain surgery - discharge Chemotherapy - what to ask your doctor Radiation therapy - questions to ask your doctor. Brain Brain Primary brain tumor Primary brain tumor. Ater JL, Kuttesch JF. Brain tumors in childhood. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain : Brain tumor - primary - adults. Primary brain tumors include any tumor that starts in the brain. Primary brain tumors can start from brain cells, the membranes around the brain (meninges), nerves, or glands. Tumors can directly destroy brain cells. They can also damage cells by producing inflammation, placing pressure on other parts of the brain, and increasing pressure within the skull. The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. There are many risk factors that could play a role: Radiation therapy used to treat brain cancers increases the risk of brain tumors up to 20 or 30 years later. Some inherited conditions increase the risk of brain tumors, including neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. Lymphomas that begin in the brain in people with a weakened immune system are sometimes linked to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus. These have not proven to be risk factors: Exposure to radiation at work, or to power lines, cell phones, cordless phones, or wireless devices Head injuries Smoking Hormone therapy SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPES Brain tumors are classified depending on: Location of the tumor Type of tissue involved Whether they are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) Other factors Sometimes, tumors that start out less aggressive can change their biologic behavior and become more aggressive. Tumors can occur at any age, but many types are most common in a certain age group. In adults, gliomas and meningiomas are the most common. Gliomas come from glial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. Gliomas are divided into three types: Astrocytic tumors include astrocytomas (can be noncancerous), anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas. Oligodendroglial tumors. Some primary brain tumors are made up of both astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors. These are called mixed gliomas. Glioblastomas are the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor. Meningiomas and schwannomas are two other types of brain tumors. These tumors: Occur most often between ages 40 and 70. Are usually noncancerous, but can still cause serious complications and death from their size or location. Some are cancerous and aggressive. Other primary brain tumors in adults are rare. These include: Ependymomas Craniopharyngiomas Pituitary tumors Primary (central nervous system - CNS) lymphoma Pineal gland tumors Primary germ cell tumors of the brain. Some tumors do not cause symptoms until they are very large. Other tumors have symptoms that develop slowly. Symptoms depend on the tumor's size, location, how far it has spread, and whether there is brain swelling. The most common symptoms are: Changes in the person's mental function Headaches Seizures (especially in older adults) Weakness in one part of the body Headaches caused by brain tumors may: Be worse when the person wakes up in the morning, and clear up in a few hours Occur during sleep Occur with vomiting, confusion, double vision, weakness, or numbness Get worse with coughing or exercise, or with a change in body position Other symptoms can include: Change in alertness (including sleepiness, unconsciousness, and coma) Changes in hearing, taste, or smell Changes that affect touch and the ability to feel pain, pressure, different temperatures, or other stimuli Confusion or memory loss Difficulty swallowing Difficulty writing or reading Dizziness or abnormal sensation of movement (vertigo) Eye problems such as eyelid drooping, pupils of different sizes, uncontrollable eye movement, vision difficulties (including decreased vision, double vision, or total loss of vision) Hand tremor Lack of control over the bladder or bowels Loss of balance or coordination, clumsiness, trouble walking Muscle weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually on just one side) Numbness or tingling on one side of the body Personality, mood, behavior, or emotional changes Trouble speaking or understanding others who are speaking Other symptoms that may occur with a pituitary tumor : Abnormal nipple discharge Absent menstruation (periods) Breast development in men Enlarged hands, feet Excessive body hair Facial changes Low blood pressure Obesity Sensitivity to heat or cold. The following tests may confirm the presence of a brain tumor and find its location: CT scan of the head EEG (to measure the electrical activity of the brain) Examination of tissue removed from the tumor during surgery or CT-guided biopsy (may confirm the type of tumor) Examination of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) (may show cancerous cells) MRI of the head. Treatment can involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Brain tumors are best treated by a team that includes: Neuro-oncologist Neurosurgeon Medical oncologist Radiation oncologist Other health care providers, such as neurologists and social workers Early treatment often improves the chance of a good outcome. Treatment depends on the size and type of tumor and your general health. Goals of treatment may be to cure the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve brain function or comfort. Surgery is often needed for most primary brain tumors. Some tumors may be completely removed. Those that are deep inside the brain or that enter brain tissue may be debulked instead of removed. Debulking is a procedure to reduce the tumor's size. Tumors can be hard to remove completely by surgery alone. This is because the tumor invades surrounding brain tissue much like roots from a plant spread through soil. When the tumor cannot be removed, surgery may still help reduce pressure and relieve symptoms. Radiation therapy is used for certain tumors. Chemotherapy may be used with surgery or radiation treatment. Other medicines used to treat primary brain tumors in children may include: Medicines to reduce brain swelling and pressure Anticonvulsants to reduce seizures Pain medicines Comfort measures, safety measures, physical therapy, and occupational therapy may be needed to improve quality of life. Counseling, support groups, and similar measures can help people cope with the disorder. You may consider enrolling in a clinical trial after talking with your treatment team. Complications that may result from brain tumors include: Brain herniation (often fatal) Loss of ability to interact or function Permanent, worsening, and severe loss of brain function Return of tumor growth Side effects of medicines, including chemotherapy Side effects of radiation treatments. Call your provider if you develop any new, persistent headaches or other symptoms of a brain tumor. Call your provider or go to the emergency room if you start having seizures, or suddenly develop stupor (reduced alertness), vision changes, or speech changes. Glioblastoma multiforme - adults; Ependymoma - adults; Glioma - adults; Astrocytoma - adults; Medulloblastoma - adults; Neuroglioma - adults; Oligodendroglioma - adults; Lymphoma - adults; Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) - adults; Meningioma - adults; Cancer - brain tumor (adults). Brain radiation - discharge Brain surgery - discharge Chemotherapy - what to ask your doctor Radiation therapy - questions to ask your doctor Stereotactic radiosurgery - discharge. Brain tumor Brain tumor. Dorsey JF, Hollander AB, Alonso-Basanta M, et al. Cancer of the central nervous system. |
| Brain Abscess | ETDF | 40,50,7500,25750,87500,325110,375000,519340,682020,759830 | May be due to Aspergillus, Zygomycota, or Fusarium molds. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain Abscess : Brain abscess. Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. As a result, swelling and irritation (inflammation) develop. Infected brain cells, white blood cells, live and dead bacteria, or fungi collect in an area of the brain. Tissue forms around this area and creates a mass, or abscess. The germs that cause a brain abscess can reach the brain through the blood. Or, they enter the brain directly, such as during brain surgery. In rare cases, a brain abscess develops from an infection in the sinuses. The source of the infection is often not found. However, the most common source is a lung infection. Less often, a heart infection is the cause. The following raise your chance of developing a brain abscess: A weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV/AIDS ) Chronic disease, such as cancer Drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids or chemotherapy ) Congenital heart disease. Symptoms may develop slowly, over a period of several weeks, or they may develop suddenly. They may include: Changes in mental status , such as confusion, slow response or thinking, unable to focus, or sleepiness Decreased ability to feel sensation Fever and chills Headache, seizures , or stiff neck Language problems Loss of muscle function, typically on one side Vision changes Vomiting Weakness. A brain and nervous system (neurological) exam will usually show signs of increased pressure inside the skull and problems with brain function. Tests to diagnose a brain abscess may include: Blood cultures Chest x-ray Complete blood count ( CBC ) Head CT scan Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) MRI of head Testing for the presence of antibodies to certain germs A needle biopsy is usually performed to identify the cause of the infection. A brain abscess is a medical emergency. Pressure inside the skull may become high enough to be life threatening. You will need to stay in the hospital until the condition is stable. Some people may need life support. Medicine, not surgery, is recommended if you have: A small abscess (less than 2 cm) An abscess deep in the brain An abscess and meningitis Several abscesses (rare) Shunts in the brain for hydrocephalus (in some cases, the shunt may need to be removed temporarily or replaced) An infection called toxoplasmosis in a person with HIV/AIDS You may be prescribed several different types of antibiotics to make sure treatment works. Antifungal medicines may also be prescribed if the infection is likely caused by a fungus. Surgery is needed if : Increased pressure in the brain continues or gets worse The brain abscess does not get smaller after medicine The brain abscess contains gas (produced by some types of bacteria) The brain abscess might break open (rupture) The brain abscess is large (more than 2 cm) Surgery consists of opening the skull, exposing the brain, and draining the abscess. Laboratory tests are often done to examine the fluid. This helps identify the cause of the infection, so that the right antibiotics or antifungal medicine can be prescribed. Needle aspiration guided by CT or MRI scan may be needed for a deep abscess. During this procedure, medicines may be injected directly into the mass. Certain diuretics (water pills) and steroids may also be used to reduce the swelling of the brain. If untreated, a brain abscess is almost always deadly. With treatment, the death rate is about 10% to 30%. The earlier treatment is received, the better. Some people may have long-term nervous system problems after surgery. Complications may include: Brain damage Meningitis that is severe and life threatening Return (recurrence) of infection Seizures. Go to a hospital emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of a brain abscess. You can reduce the risk of developing a brain abscess by getting treated for infections or health problems that can cause them. Some people, including those with certain heart disorders, may receive antibiotics before dental or other procedures to help reduce the risk of infection. Abscess - brain; Cerebral abscess; CNS abscess. Brain surgery - discharge. Amebic brain abscess Amebic brain abscess Brain Brain. Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. |
| Brain Abscess | KHZ | 10,50,7500,25750,87500,325110,375000,519340,682020,759830 | May be due to Aspergillus, Zygomycota, or Fusarium molds. Encyclopedia Entry for Brain Abscess : Brain abscess. Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. As a result, swelling and irritation (inflammation) develop. Infected brain cells, white blood cells, live and dead bacteria, or fungi collect in an area of the brain. Tissue forms around this area and creates a mass, or abscess. The germs that cause a brain abscess can reach the brain through the blood. Or, they enter the brain directly, such as during brain surgery. In rare cases, a brain abscess develops from an infection in the sinuses. The source of the infection is often not found. However, the most common source is a lung infection. Less often, a heart infection is the cause. The following raise your chance of developing a brain abscess: A weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV/AIDS ) Chronic disease, such as cancer Drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids or chemotherapy ) Congenital heart disease. Symptoms may develop slowly, over a period of several weeks, or they may develop suddenly. They may include: Changes in mental status , such as confusion, slow response or thinking, unable to focus, or sleepiness Decreased ability to feel sensation Fever and chills Headache, seizures , or stiff neck Language problems Loss of muscle function, typically on one side Vision changes Vomiting Weakness. A brain and nervous system (neurological) exam will usually show signs of increased pressure inside the skull and problems with brain function. Tests to diagnose a brain abscess may include: Blood cultures Chest x-ray Complete blood count ( CBC ) Head CT scan Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) MRI of head Testing for the presence of antibodies to certain germs A needle biopsy is usually performed to identify the cause of the infection. A brain abscess is a medical emergency. Pressure inside the skull may become high enough to be life threatening. You will need to stay in the hospital until the condition is stable. Some people may need life support. Medicine, not surgery, is recommended if you have: A small abscess (less than 2 cm) An abscess deep in the brain An abscess and meningitis Several abscesses (rare) Shunts in the brain for hydrocephalus (in some cases, the shunt may need to be removed temporarily or replaced) An infection called toxoplasmosis in a person with HIV/AIDS You may be prescribed several different types of antibiotics to make sure treatment works. Antifungal medicines may also be prescribed if the infection is likely caused by a fungus. Surgery is needed if : Increased pressure in the brain continues or gets worse The brain abscess does not get smaller after medicine The brain abscess contains gas (produced by some types of bacteria) The brain abscess might break open (rupture) The brain abscess is large (more than 2 cm) Surgery consists of opening the skull, exposing the brain, and draining the abscess. Laboratory tests are often done to examine the fluid. This helps identify the cause of the infection, so that the right antibiotics or antifungal medicine can be prescribed. Needle aspiration guided by CT or MRI scan may be needed for a deep abscess. During this procedure, medicines may be injected directly into the mass. Certain diuretics (water pills) and steroids may also be used to reduce the swelling of the brain. If untreated, a brain abscess is almost always deadly. With treatment, the death rate is about 10% to 30%. The earlier treatment is received, the better. Some people may have long-term nervous system problems after surgery. Complications may include: Brain damage Meningitis that is severe and life threatening Return (recurrence) of infection Seizures. Go to a hospital emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of a brain abscess. You can reduce the risk of developing a brain abscess by getting treated for infections or health problems that can cause them. Some people, including those with certain heart disorders, may receive antibiotics before dental or other procedures to help reduce the risk of infection. Abscess - brain; Cerebral abscess; CNS abscess. Brain surgery - discharge. Amebic brain abscess Amebic brain abscess Brain Brain. Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. |
| Brain Beta Stimulate | XTRA | 7.83,19.5,22 | Beta wave, or beta rhythm, is a neural oscillation (brainwave) in the brain with a frequency range of between 12.5 and 30 Hz (12.5 to 30 cycles per second). Beta waves can be split into three sections: Low Beta Waves (12.516 Hz, Beta 1 power); Beta Waves (16.520 Hz, Beta 2 power); and High Beta Waves (20.528 Hz, Beta 3 power). Beta states are the states associated with normal waking consciousness. Mind |
| Brain Concussion | ETDF | 40,200,650,85750,90000,325000,375110,497610,689930,753070 | Head injury with temporary loss of brain function. |
| Brain Concussion | KHZ | 10,200,650,85750,90000,325000,375110,497610,689930,753070 | Head injury with temporary loss of brain function. |
| Brain Diseases | ETDF | 40,200,650,85750,90000,375110,497610,689930,753070,983220 | Your brain is your bodys control center. Its part of the nervous system, which also includes the spinal cord and a large network of nerves and neurons. Together, the nervous system controls everything from your senses to the muscles throughout your body. When your brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, including your memory, your sensation, and even your personality. Brain disorders include any conditions or disabilities that affect your brain. This includes conditions that are caused by: illness genetics traumatic injury This is a broad category of disorders, which vary greatly in symptoms and severity. Keep reading to learn about some of the largest categories of brain disorders. |
| Brain Diseases | KHZ | 10,200,650,85750,90000,375110,497610,689930,753070 | Your brain is your bodys control center. Its part of the nervous system, which also includes the spinal cord and a large network of nerves and neurons. Together, the nervous system controls everything from your senses to the muscles throughout your body. When your brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, including your memory, your sensation, and even your personality. Brain disorders include any conditions or disabilities that affect your brain. This includes conditions that are caused by: illness genetics traumatic injury This is a broad category of disorders, which vary greatly in symptoms and severity. Keep reading to learn about some of the largest categories of brain disorders. |
| Brain Frontal Lobe | XTRA | 6.5 | The frontal lobe is part of the brain's cerebral cortex. Individually, the paired lobes are known as the left and right frontal cortex. As the name implies, the frontal lobe is located near the front of the head, under the frontal skull bones and near the forehead. It was the last region of the brain to evolve, making it a relatively new addition to the structure. All mammals have a frontal lobe, though the size and complexity vary between species. Most research suggests that primates have larger frontal lobes than many other mammals. |
| Brain Fungus 1 | XTRA | 2608 | Mucormycosis, Aspergillus, or Fusarium. |
| Brain Ischemia | ETDF | 40,20,650,85750,90000,375110,496000,682000,750000,911200 | Insufficient blood flow to brain causing vision, movement, and speech problems. |
| Brain Ischemia | KHZ | 10,20,650,85750,90000,375110,496000,682000,750000 | Insufficient blood flow to brain causing vision, movement, and speech problems. |
| Brain Normalize | XTRA | 17578.13 | Brain balance. |
| Brain Tumor 1 | XTRA | 7.69,7.7,8.25,9.18,9.19,20,463,466,543,590,641,660,664,690,720,727.5,800,832,853,855,857,880,2008,2127.5,2127,2170,2180,2182 | Also see Cancer programs. |
| Brain Tumor 2 | XTRA | 7.69,8.25,9.18,543,641,666,690,853,857,880,2127,2170 | Also see Cancer programs. |
| Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome | ETDF | 150,490,620,800,5110,125000,426900,571000,838000,932000 | Genetic disorder with absent or insufficient renal function and ear malformations. Kidney |
| Branhamella Catarrhalis | XTRA | 579 | Also called Moraxella and Neisseria Catarrhalis. Causes respiratory, ear, eye, CNS, and joint infections. |
| Branhamella Catarrhalis 2 | XTRA | 2013 | Also called Moraxella and Neisseria Catarrhalis. Causes respiratory, ear, eye, CNS, and joint infections. |
| Branhamella Moraxella Catarrhalis | CAFL | 2013,579,581,687,770,772,775,778,2013 | Also called Moraxella and Neisseria Catarrhalis. Causes respiratory, ear, eye, CNS, and joint infections. Respiratory |
| Branhamella Neisseria Catarrhalis 1 | XTRA | 978.86,981.59,983.32,12340.62,12375,12396.87 | Also called Moraxella and Neisseria Catarrhalis. Causes respiratory, ear, eye, CNS, and joint infections. |
| Breast Cancer | ETDF | 20,460,5120,27500,85000,95750,150000,434710,682450,753070 | Also see Cancer programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Breast Cancer : Breast cancer in men. The cause of breast cancer in men is not clear. But there are risk factors that make breast cancer more likely in men: Exposure to radiation Higher estrogen levels due to factors such as heavy drinking, cirrhosis , obesity, and some medicines to treat prostate cancer Heredity, such as a family history of breast cancer, mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene , and certain genetic disorders, such as Klinefelter syndrome Excess breast tissue ( gynecomastia ) Age. Most men are diagnosed with breast cancer between ages 60 to 70. Symptoms of breast cancer in men include: Lump or swelling in the breast tissue. One breast may be larger than the other. A small lump beneath the nipple. Unusual changes in the nipple or skin around the nipple such as redness, scaling, or puckering. Nipple discharge. You health care provider will take your medical history and family medical history. You will have a physical exam and a breast exam. Your provider may order other tests, including: A mammogram Breast ultrasound An MRI of the breast A blood test to check for signs of cancer If any of the tests suggest cancer, your provider will do a biopsy to check for cancer. If cancer is found, your provider will order other tests to find out: How quickly the cancer might grow How likely it is to spread What treatments might be best What are the chances that the cancer might come back The tests may include: Chest x-ray, specifically to see if it has spread to the lungs Bone scan CT scan PET scan Sentinel lymph node biopsy to check if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes The biopsy and other tests will be used to grade and stage the tumor. The results of those tests will help determine your treatment. Treatment options for breast cancer in men include: Surgery to remove the breast, lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over chest muscles, and chest muscles, if needed Radiation therapy after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and to target specific tumors Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells that have spread to other parts of the body Hormone therapy to block hormones that may help certain types of breast cancer grow During and after treatment, your provider may ask you to have more tests. This may include tests you had during diagnosis. The follow-up tests will show how the treatment is working. They will also show if the cancer comes back. Cancer affects how you feel about yourself and your life. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have had the same experiences and problems can help you feel less alone. The group can also point you to helpful resources for managing your condition. Ask your provider to help you find a support group of men who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. The long-term outlook for men with breast cancer is excellent when the cancer is found and treated early. About 91% of men treated before cancer has spread to other areas of the body are cancer-free after 5 years. Almost 3 out of 4 men treated for cancer that has spread to lymph nodes but not to other areas of the body are cancer-free at 5 years. Men who have cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body have a smaller chance of long-term survival. Complications include side effects from surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Contact your provider right away if you notice something unusual about your breast, including any lumps, skin changes, or discharge. There is no clear way to prevent breast cancer in men. The best way to protect yourself is to: Know that men can develop breast cancer Know your risk factors and talk with your provider about screening and early detection with tests if needed Know the possible signs of breast cancer Tell your provider if you notice any changes in your breast. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma - male; Ductal carcinoma in situ - male; Intraductal carcinoma - male; Inflammatory breast cancer - male; Paget disease of the nipple - male; Breast cancer - male. Brinton LA, Cook MB, McCormack V, et al. Anthropometric and hormonal risk factors for male breast cancer: male breast cancer pooling project results. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(3):djt465. PMID: 24552677 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552677. Hunt KK, Mittendorf EA. Diseases of the breast. Encyclopedia Entry for Breast Cancer : Breast cancer screening. A mammogram is the most common type of screening. It is an x-ray of the breast using a special machine. This test is done in a hospital or clinic and only takes a few minutes. Mammograms can find tumors that are too small to feel. Mammography is performed to screen women to detect early breast cancer when it is more likely to be cured. Mammography is generally recommended for: Women starting at age 40, repeated every 1 to 2 years. (This is not recommended by all expert organizations.) All women starting at age 50, repeated every 1 to 2 years. Women with a mother or sister who had breast cancer at a younger age should consider yearly mammograms. They should begin earlier than the age at which their youngest family member was diagnosed. Mammograms work best at finding breast cancer in women ages 50 to 74. For women younger than age 50, the screening can be helpful, but may miss some cancers. This may be because younger women have denser breast tissue, which makes it harder to spot cancer. It is not clear how well mammograms work at finding cancer in women age 75 and older. This is an exam to feel the breasts and underarms for lumps or unusual changes. Your health care provider may perform a clinical breast exam (CBE). You can also check your breasts on your own. This is called a breast self-exam (BSE). Doing self-exams may help you become more familiar with your breasts. This may make it easier to notice unusual breast changes. Keep in mind that breast exams do not reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer. They also do not work as well as mammograms to find cancer. For this reason, you should not rely only on breast exams to screen for cancer. Not all experts agree about when to have or start having breast exams. In fact, some groups do not recommend them at all. However, this does not mean you should not do or have breast exams. Some women prefer to have exams. Talk with your provider about the benefits and risks for breast exams and if they are right for you. An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to find signs of cancer. This screening is done only in women who have a high risk for breast cancer. Women at high risk for breast cancer (greater than 20% to 25% lifetime risk) should have an MRI along with a mammogram every year. You may have a high risk if you have: A family history of breast cancer, most often when your mother or sister had breast cancer at an early age Lifetime risk for breast cancer is 20% to 25% or higher Certain BRCA mutations, whether you carry this marker or a first degree relative does and you have not been tested First degree relatives with certain genetic syndromes (Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes) It is not clear how well MRIs work to find breast cancer. Although MRIs find more breast cancers than mammograms, they are also more likely to show signs of cancer when there is no cancer. This is called a false-positive result. For women who have had cancer in one breast, MRIs can be very helpful for finding hidden tumors in the other breast. You should do a MRI screening if you: Are at very high risk for breast cancer (those with a strong family history or genetic markers for breast cancer) Have very dense breast tissue. When and how often to have a breast screening test is a choice you must make. Different expert groups do not fully agree on the best timing for screening. Before having a mammogram, talk to your provider about the pros and cons. Ask about: Your risk for breast cancer. Whether screening decreases your chance of dying from breast cancer. Whether there is any harm from breast cancer screening, such as side effects from testing or overtreatment of cancer when it's discovered. Risks of screenings can include: False-positive results. This occurs when a test shows cancer when there is none. This can lead to having more tests that also have risks. It can also cause anxiety. You may be more likely to have a false-positive result if you are younger, have a family history of breast cancer, have had breast biopsies in the past, or take hormones. False-negative results. These are tests that come back normal even though there is cancer. Women who have false-negative results do not know they have breast cancer and delay treatment. Exposure to radiation is a risk factor for breast cancer. Mammograms expose your breasts to radiation. Overtreatment. Mammograms and MRIs may find slow-growing cancers. These are cancers that may not shorten your life. At this time, it is not possible to know which cancers will grow and spread, so when cancer is found it is usually treated. Treatment can cause serious side effects. Mammogram - breast cancer screening; Breast exam - breast cancer screening; MRI - breast cancer screening. American Cancer Society website. Breast cancer early detection and diagnosis. www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection.html. Updated September 17, 2017. Accessed August 22, 2018. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) website. ACOG statement on breast cancer screening guidelines. www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Statements/2016/ACOG-Statement-on-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Guidelines. Updated January 11, 2016. Accessed August 22, 2018. National Cancer Institute website. Breast cancer screening (PDQ) - health professional version. www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-screening-pdq. Updated June 1, 2018. Accessed August 22, 2018. Siu AL; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(4):279-296. PMID: 26757170 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757170. Wolff AC, Domchek SM, Davidson NE, Sacchini V, McCormick B. Cancer of the breast. Encyclopedia Entry for Breast Cancer : Breast cancer staging. There are two types of staging for breast cancer. Clinical staging is based on tests done before surgery. These may include: Physical exam Mammogram Breast MRI Breast Ultrasound Breast Biopsy, either ultrasound or stereotactic Chest x-ray CT scan Bone scan PET Scan Pathological staging uses the results from lab tests done on breast tissue and lymph nodes removed during surgery. This type of staging will help determine additional treatment and help predict what to expect after treatment ends. Stages of breast cancer are defined by a system called TNM: T stands for tumor. It describes the size and location of the main tumor. N stands for lymph nodes. It describes whether cancer has spread to the nodes. It also tells how many nodes have cancer cells. M stands for metastasis. It tells whether the cancer has spread to parts of the body away from the breast. Doctors use 7 main stages to describe breast cancer. Stage 0, also called carcinoma in situ. This is cancer that is confined to the lobules or ducts in the breast. It has not spread to surrounding tissue. Lobules are parts of the breast that produce milk. Ducts carry the milk to the nipple. Stage 0 cancer is called noninvasive. This means it has not spread. Some stage 0 cancers become invasive later. But doctors cannot tell which ones will and which will not. Stage I. The tumor is small (or may be too small to see) and invasive. It may or may not have spread to the lymph nodes close to the breast. Stage II. There may be no tumor found in the breast, but cancer can be found that has spread to axillary lymph nodes or nodes close to the breastbone. Axillary nodes are nodes found in a chain from under the arm to above the collarbone. There might also be a tumor between 2 and 5 centimeters in the breast with small cancers in some of the lymph nodes. Or, the tumor could be larger than 5 centimeters with no cancer in the nodes. Stage IIIA. Cancer has spread to 4 to 9 axillary nodes or to nodes near the breastbone but not to other parts of the body. Or, there could be a tumor larger than 5 centimeters and cancer that has spread to 3 axillary nodes or to nodes near the breastbone. Stage IIIB. The tumor has spread to the chest wall or to the skin of the breast causing an ulcer or swelling. It may also have spread to axillary nodes but not to other parts of the body. Stage IIIC. Cancer of any size has spread to at least 10 axillary nodes. It may also have spread to the skin of the breast or breast wall, but not to distant parts of the body. Stage IV. The cancer is metastatic, which means it has spread to other organs such as the bones, lungs, brain, or liver. The type of cancer you have, along with the stage, will help determine your treatment. With stage I, II, or III breast cancer, the main goal is to cure the cancer by treating it and keeping it from coming back. With stage IV, the goal is to improve symptoms and prolong life. In almost all cases, stage IV breast cancer cannot be cured. Cancer can come back after treatment ends. If it does, it can occur in the breast, in distant parts of the body, or in both places. If it does return, it may need to be restaged. National Cancer Institute website. Breast cancer treatment (PDQ) - patient version. www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-treatment-pdq. Updated November 2, 2017. Accessed December 19, 2017. Neumayer L, Viscusi RK. Assessment and designation of breast cancer stage. Encyclopedia Entry for Breast Cancer : Breast cancer. Breast cancer risk factors are things that increase the chance that you could develop breast cancer: Some risk factors you can control, such as drinking alcohol. Others, such as family history, you cannot control. The more risk factors you have, the more your risk increases. But, it does not mean you will develop cancer. Many women who develop breast cancer do not have any known risk factors or a family history. Understanding your risk factors can help you know how to prevent breast cancer. Breast implants, using antiperspirants, and wearing underwire bras do not increase the risk for breast cancer. There is also no evidence of a direct link between breast cancer and pesticides. Early breast cancer often does not cause symptoms. This is why regular breast exams and mammograms are important, so cancers that don't have symptoms may be found earlier. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include: Breast lump or lump in the armpit that is hard, has uneven edges, and usually does not hurt. Change in the size, shape, or feel of the breast or nipple. For example, you may have redness, dimpling, or puckering that looks like the skin of an orange. Fluid from the nipple. Fluid may be bloody, clear to yellow, green, or look like pus. In men, breast cancer symptoms include breast lump and breast pain and tenderness. Symptoms of advanced breast cancer may include: Bone pain Breast pain or discomfort Skin ulcers Swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpit (next to the breast with cancer) Weight loss. The health care provider will ask about your symptoms and risk factors. Then the provider will perform a physical exam. The exam includes both breasts, armpits, and the neck and chest area. Women are encouraged to perform breast self-exams each month. However, the importance of self-exams for detecting breast cancer is debatable. Needle biopsy of the breast Tests used to diagnose and monitor people with breast cancer may include: Breast MRI to help better identify the breast lump or evaluate an abnormal change on a mammogram Breast ultrasound to show whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled Breast biopsy , using methods such as needle aspiration, ultrasound-guided, stereotactic , or open CT scan to check if the cancer has spread outside the breast Mammography to screen for breast cancer or help identify the breast lump PET scan to check if the cancer has spread Sentinel lymph node biopsy to check if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes If your doctor learns that you do have breast cancer, more tests will be done. This is called staging, which checks if the cancer has spread. Staging helps guide treatment and follow-up. It also gives you an idea of what to expect in the future. Open biopsy of the breast Breast cancer stages range from 0 to IV. The higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer. Sentinel node biopsy. Treatment is based on many factors, including: Type of breast cancer Stage of the cancer (staging is a tool your providers use to find out how advanced the cancer is) Whether the cancer is sensitive to certain hormones Whether the cancer overproduces (overexpresses) the HER2/neu protein Cancer treatments may include: Hormone therapy. Chemotherapy , which uses medicines to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy , which is used to destroy cancerous tissue. Surgery to remove cancerous tissue: A lumpectomy removes the breast lump. Mastectomy removes all or part of the breast and possibly nearby structures. Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed during surgery. Targeted therapy uses medicine to attack the gene changes in cancer cells. Hormone therapy is an example of targeted therapy. It blocks certain hormones that fuel cancer growth. Lumpectomy Cancer treatment can be local or systemic: Local treatments involve only the area of disease. Radiation and surgery are forms of local treatment. They are most effective when the cancer has not spread outside the breast. Systemic treatments affect the entire body. Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy are types of systemic treatment. Most women receive a combination of treatments. For women with stage I, II, or III breast cancer, the main goal is to treat the cancer and prevent it from returning (recurring). For women with stage IV cancer, the goal is to improve symptoms and help them live longer. In most cases, stage IV breast cancer cannot be cured. Stage 0 and ductal carcinoma: Lumpectomy plus radiation or mastectomy is the standard treatment. Stage I and II: Lumpectomy plus radiation or mastectomy with lymph node removal is the standard treatment. Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and other targeted therapy may also be used after surgery. Stage III: Treatment involves surgery, possibly followed by chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and other targeted therapy. Stage IV: Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, other targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. After treatment, some women continue to take medicines for a time. All women continue to have blood tests, mammograms, and other tests after treatment to monitor for the return of cancer or development of another breast cancer. Women who have had a mastectomy may have reconstructive breast surgery. This will be done either at the time of mastectomy or later. You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. New, improved treatments are helping people with breast cancer live longer. Even with treatment, breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body. Sometimes, cancer returns, even after the entire tumor has been removed and nearby lymph nodes are found to be cancer-free. Some women who have had breast cancer develop a new breast cancer that is not related to the original tumor. How well you do after being treated for breast cancer depends on many things. The more advanced your cancer, the poorer the outcome. Other factors that determine the risk for recurrence and the likelihood of successful treatment include: Location of the tumor and how far it has spread Whether the tumor is hormone receptor-positive or -negative Tumor markers Gene expression Tumor size and shape Rate of cell division or how quickly the tumor is growing After considering all of the above, your provider can discuss your risk of having a recurrence of breast cancer. You may experience side effects or complications from cancer treatment. These may include temporary pain or swelling of the breast and surrounding area. Ask your provider about the possible side effects from treatment. Contact your provider if: You have a breast or armpit lump You have nipple discharge After being treated for breast cancer, call your provider if you develop symptoms such as: Nipple discharge Rash on the breast New lumps in the breast Swelling in the area Pain, especially chest pain, abdominal pain, or bone pain. Talk to your provider about how often you should have a mammogram or other tests to screen for breast cancer. Early breast cancers found by a mammogram have a good chance of being cured. Tamoxifen is approved for breast cancer prevention in women age 35 and older who are at high risk. Discuss this with your provider. Women at very high risk for breast cancer may consider preventive (prophylactic) mastectomy. This is surgery to remove the breasts before breast cancer is diagnosed. Possible candidates include: Women who have already had one breast removed due to cancer Women with a strong family history of breast cancer Women with genes or genetic mutations that raise their risk for breast cancer (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 ) Many risk factors, such as your genes and family history, cannot be controlled. But making healthy lifestyle changes may reduce your overall chance of getting cancer. This includes: Eating healthy foods Maintaining a healthy weight Limiting alcohol consumption to 1 drink per day. Cancer - breast; Carcinoma - ductal; Carcinoma - lobular; DCIS; LCIS; HER2-positive breast cancer; ER-positive breast cancer; Ductal carcinoma in situ; Lobular carcinoma in situ. Breast radiation - discharge Chemotherapy - what to ask your doctor Lymphedema - self-care Mastectomy and breast reconstruction - what to ask your doctor Mastectomy - discharge Radiation therapy - questions to ask your doctor. Female Breast Female breast Needle biopsy of the breast Needle biopsy of the breast Open biopsy of the breast Open biopsy of the breast Breast self-exam Breast self-exam Breast self-exam Breast self-exam Breast self-exam Breast self-exam Lumpectomy Lumpectomy Breast lump removal - Series Breast lump removal - series Mastectomy - Series Mastectomy - series Sentinel node biopsy Sentinel node biopsy. Makhoul I. Therapeutic strategies for breast cancer. Encyclopedia Entry for Breast Cancer : Breast Cancer. Can be caused by Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), Epstein-Barr virus, Human Papilloma virus (HPV), Bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Breast Cyst | ETDF | 80,240,12710,35160,92500,355720,412330,563190,709830,978850 | Fluid-filled sac in breast. Generally benign. |
| Breast Diseases | ETDF | 80,240,13930,35160,92500,355720,412330,563190,709830,978850 | Most women experience breast changes at some time. Your age, hormone levels, and medicines you take may cause lumps, bumps, and discharges (fluids that are not breast milk). If you have a breast lump, pain, discharge or skin irritation, see your health care provider. Minor and serious breast problems have similar symptoms. Although many women fear cancer, most breast problems are not cancer. |
| Breast Fibroid Cysts | CAFL | 880,1550,802,787,776,727,690,666,267,1384 | Non-cancerous lump in breast. Breast |
| Breast Fibroid Cysts 2 | XTRA | 666,690,727,776,787,802,880,1550 | Non-cancerous lump in breast. |
| Breast Fibromatosis 1 | XTRA | 267,666,690,727,776,787,802,880,1384,1550 | Benign tumor clusters with aggressive growth. |
| Breast Fibromatosis 2 | XTRA | 267 | Benign tumor clusters with aggressive growth. |
| Breast Neoplasms | KHZ | 20,800,5690,32500,85000,95750,150000,210500,759830,927100 | Lump which may be malignant or benign. |
| Breast Neoplasms Male | KHZ | 20,850,5690,32000,85000,95750,150000,210000,724500,902300 | Lump which may be malignant or benign. |
| Breast Tumors | XTRA | 727,787,880,2008,2127,5000 | Other use: blood cleanser. |
| Breast Tumors Benign | XTRA | 174,178,191,405,482,633,731,739.79,785,1132,1234,2959.4,3672,3702,3965,5311,6646,7344,7760,10357,10380,10406.25 | A benign breast condition refers to a lump, cyst, or nipple discharge (fluid) of the female or male breast that is not cancerous. There are numerous benign breast conditions. For women, the most common ones are: Fibrocystic breast changes. Fibrosis feels like scar tissue and can be rubbery and firm. Cysts are sacs filled with fluid. They may enlarge and feel tender right before your period. Fibroadenomas. These are the most common breast lumps in younger women and are usually very small. Mastitis. Your breast can become enlarged because of infection. This can happen to anyone but usually happens when breastfeeding. Fat necrosis. These lumps form when areas of fatty breast tissue are damaged. Calcification. Small spots of calcium salts can show up anywhere in breast tissue. Usually, you cant feel them and they are not painful. Nipple discharge. Your nipples may leak fluid for a variety of reasons. |
| Breathe Easier | XTRA | 1234,3672,7344 | Even though you cant see it, the air you breathe can affect your health. Polluted air can cause difficulty breathing, flare-ups of allergy or asthma, and other lung problems. Long-term exposure to air pollution can raise the risk of other diseases, including heart disease and cancer. Some people think of air pollution as something thats found mainly outside. They may picture cars idling or power plants with smoke stacks. But air pollution can also occur insidein homes, offices, or even schools. |
| Breathing Deep | CAFL | 1234,3702,3672,7344 | Pay attention to how you feel when you inhale and exhale normally and when you breathe deeply. Shallow breathing often feels tense and constricted, while deep breathing produces relaxation. Now practice diaphragmatic breathing for several minutes. Put one hand on your abdomen, just below your belly button. |
| Bright's Syndrome | CAFL | 10,20,274,423,465,636,688,727,880,1550,3000,10000 | Also called Bright's Disease and Nephritis - see Nephritis. Kidney Encyclopedia Entry for Bright's Syndrome : Bright's Syndrome. Can be caused by Streptococcus and Escherichia Coli. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bright's Syndrome 1 | XTRA | 727,787,880,1500 | Also called Bright's Disease and Nephritis - see Nephritis. |
| Bromine 79br | XTRA | 533.29,574.9,12232.9 | Can cause thyroid problems by replacing iodine. |
| Bromine 81br | XTRA | 574.87,619.73,13186.52 | Can cause thyroid problems by replacing iodine. |
| Bronchial Asthma | CAFL | 20,72,444,522,727,787,810,880,1233,1500,1600,1800,2170,2720 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. Lung |
| Bronchial Asthma 1 | XTRA | 0.5,20,72,95,125,146,444,522,727,787,880,1233,1234,1283,1500,1600,1800,2170,2720,3672,3702,7344 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. |
| Bronchial Asthma 3 | XTRA | 0.5,20,72,95,125,146,444,522,660,690,727.5,787,810,880,1233,1234,1283,1500,1600,1800,1865,2170,2720 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. |
| Bronchial Asthma 4 | XTRA | 0.5,20,72,95,125,146,444,522 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. |
| Bronchial Asthma 5 | XTRA | 47,120,727,787,880,1234,3672,7346,10000 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. |
| Bronchial Asthma 6 | XTRA | 128,172,263,322,411,434,487,515,521,633,665,712,756,782,822,871,886,890,3124,3125 | Chronic inflammatory disease of airways - see Asthma programs. |
| Bronchial Diseases | ETDF | 40,370,830,2500,3000,75850,95160,175030,269710,350000 | When you breathe in, the air travels down through your trachea (windpipe). It then goes through two tubes to your lungs. These tubes are your bronchi. Bronchial disorders can make it hard for you to breathe. The most common problem with the bronchi is bronchitis, an inflammation of the tubes. It can be acute or chronic. Other problems include Bronchiectasis - a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred Exercise-induced bronchospasm - a breathing problem that happens when your airways shrink while you are exercising Bronchiolitis - an inflammation of the small airways that branch off from the bronchi Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - a chronic lung condition in infants, most often premature infants |
| Bronchial Diseases | KHZ | 10,370,830,2500,3000,75850,95160,175030,269710,350000 | Bronchiectasis is a lung condition that causes a persistent cough and excess phlegm, or sputum. It is a permanent condition that gets worse over time. It can be fatal. The bronchi dilate, usually irreversibly, and phlegm builds up. This leads to recurrent lung infections and lung damage. It can affect people with tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis, but these are not the only causes. Various processes and mechanisms can trigger this disorder. There is no cure, but treatment can reduce infections and mucus build up. Symptoms vary in severity. Older age increases the risk of, but bronchiectasis can affect all ages. In the United States (U.S.), it affects about 25 people in every 100,000. Over the age of 74 years, this increases to about 272 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence appears to be increasing.Symptoms are thought to start when sputum builds up in the respiratory system, leading to a cycle of problems. More sputum means more bacteria in the airways, and this leads to inflammation and airway destruction. Then the cycle begins again with more mucus. There are three main types of bronchiectasis, classified according to the resulting shape of the bronchi, visible on a CT scan of the lungs. They are: Cylindrical: The most common form, with even, cylinder-shaped bronchi Varicose: The least common form. Bronchi are irregular, and the airways may be wide or constricted, leading to a higher production of sputum. Cystic: Almost as common as cylindrical, but the bronchi form clusters of cysts. This is the most severe form. The different types have similar symptoms are similar across the different types, but they differ in terms of severity. They all feature enlargement of the breathing tubes of the lungs, or bronchi. Other symptoms include: a daily cough that continues for months or years daily production of sputum in large amounts shortness of breath and wheezing when breathing chest pain coughing up blood A person with bronchiectasis who then gets an infection can experience a flare-up, and this can worsen the lung function. |
| Bronchial Pneumonia | CAFL | 452,550,578,727,776,787,802,880,1474 | Also see Pneumonia Bronchial. Lung |
| Bronchial Pneumonia 1 | XTRA | 452,550,578,727,776,787,802,880,1474,1550 | Also see Pneumonia Bronchial. |
| Bronchial Pneumonia 2 | XTRA | 727,776,787,802,880,1550 | Also see Pneumonia Bronchial. |
| Bronchial Pneumonia 3 | XTRA | 20,412,450,452,550,578,600,625,650,660,683,688,690,709.2,727.5,766,776,787,802,880,975,1238,1474,1550,1862,2688,2838 | Also see Pneumonia Bronchial. |
| Bronchiectasis | BIO | 342 | Chronic dilatation of the bronchi. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiectasis : Bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is often caused by inflammation or infection of the airways that keeps coming back. Sometimes it begins in childhood after having a severe lung infection or inhaling a foreign object. Breathing in food particles can also lead to this condition. Other causes of bronchiectasis can include: Cystic fibrosis , a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn disease Allergic lung diseases Leukemia and related cancers. Symptoms develop over time. They may occur months or years after the event that causes the bronchiectasis. Long-term (chronic) cough with large amounts of foul smelling sputum is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Other symptoms may include: Breath odor Clubbing of fingers (rare) Coughing up blood Fatigue Paleness Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise Weight loss Wheezing Low grade fever and night sweats. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the provider may hear small clicking, bubbling, wheezing, rattling, or other sounds, usually in the lower lungs. Tests that may be done include: Aspergillosis precipitin test (to check for signs of an allergic reaction to fungus) Alpha-1 antitrypsin blood test Chest x-ray Chest CT Sputum culture Complete blood count (CBC) Genetic testing, including sweat test for cystic fibrosis and tests for other diseases PPD skin test to check for a past tuberculosis infection Serum immunoglobulin electrophoresis to measure proteins called immunoglobulins in the blood Lung function tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning. Treatment is aimed at controlling infections and sputum, relieving airway blockage , and preventing the problem from becoming worse. Daily drainage to remove sputum is part of treatment. A respiratory therapist can show the person coughing exercises that will help. Medicines are often prescribed. These include: Antibiotics to treat infections Bronchodilators to open up airways Expectorants to help loosen and cough up thick sputum Surgery to remove ( resect ) the lung may be needed if medicine does not work and the disease is in a small area, or if the person has a lot of bleeding in the lungs. The outlook depends on the specific cause of the disease. With treatment, most people live without major disability. Complications of bronchiectasis may include: Cor pulmonale Coughing up blood Low oxygen levels (in severe cases) Recurrent pneumonia Depression. Call your provider if: Chest pain or shortness of breath gets worse There is a change in the color or amount of phlegm you cough up, or if it is bloody Other symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. You can reduce your risk by promptly treating lung infections. Childhood vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine help reduce the chance of some infections. Avoiding upper respiratory infections, smoking, and pollution may also reduce your risk of getting this infection. Acquired bronchiectasis; Congenital bronchiectasis; Chronic lung disease - brochiectasis. Lung surgery - discharge. Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Bronchiectasis. |
| Bronchiectasis | CAFL | 342,510,778 | Chronic dilatation of the bronchi. Lung Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiectasis : Bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is often caused by inflammation or infection of the airways that keeps coming back. Sometimes it begins in childhood after having a severe lung infection or inhaling a foreign object. Breathing in food particles can also lead to this condition. Other causes of bronchiectasis can include: Cystic fibrosis , a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn disease Allergic lung diseases Leukemia and related cancers. Symptoms develop over time. They may occur months or years after the event that causes the bronchiectasis. Long-term (chronic) cough with large amounts of foul smelling sputum is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Other symptoms may include: Breath odor Clubbing of fingers (rare) Coughing up blood Fatigue Paleness Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise Weight loss Wheezing Low grade fever and night sweats. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the provider may hear small clicking, bubbling, wheezing, rattling, or other sounds, usually in the lower lungs. Tests that may be done include: Aspergillosis precipitin test (to check for signs of an allergic reaction to fungus) Alpha-1 antitrypsin blood test Chest x-ray Chest CT Sputum culture Complete blood count (CBC) Genetic testing, including sweat test for cystic fibrosis and tests for other diseases PPD skin test to check for a past tuberculosis infection Serum immunoglobulin electrophoresis to measure proteins called immunoglobulins in the blood Lung function tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning. Treatment is aimed at controlling infections and sputum, relieving airway blockage , and preventing the problem from becoming worse. Daily drainage to remove sputum is part of treatment. A respiratory therapist can show the person coughing exercises that will help. Medicines are often prescribed. These include: Antibiotics to treat infections Bronchodilators to open up airways Expectorants to help loosen and cough up thick sputum Surgery to remove ( resect ) the lung may be needed if medicine does not work and the disease is in a small area, or if the person has a lot of bleeding in the lungs. The outlook depends on the specific cause of the disease. With treatment, most people live without major disability. Complications of bronchiectasis may include: Cor pulmonale Coughing up blood Low oxygen levels (in severe cases) Recurrent pneumonia Depression. Call your provider if: Chest pain or shortness of breath gets worse There is a change in the color or amount of phlegm you cough up, or if it is bloody Other symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. You can reduce your risk by promptly treating lung infections. Childhood vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine help reduce the chance of some infections. Avoiding upper respiratory infections, smoking, and pollution may also reduce your risk of getting this infection. Acquired bronchiectasis; Congenital bronchiectasis; Chronic lung disease - brochiectasis. Lung surgery - discharge. Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Bronchiectasis. |
| Bronchiectasis | ETDF | 30,400,830,71500,95750,175150,275150,357300,749000,987230 | Chronic dilatation of the bronchi. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiectasis : Bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is often caused by inflammation or infection of the airways that keeps coming back. Sometimes it begins in childhood after having a severe lung infection or inhaling a foreign object. Breathing in food particles can also lead to this condition. Other causes of bronchiectasis can include: Cystic fibrosis , a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn disease Allergic lung diseases Leukemia and related cancers. Symptoms develop over time. They may occur months or years after the event that causes the bronchiectasis. Long-term (chronic) cough with large amounts of foul smelling sputum is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Other symptoms may include: Breath odor Clubbing of fingers (rare) Coughing up blood Fatigue Paleness Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise Weight loss Wheezing Low grade fever and night sweats. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the provider may hear small clicking, bubbling, wheezing, rattling, or other sounds, usually in the lower lungs. Tests that may be done include: Aspergillosis precipitin test (to check for signs of an allergic reaction to fungus) Alpha-1 antitrypsin blood test Chest x-ray Chest CT Sputum culture Complete blood count (CBC) Genetic testing, including sweat test for cystic fibrosis and tests for other diseases PPD skin test to check for a past tuberculosis infection Serum immunoglobulin electrophoresis to measure proteins called immunoglobulins in the blood Lung function tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning. Treatment is aimed at controlling infections and sputum, relieving airway blockage , and preventing the problem from becoming worse. Daily drainage to remove sputum is part of treatment. A respiratory therapist can show the person coughing exercises that will help. Medicines are often prescribed. These include: Antibiotics to treat infections Bronchodilators to open up airways Expectorants to help loosen and cough up thick sputum Surgery to remove ( resect ) the lung may be needed if medicine does not work and the disease is in a small area, or if the person has a lot of bleeding in the lungs. The outlook depends on the specific cause of the disease. With treatment, most people live without major disability. Complications of bronchiectasis may include: Cor pulmonale Coughing up blood Low oxygen levels (in severe cases) Recurrent pneumonia Depression. Call your provider if: Chest pain or shortness of breath gets worse There is a change in the color or amount of phlegm you cough up, or if it is bloody Other symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. You can reduce your risk by promptly treating lung infections. Childhood vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine help reduce the chance of some infections. Avoiding upper respiratory infections, smoking, and pollution may also reduce your risk of getting this infection. Acquired bronchiectasis; Congenital bronchiectasis; Chronic lung disease - brochiectasis. Lung surgery - discharge. Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Bronchiectasis. |
| Bronchiectasis | XTRA | 342,344,510,778,943 | Chronic dilatation of the bronchi. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiectasis : Bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is often caused by inflammation or infection of the airways that keeps coming back. Sometimes it begins in childhood after having a severe lung infection or inhaling a foreign object. Breathing in food particles can also lead to this condition. Other causes of bronchiectasis can include: Cystic fibrosis , a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn disease Allergic lung diseases Leukemia and related cancers. Symptoms develop over time. They may occur months or years after the event that causes the bronchiectasis. Long-term (chronic) cough with large amounts of foul smelling sputum is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Other symptoms may include: Breath odor Clubbing of fingers (rare) Coughing up blood Fatigue Paleness Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise Weight loss Wheezing Low grade fever and night sweats. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the provider may hear small clicking, bubbling, wheezing, rattling, or other sounds, usually in the lower lungs. Tests that may be done include: Aspergillosis precipitin test (to check for signs of an allergic reaction to fungus) Alpha-1 antitrypsin blood test Chest x-ray Chest CT Sputum culture Complete blood count (CBC) Genetic testing, including sweat test for cystic fibrosis and tests for other diseases PPD skin test to check for a past tuberculosis infection Serum immunoglobulin electrophoresis to measure proteins called immunoglobulins in the blood Lung function tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning. Treatment is aimed at controlling infections and sputum, relieving airway blockage , and preventing the problem from becoming worse. Daily drainage to remove sputum is part of treatment. A respiratory therapist can show the person coughing exercises that will help. Medicines are often prescribed. These include: Antibiotics to treat infections Bronchodilators to open up airways Expectorants to help loosen and cough up thick sputum Surgery to remove ( resect ) the lung may be needed if medicine does not work and the disease is in a small area, or if the person has a lot of bleeding in the lungs. The outlook depends on the specific cause of the disease. With treatment, most people live without major disability. Complications of bronchiectasis may include: Cor pulmonale Coughing up blood Low oxygen levels (in severe cases) Recurrent pneumonia Depression. Call your provider if: Chest pain or shortness of breath gets worse There is a change in the color or amount of phlegm you cough up, or if it is bloody Other symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. You can reduce your risk by promptly treating lung infections. Childhood vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine help reduce the chance of some infections. Avoiding upper respiratory infections, smoking, and pollution may also reduce your risk of getting this infection. Acquired bronchiectasis; Congenital bronchiectasis; Chronic lung disease - brochiectasis. Lung surgery - discharge. Lungs Lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Bronchiectasis. |
| Bronchiolitis | ETDF | 50,400,830,2500,3000,73300,95030,175000,275750,358570 | Inflammation of the bronchioles. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiolitis : Bronchiolitis - Respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), Parainfluenza virus (Paramyxovirus) Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiolitis : Bronchiolitis - discharge. In the hospital, the provider helped your child breathe better. They also made sure your child received enough fluids. Your child will likely still have symptoms of bronchiolitis after leaving the hospital. Wheezing may last for up to 5 days. Coughing and stuffy nose will slowly get better over 7 to 14 days. Sleeping and eating may take up to 1 week to return to normal. You may need to take time off work to care for your child. Breathing moist (wet) air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may be choking your child. You can use a humidifier to make the air moist. Follow the directions that came with the humidifier. DO NOT use steam vaporizers because they can cause burns. Use cool mist humidifiers instead. If your child's nose is stuffy, your child will not be able to drink or sleep easily. You can use warm tap water or saline nose drops to loosen the mucus. Both of these work better than any medicine you can buy. Place 3 drops of warm water or saline in each nostril. Wait 10 seconds, then use a soft rubber suction bulb to suck out the mucus from each nostril. Repeat several times until your child is able to breathe through the nose quietly and easily. Before anyone touches your child, they must wash their hands with warm water and soap or use an alcohol-based hand cleanser before doing so. Try to keep other children away from your child. DO NOT let anyone smoke in the house, car, or anywhere near your child. It is very important for your child to drink enough fluids. Offer breast milk or formula if your child is younger than 12 months. Offer regular milk if your child is older than 12 months. Eating or drinking may make your child tired. Feed small amounts, but more often than usual. If your child throws up because of coughing, wait a few minutes and try to feed your child again. Some asthma medicines help children with bronchiolitis. Your provider may prescribe such medicines for your child. DO NOT give your child decongestant nose drops, antihistamines, or any other cold medicines unless your child's provider tells you to. Call the doctor right away if your child has any of the following: Hard time breathing Chest muscles are pulling in with each breath Breathing faster than 50 to 60 breaths per minute (when not crying) Making a grunting noise Sitting with shoulders hunched over Wheezing becomes more intense Skin, nails, gums, lips, or area around the eyes is bluish or grayish Extremely tired Not moving around very much Limp or floppy body Nostrils are flaring out when breathing. RSV bronchiolitis - discharge; Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis - discharge. Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF. Wheezing, bronchiolitis, and bronchitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchiolitis : Bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis usually affects children under the age of 2, with a peak age of 3 to 6 months. It is a common, and sometimes severe illness. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause. More than half of all infants are exposed to this virus by their first birthday. Other viruses that can cause bronchiolitis include: Adenovirus Influenza Parainfluenza The virus is spread to infants by coming into direct contact with nose and throat fluids of someone who has the illness. This can happen when another child or an adult who has a virus: Sneezes or coughs nearby and tiny droplets in the air are then breathed in by the infant Touches toys or other objects that are then touched by the infant Bronchiolitis occurs more often in the fall and winter than other times of the year. It is a very common reason for infants to be hospitalized during winter and early spring. Risk factors of bronchiolitis include: Being around cigarette smoke Being younger than 6 months old Living in crowded conditions Not being breastfed Being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Some children have few or mild symptoms. Bronchiolitis begins as a mild upper respiratory infection. Within 2 to 3 days, the child develops more breathing problems, including wheezing and a cough. Symptoms include: Bluish skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis) - emergency treatment is needed Breathing difficulty including wheezing and shortness of breath Cough Fatigue Fever Muscles around the ribs sink in as the child tries to breathe in (called intercostal retractions ) Infant's nostrils get wide when breathing Rapid breathing (tachypnea). The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Wheezing and crackling sounds may be heard through the stethoscope. Most of the time, bronchiolitis can be diagnosed based on the symptoms and the exam. Tests that may be done include: Blood gases Chest x-ray Culture of a sample of nasal fluid to determine the virus causing the disease. The main focus of treatment is to relieve symptoms, such as difficulty breathing and wheezing. Some children may need to stay in the hospital if their breathing problems do not improve after being observed in the clinic or emergency room. Antibiotics do not work against viral infections. Medicines that treat viruses may be used to treat very ill children. At home, measures to relieve symptoms can be used. For example: Have your child drink plenty of fluids. Breast milk or formula is fine for children younger than 12 months. Electrolyte drinks, such as Pedialyte, are also OK for infants. Have your child breathe moist (wet) air to help loosen sticky mucus. Use a humidifier to moisten the air. Give your child saline nose drops. Then use a nasal suction bulb to help relieve a stuffy nose. Be sure your child gets plenty of rest. Do not allow anyone to smoke in the house, car, or anywhere near your child. Children who are having trouble breathing may need to stay in the hospital. There, treatment may include oxygen therapy and fluids given through a vein (IV). Breathing often gets better by the third day and symptoms mostly clear within a week. In rare cases, pneumonia or more severe breathing problems develop. Some children may have problems with wheezing or asthma as they get older. Call your provider right away or go to the emergency room if your child: Becomes extremely tired Has bluish color in the skin, nails, or lips Starts breathing very fast Has a cold that suddenly worsens Has difficulty breathing Has nostril flarings or chest retractions when trying to breathe. Most cases of bronchiolitis cannot be prevented because the viruses that cause the infection are common in the environment. Careful hand washing, especially around infants, can help prevent the spread of viruses. A medicine called palivizumab (Synagis) that boosts the immune system may be recommended for certain children. Your child's doctor will let you know if this medicine is right for your child. Respiratory syncytial virus - bronchiolitis; Flu - bronchiolitis; Wheezing - bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis - discharge How to breathe when you are short of breath Oxygen safety Postural drainage Using oxygen at home Using oxygen at home - what to ask your doctor. Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis Normal lungs and alveoli Normal lungs and alveoli. Bower J, McBride JT. Bronchiolitis. |
| Bronchitis | CAFL | 7344,3672,1234,880,743,727,683,464,452,333,72,20,9.39,9.35 | Bronchitis is an inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passages between the mouth and nose and the lungs. More specifically, bronchitis describes a condition where the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes inflamed. Individuals with bronchitis have a reduced ability to breathe air and oxygen into their lungs; also, they cannot clear heavy mucus or phlegm from their airways. This article will cover the causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention of bronchitis. Symptoms of bronchitis Man coughing Bronchitis is characterized by persistent coughing. Signs and symptoms of both acute and chronic bronchitis include: Persistent cough, which may produce mucus Wheezing Low fever and chills Chest tightening Sore throat Body aches Breathlessness Headaches Blocked nose and sinuses One of the main symptoms of acute bronchitis is a cough that lasts for several weeks. It can sometimes last for several months if the bronchial tubes take a long time to heal fully. It is common for the symptoms of chronic bronchitis to get worse two or more times every year, and they are often worse during the winter months. However, a cough that refuses to go away could also be a sign of another illness such as asthma or pneumonia. Bronchitis may be acute or chronic: Lung Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchitis : Bronchitis - Respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), Parainfluenza virus (Paramyxovirus), Influenza virus Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchitis : Bronchitis. Can be caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bronchitis | ETDF | 40,370,830,2500,70000,95030,175000,269710,355720,755000 | Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchitis : Bronchitis - Respiratory syncytial virus (Paramyxovirus), Parainfluenza virus (Paramyxovirus), Influenza virus Encyclopedia Entry for Bronchitis : Bronchitis. Can be caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bronchitis 1 | XTRA | 9.34,9.39,727,880 | A cold or the flu runs its course in a couple weeks, if youre lucky. After that, youre back to normal. But sometimes you may get bronchitis, too. Thats when your bronchial tubes, which carry air to your lungs, get infected and swollen. You end up with a nagging cough and a lot more mucus. You can get bronchitis in other ways, too, and there are actually two types of it: Acute bronchitis: This is the more common one. Symptoms last for a few weeks, but it doesnt usually cause any problems past that. Chronic bronchitis: This one is more serious, in that it keeps coming back or doesnt go away at all. Its one of the conditions that makes up what's called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Bronchitis 2 | XTRA | 9.34,9.39,9.4,20,72,333,344,452,464,510,514,523,660,683,690,727.5,743,768,786,880,943,1234,3672 | A cold or the flu runs its course in a couple weeks, if youre lucky. After that, youre back to normal. But sometimes you may get bronchitis, too. Thats when your bronchial tubes, which carry air to your lungs, get infected and swollen. You end up with a nagging cough and a lot more mucus. You can get bronchitis in other ways, too, and there are actually two types of it: Acute bronchitis: This is the more common one. Symptoms last for a few weeks, but it doesnt usually cause any problems past that. Chronic bronchitis: This one is more serious, in that it keeps coming back or doesnt go away at all. Its one of the conditions that makes up what's called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Bronchitis Secondary | XTRA | 688,766,776 | A secondary infection.Maybe that cold isn't done with you yet, or maybe, it's bronchitis. What is bronchitis? Bronchitis is a very common condition that occurs when the mucus membrane that lines your bronchial tubes becomes irritated and inflamed. |
| Broncho Pneumonia Borinum | VEGA | 452,1474 | Also see Pneumonia Bronchial. |
| Broncho Pulmonary Dysplasia | ETDF | 40,230,950,7500,10890,55150,376290,534250,655200,904100 | Abnormal cell changes, usually pre-cancerous. |
| Brown Recluse Spider | CAFL | 724 | For bite. Encyclopedia Entry for Brown Recluse Spider : Brown recluse spider. The venom of the brown recluse spider contains poisonous chemicals that make people sick. The brown recluse spider is most common in the south and central states of the United States, especially in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Texas, and Oklahoma. However, they have been found in several large cities outside these areas. The brown recluse spider prefers dark, sheltered areas such as under porches and in woodpiles. When the spider bites you, you may feel a sharp sting or nothing at all. Pain usually develops within the first several hours after being bitten, and may become severe. Children may have more serious reactions. Symptoms may include: Chills Itching General ill-feeling or discomfort Fever Nausea Reddish or purplish color in a circle around bite Sweating Large sore (ulcer) in the area of the bite Rarely, these symptoms may occur: Coma Blood in urine Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Kidney failure Seizures. Seek emergency medical treatment right away. Call 911 or the local emergency number, or poison control. Follow these steps until medical help is given: Clean the area with soap and water. Wrap ice in a clean cloth and place it on the bite area. Leave it on for 10 minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process. If the person has blood flow problems, decrease the time that the ice is on the area to prevent possible skin damage. Keep the affected area still, if possible, to prevent the venom from spreading. A homemade splint may be helpful if the bite was on the arms, legs, hands, or feet. Loosen clothing and remove rings and other tight jewelry. Have this information ready: Person's age, weight, and condition The body part affected The time the bite occurred The type of spider, if known Take the person to the emergency room for treatment. The bite may not look serious, but it can take some time to become severe. Treatment is important to reduce complications. If possible, place the spider in a secure container and bring it to the emergency room for identification. Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning, including insect bites. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Take the spider to the hospital with you, if possible. Make sure it is in a secure container. The health care provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated. Because brown recluse spider bites can be painful, pain medicines may be given. Antibiotics may also be prescribed if the wound is infected. If the wound is near a joint (such as a knee or elbow), the arm or leg may be placed into a brace or sling. If possible, the arm or leg will be elevated. In more serious reactions the person may receive: Blood and urine tests Breathing support, including oxygen Chest x-ray ECG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing) Intravenous fluids (through a vein) Medicines to treat symptoms. With proper medical attention, survival past 48 hours is usually a sign that recovery will follow. Even with appropriate and quick treatment, symptoms may last for several days to weeks. The original bite, which may be small, may progress to a blood blister and look like a bull's eye. It may then become deeper, and additional symptoms such as fever, chills, and other signs of additional organ system involvement may develop. An ulcer may take up to 6 weeks to heal, with proper care. Deep scarring may occur and surgery may be needed to improve appearance of the scar. Death from brown recluse spider bites is more common in children than adults. Wear protective clothing when traveling through areas where these spiders live. DO NOT stick your hands or feet in their nests or in their preferred hiding places, such as dark, sheltered areas under logs or underbrush, or other damp, moist areas. Loxosceles reclusa. Arthropods, basic features Arthropods, basic features Arachnids, basic features Arachnids, basic features Brown recluse spider bite on the hand Brown recluse spider bite on the hand. Boyer LV, Binford GJ, Degan JA. Spider bites. |
| Brown Recluse Spider 1 | XTRA | 724,884,1830,3260,11996.34,13888.55,14500,15004 | For bite. |
| Brown Recluse Spider 2 | XTRA | 724,884,1830,3260,15004 | For bite. |
| Brown Sequard Syndrome | ETDF | 500,680,87500,95030,234510,452590,518920,684810,712230,997870 | Damage to one side of spinal cord, causing paralysis and loss of proprioception on that side, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the other. |
| Brucella Abort Bang | XTRA | 1423 | Also called Brucella Abortus, Bang's Disease, and Brucellosis. Causes fever, GI tract and other serious problems. |
| Brucella Melitensis | CAFL | 748,643,695 | Form of Brucella found in goats and sheep. May cause reproductive problems in humans. |
| Brucella Melitensis | VEGA | 748 | Form of Brucella found in goats and sheep. May cause reproductive problems in humans. |
| Brucellosis | ETDF | 50,35750,60000,93500,225150,454370,517500,687620,712000,992000 | Also called Bang's Disease. Causes fever, GI tract and other serious problems. Encyclopedia Entry for Brucellosis : Brucellosis - Brucella sp. (G- coccobacillus; zoonoses) Encyclopedia Entry for Brucellosis : Brucellosis. Brucella can infect cattle, goats, camels, dogs, and pigs. The bacteria can spread to humans if you come in contact with infected meat or the placenta of infected animals, or if you eat or drink unpasteurized milk or cheese. Brucellosis is rare in the United States. About 100 to 200 cases occur each year. Most cases are caused by the Brucellosis melitensis bacteria. People working in jobs where they often come in contact with animals or meat -- such as slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and veterinarians -- are at higher risk. Acute brucellosis may begin with mild flu-like symptoms, or symptoms such as: Abdominal pain Back pain Chills Excessive sweating Fatigue Fever Headache Joint and muscle pain Loss of appetite Swollen glands Weakness Weight loss High fever spikes often occur every afternoon. The name undulant fever is often used to describe this disease because the fever rises and falls in waves. The illness may be chronic and last for years. The health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms. You'll also be asked if you've been in contact with animals or possibly eaten dairy products that were not pasteurized. Tests that may be done include: Blood test for brucellosis Blood culture Bone marrow culture Urine culture CSF (spinal fluid) culture Biopsy and culture of specimen from affected organ. Antibiotics, such as doxycycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin, are used to treat the infection and prevent it from coming back. Often, you need to take the drugs for 6 weeks. If there are complications from brucellosis, you will likely need to take the drugs for a longer period. Symptoms may come and go for years. Also, the illness can come back after a long period of not having symptoms. Health problems that may result from brucellosis include: Bone and joint sores (lesions) Encephalitis (swelling, or inflammation, of the brain) Infective endocarditis (inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves) Meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). Call for an appointment with your provider if: You develop symptoms of brucellosis Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment You develop new symptoms. Drinking and eating only pasteurized dairy products, such as milk and cheeses, is the most important way to reduce the risk for brucellosis. People who handle meat should wear protective eyewear and clothing, and protect skin breaks from infection. Detecting infected animals controls the infection at its source. Vaccination is available for cattle, but not humans. Cyprus fever; Undulant fever; Gibraltar fever; Malta fever; Mediterranean fever. Brucellosis Brucellosis Antibodies Antibodies. Beeching NJ, Madkour MM. Brucellosis. Encyclopedia Entry for Brucellosis : Brucellosis. Source of disease: Brucella species |
| Bruises | CAFL | 9.1,110,10000 | A bruise is a common skin injury that results in a discoloration of the skin. Blood from damaged blood cells deep beneath the skin collects near the surface of the skin, resulting in what we think of as a black and blue mark. Skin |
| Bruises | XTRA | 9.09,727,787,880,10000 | A bruise is a common skin injury that results in a discoloration of the skin. Blood from damaged blood cells deep beneath the skin collects near the surface of the skin, resulting in what we think of as a black and blue mark. |
| Bruxism | ETDF | 80,320,20000,85030,150000,225000,219340,453720,515150,683000 | Grinding of teeth. Encyclopedia Entry for Bruxism : Bruxism. People can clench and grind without being aware of it. It can happen during the day and night. Bruxism during sleep is often a bigger problem because it is harder to control. There is some disagreement about the cause of bruxism. Daily stress may be the trigger in many people. Some people probably clench or grind their teeth and never feel symptoms. Factors that influence whether or not bruxism causes pain and other problems will vary from person to person. They may include: How much stress you have How long and how tightly you clench and grind your teeth Whether your teeth are misaligned Your posture Your ability to relax Your diet Your sleeping habits. Grinding your teeth puts pressure on the muscles, tissues, and other structures around your jaw. The symptoms can cause temporomandibular joint problems (TMJ). Grinding can wear down your teeth. It can be noisy enough at night to bother sleeping partners. Symptoms of bruxism include: Anxiety, stress, and tension Depression Earache (partly because the structures of the temporomandibular joint are very close to the ear canal, and because you can feel pain in a different location than its source; this is called referred pain) Eating disorders Headache Muscle tenderness, especially in the morning Hot, cold, or sweet sensitivity in the teeth Insomnia Sore or painful jaw. An exam can rule out other disorders that may cause similar jaw pain or ear pain, including: Dental disorders Ear disorders, such as ear infections Problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) You may have a history of a high stress level and tension. The goals of treatment are to reduce pain, prevent permanent damage to the teeth, and reduce clenching as much as possible. These self-care tips may help relieve pain: Apply ice or wet heat to sore jaw muscles. Either can help. Avoid eating hard or dense foods like nuts, candies, and steak. Do not chew gum. Drink plenty of water every day. Get plenty of sleep. Learn physical therapy stretching exercises to help the muscles and joints on each side of your head get back to normal. Massage the muscles of your neck, shoulders, and face. Look for small, painful nodules called trigger points that can cause pain throughout your head and face. Relax your face and jaw muscles throughout the day. The goal is to make facial relaxation a habit. Try to reduce your daily stress and learn relaxation techniques. To prevent damage to your teeth, mouth guards or appliances (splints) are often used to treat teeth grinding, clenching, and TMJ disorders. A splint may help protect your teeth from the pressure of grinding. A well-fitting splint should help minimize the effects of grinding. However, some people find that the symptoms go away as long as they use the splint, but pain returns when they stop. The splint may also not work as well over time. There are many types of splints. Some fit over the top teeth, some on the bottom. They may be designed to keep your jaw in a more relaxed position or provide some other function. If one type doesn't work, another may. Botox injections into the jaw muscles have also shown some success in controlling clenching and grinding. After splint therapy, adjustment of the bite pattern may help some people. Finally, many approaches try to help people unlearn their clenching behaviors. These are more successful for daytime clenching. In some people, just relaxing and modifying daytime behavior is enough to reduce nighttime bruxism. Methods to directly modify nighttime clenching have not been well studied. They include biofeedback devices, self-hypnosis, and other alternative therapies. Bruxism is not a dangerous disorder. However, it can cause permanent damage to the teeth and uncomfortable jaw pain, headaches, or ear pain. Bruxism may cause: Depression Eating disorders Insomnia Increased dental or TMJ problems Fractured teeth Receding gums Nightly grinding can awaken roommates or sleeping partners. See a dentist right away if you are having trouble eating or opening your mouth. Keep in mind that a wide variety of possible conditions, from arthritis to whiplash injuries, can cause TMJ symptoms. Therefore, see your dentist for a full evaluation if self-care measures do not help within several weeks. Grinding and clenching does not fall clearly into one medical discipline. There is no recognized TMJ specialty in dentistry. For a massage-based approach, look for a massage therapist trained in trigger point therapy, neuromuscular therapy, or clinical massage. Dentists who have more experience with TMJ disorders will typically take x-rays and prescribe a mouth guard. Surgery is now considered a last resort for TMJ. Stress reduction and anxiety management may reduce bruxism in people who are prone to the condition. Teeth grinding. Chokroverty S, Avidan AY. Sleep and its disorders. |
| Bryozoa Cristatalla | XTRA | 981.59,12375 | Microscopic aquatic/moss invertebrate. |
| Bubonic Plague | RIFE | 160000,512466 | Spread primarily by rats and their fleas. Also called Black Death. See Plague, and Yersinia Pestis programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Bubonic Plague : Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis Encyclopedia Entry for Bubonic Plague : Bubonic plague. Source of disease: Yersinia Pestis |
| Bubonic Plague | XTRA | 500 | Spread primarily by rats and their fleas. Also called Black Death. See Plague, and Yersinia Pestis programs. Encyclopedia Entry for Bubonic Plague : Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis Encyclopedia Entry for Bubonic Plague : Bubonic plague. Source of disease: Yersinia Pestis |
| Bubonic Plague 2 | XTRA | 585,16014.55,20000 | Spread primarily by rats and their fleas. Also called Black Death. See Plague, and Yersinia Pestis programs. |
| Bubonic Plague Secondary Infections | CAFL | 880,787,727,20 | Spread primarily by rats and their fleas. Also called Black Death. See Plague, and Yersinia Pestis programs. Other uses: hip pain, some types of hay fever. Lymph |
| Bubonic Plague Yersinia Pestis | CAFL | 210,216,333,500 | Spread primarily by rats and their fleas. Also called Black Death. See Plague, and Yersinia Pestis programs. |
| Budd-Chiari Syndrome | ETDF | 50,240,72500,122530,342060,512330,682450,753070,926700 | Abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement caused by hepatic vein blockage. |
| Bulbar Palsy Progressive | ETDF | 70,220,620,2500,5500,40000,475030,527000,667000,742000 | Type of motor neuron(e) disease that attacks nerves of bulbar muscles. May be related to ALS. |
| Bulbospinal Neuropathy | ETDF | 190,1220,4330,17250,63210,119420,341230,403030,435000,711170 | Damage to nerves in the medulla oblongata. |
| Bulla | ETDF | 110,550,1230,5580,27500,291250,293050,292000,345500,824370 | Fluid-filled blister. Encyclopedia Entry for Bulla : Bullae. Bullous pemphigoid, close-up of tense blisters Bullous pemphigoid, close-up of tense blisters Poison ivy on the knee Poison ivy on the knee Poison ivy on the leg Poison ivy on the leg. Habif TP. Principles of diagnosis and anatomy. |
| Bunions | XTRA | 20,2720,10000 | Other use: whiplash. Encyclopedia Entry for Bunions : Bunions. Bunions are more common in women than men. The problem can run in families. People born with abnormal bones in their feet are more likely to form a bunion. Wearing narrow-toed, high-heeled shoes may lead to the development of a bunion. The condition may become painful as the bump gets worse. Extra bone and a fluid-filled sac grow at the base of the big toe. Bunion Watch this video about: Bunion. Symptoms may include: Red, thickened skin along the inside edge at the base of the big toe. A bony bump at the first toe joint, with decreased movement in the toe site. Pain over the joint, which pressure from shoes makes worse. Big toe turned toward the other toes and may cross over the second toe. Corns and calluses develop as a result where the first and second toes overlap. Difficulty wearing regular shoes. You may have problems finding shoes that fit or that do not cause pain. A health care provider can very often diagnose a bunion by looking at it. A foot x-ray can show an abnormal angle between the big toe and the foot. In some cases, arthritis may also be seen. When a bunion first begins to develop, you can do the following to care of your feet. Wear wide-toed shoes. This can often solve the problem and prevent you from needing more treatment. Wear felt or foam pads on your foot to protect the bunion, or devices called spacers to separate the first and second toes. These are available at drugstores. Try cutting a hole in a pair of old, comfortable shoes to wear around the house. Talk to your provider about whether you need inserts to correct flat feet. If the bunion gets worse and more painful, surgery may help. The surgery bunionectomy realigns the toe and removes the bony bump. There are more than 100 different surgeries to treat this condition. You can keep a bunion from worsening by taking care of it. Try to wear different shoes when it first starts to develop. Teenagers may have more trouble treating a bunion than adults. This may be the result of an underlying bone problem. Surgery reduces the pain in many, but not all people with bunions. After surgery, you may not be able to wear tight or fashionable shoes. Call your provider if the bunion: Continues to cause pain even after self-care, such as wearing wide-toed shoes Prevents you from doing your usual activities Has any signs of infection (like redness or swelling), especially if you have diabetes Worsening pain that is not relieved by rest Prevents you from finding a shoe that fits Causes stiffness and loss of movement in your big toe. Avoid compressing the toes of your foot with narrow, poor-fitting shoes. Hallux valgus. Bunion removal - discharge. Bunion removal - series Bunion removal - series. Coughlin MJ, Anderson RB. Hallux valgus. |
| Bunyaviridae Infections | ETDF | 260,650,5120,7000,42500,200000,458500,515150,683000,712420 | Viruses transmitted by ticks and arthropods causing fevers, hemhorrhagic fevers, and encephalitis. |
| Burkholderia Infections | ETDF | 70,120,750,930,12330,22500,57500,92500,324370,225000 | Bacteria found mostly in equine animals that can cause serious diseases in humans. Likely weaponised. |
| Burkitt Lymphoma | ETDF | 50,570,850,52500,119340,375030,425710,568430,642910,985900 | Cancer of lymphatic system. Also called African Lymphoma. Encyclopedia Entry for Burkitt Lymphoma : Burkitt lymphoma. BL was first discovered in children in certain parts of Africa. It also occurs in the United States. The African type of BL is closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ), the main cause of infectious mononucleosis. The North American form of BL is not linked to EBV. People with HIV/AIDS have an increased risk for this condition. BL is most often seen in males. BL may first be noticed as a swelling of the lymph nodes (glands) in the head and neck. These swollen lymph nodes are often painless, but can grow very rapidly. In the types commonly seen in the United States, the cancer often starts in the belly area (abdomen). The disease can also start in the ovaries, testes, brain, kidneys, liver, and spinal fluid. Other general symptoms may include: Fever Night sweats Unexplained weight loss. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Tests that may be done include: Bone marrow biopsy Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis Complete blood count (CBC) Examination of the spinal fluid Lymph node biopsy PET scan. Chemotherapy is used to treat this type of cancer. If the cancer does not respond to chemotherapy alone, a bone marrow transplant may be done. More than one half of people with BL can be cured with intensive chemotherapy. The cure rate may be lower if the cancer spreads to the bone marrow or spinal fluid. The outlook is poor if the cancer comes back after a remission or does not go into remission as a result of the first cycle of chemotherapy. Possible complications of BL include: Complications of treatment Spread of the cancer. Call your provider if you have symptoms of BL. B-cell lymphoma; High-grade B-cell lymphoma; Small noncleaved cell lymphoma. Lymphatic system Lymphatic system Lymphoma, malignant - CT scan Lymphoma, malignant - CT scan. Gallagher CJ, Smith M, Shamash J. Malignant disease. |
| Burning Mouth Syndrome | ETDF | 40,410,30000,67500,55150,125000,350000,412330,563190,714820 | Oral burning sensation with no medically identifiable cause. |
| Burns | CAFL | 190,10000,880,787,727,465,200 | Use in Contact Mode immediately to halt tissue damage and pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Burns : Burns - resources. Resources - burns. First degree burn First degree burn. Encyclopedia Entry for Burns : Burns. There are three levels of burns: First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling. Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. They are also called partial thickness burns. Third-degree burns affect the deep layers of skin. They are also called full thickness burns. They cause white or blackened, burned skin. The skin may be numb. Burns fall into two groups. Minor burns are: First degree burns anywhere on the body Second degree burns less than 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) wide Major burns include: Third-degree burns Second-degree burns more than 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) wide Second-degree burns on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or over a major joint You can have more than one type of burn at a time. Severe burns need urgent medical care. This can help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitals can be particularly serious. Children under age 4 and adults over age 60 have a higher chance of complications and death from severe burns because their skin tends to be thinner than in other age groups. Causes of burns from most to least common are: Fire/flame Scalding from steam or hot liquids Touching hot objects Electrical burns Chemical burns Burns can be the result of any of the following: House and industrial fires Car accidents Playing with matches Faulty space heaters, furnaces, or industrial equipment Unsafe use of firecrackers and other fireworks Kitchen accidents, such as a child grabbing a hot iron or touching the stove or oven You can also burn your airways if you breathe in smoke, steam, superheated air, or chemical fumes in poorly ventilated areas. Burn symptoms can include: Blisters that are either intact (unbroken) or have ruptured and are leaking fluid Pain (How much pain you have is unrelated to the level of burn. The most serious burns can be painless.) Peeling skin Shock (Watch for pale and clammy skin, weakness, blue lips and fingernails, and a drop in alertness.) Swelling Red, white, or charred skin If you have burned your airways, you may have: Burns on the head, face, neck, eyebrows, or nose hairs Burned lips and mouth Coughing Difficulty breathing Dark, black-stained mucus Voice changes Wheezing. Before giving first aid, it is important to determine what type of burn the person has. If you are not sure, treat it as a major burn. Serious burns need medical care right away. Call your local emergency number or 911. MINOR BURNS If the skin is unbroken: Run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water bath (not ice water). Keep the area under water for at least 5 to 30 minutes. A clean, cold, wet towel will help reduce pain. Calm and reassure the person. After flushing or soaking the burn, cover it with a dry, sterile bandage or clean dressing. Protect the burn from pressure and friction. Over-the-counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. DO NOT give aspirin to children under 12. Once the skin has cooled, moisturizing lotion containing aloe and an antibiotic also can help. Minor burns will often heal without further treatment. Make sure the person is up to date on their tetanus immunization. MAJOR BURNS If someone is on fire, tell the person to stop, drop, and roll. Then, follow these steps: Wrap the person in thick material; such as a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket. This helps put out the flames. Pour water on the person. Call 911 or your local emergency number. Make sure that the person is no longer touching any burning or smoking materials. DO NOT remove burned clothing that is stuck to the skin. Make sure the person is breathing. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR. Cover the burn area with a dry sterile bandage (if available) or clean cloth. A sheet will do if the burned area is large. DO NOT apply any ointments. Avoid breaking burn blisters. If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry, sterile, non-sticky bandage. Raise the body part that is burned above the level of the heart. Protect the burn area from pressure and friction. If an electrical injury may have caused the burn, DO NOT touch the victim directly. Use a non-metallic object to move the person away from exposed wires before starting first aid. You will also need to prevent shock. If the person does not have a head, neck, back, or leg injury, follow these steps: Lay the person flat Raise the feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters) Cover the person with a coat or blanket Continue to monitor the person's pulse , rate of breathing, and blood pressure until medical help arrives. Things that should not be done for burns include: DO NOT apply oil, butter, ice, medicines, cream, oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. DO NOT breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. DO NOT disturb blistered or dead skin. DO NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. DO NOT give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn. DO NOT place a severe burn in cold water. This can cause shock. DO NOT place a pillow under the person's head if there is an airways burn. This can close the airways. Call 911 or your local emergency number if: The burn is very large, about the size of your palm or larger. The burn is severe (third degree). You aren't sure how serious it is. The burn is caused by chemicals or electricity. The person shows signs of shock. The person breathed in smoke. Physical abuse is the known or suspected cause of the burn. There are other symptoms associated with the burn. For minor burns, call your health care provider if you still have pain after 48 hours. Call a provider right away if signs of infection develop. These signs include: Drainage or pus from the burned skin Fever Increased pain Red streaks spreading from the burn Swollen lymph nodes Also call a provider right away if symptoms of dehydration occur with a burn: Decreased urination Dizziness Dry skin Headache Lightheadedness Nausea (with or without vomiting) Thirst Children, older people, and anyone with a weakened immune system (for example, from HIV) should be seen right away. The provider will perform a history and physical examination. Tests and procedures will be done as needed. These may include: Airway and breathing support, including a face mask, tube through the mouth into the trachea, or breathing machine (ventilator) for serious burns or those involving the face or airway Blood and urine tests if shock or other complications are present Chest x-ray for face or airway burns ECG ( electrocardiogram , or heart tracing), if shock or other complications are present Intravenous fluids (fluids through a vein), if shock or other complications are present Medicines for pain relief and to prevent infection Ointments or creams applied to the burned areas Tetanus immunization, if not up to date The outcome will depend on the type (degree), extent, and location of the burn. It also depends upon whether internal organs have been affected, and if other trauma has occurred. Burns can leave permanent scars. They can also be more sensitive to temperature and light than normal skin. Sensitive areas, such as the eyes, nose, or ears, may be badly injured and have lost normal function. With airway burns, the person may have less breathing capacity and permanent lung damage. Severe burns that affect the joints may result in contractures, leaving the joint with decreased movement and a reduction in function. To help prevent burns: Install smoke alarms in your home. Check and change batteries regularly. Teach children about fire safety and the danger of matches and fireworks. Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items such as irons and oven doors. Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't accidentally be knocked over. Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school. Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach. Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school. Set the water heater temperature at 120 F (48.8 C) or less. First degree burn; Second degree burn; Third degree burn. Burns Burns Burn, blister - close-up Burn, blister - close-up Burn, thermal - close-up Burn, thermal - close-up Airway burn Airway burn Skin Skin First degree burn First degree burn Second degree burn Second degree burn Third degree burn Third degree burn Minor burn - first aid - series Minor burn - first aid - series. Christiani DC. Physical and chemical injuries of the lungs. |
| Burns | ETDF | 60,250,5000,7000,25750,87500,225000,450000,515150,687620 | Use in Contact Mode immediately to halt tissue damage and pain. Encyclopedia Entry for Burns : Burns - resources. Resources - burns. First degree burn First degree burn. Encyclopedia Entry for Burns : Burns. There are three levels of burns: First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling. Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. They are also called partial thickness burns. Third-degree burns affect the deep layers of skin. They are also called full thickness burns. They cause white or blackened, burned skin. The skin may be numb. Burns fall into two groups. Minor burns are: First degree burns anywhere on the body Second degree burns less than 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) wide Major burns include: Third-degree burns Second-degree burns more than 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) wide Second-degree burns on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or over a major joint You can have more than one type of burn at a time. Severe burns need urgent medical care. This can help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitals can be particularly serious. Children under age 4 and adults over age 60 have a higher chance of complications and death from severe burns because their skin tends to be thinner than in other age groups. Causes of burns from most to least common are: Fire/flame Scalding from steam or hot liquids Touching hot objects Electrical burns Chemical burns Burns can be the result of any of the following: House and industrial fires Car accidents Playing with matches Faulty space heaters, furnaces, or industrial equipment Unsafe use of firecrackers and other fireworks Kitchen accidents, such as a child grabbing a hot iron or touching the stove or oven You can also burn your airways if you breathe in smoke, steam, superheated air, or chemical fumes in poorly ventilated areas. Burn symptoms can include: Blisters that are either intact (unbroken) or have ruptured and are leaking fluid Pain (How much pain you have is unrelated to the level of burn. The most serious burns can be painless.) Peeling skin Shock (Watch for pale and clammy skin, weakness, blue lips and fingernails, and a drop in alertness.) Swelling Red, white, or charred skin If you have burned your airways, you may have: Burns on the head, face, neck, eyebrows, or nose hairs Burned lips and mouth Coughing Difficulty breathing Dark, black-stained mucus Voice changes Wheezing. Before giving first aid, it is important to determine what type of burn the person has. If you are not sure, treat it as a major burn. Serious burns need medical care right away. Call your local emergency number or 911. MINOR BURNS If the skin is unbroken: Run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water bath (not ice water). Keep the area under water for at least 5 to 30 minutes. A clean, cold, wet towel will help reduce pain. Calm and reassure the person. After flushing or soaking the burn, cover it with a dry, sterile bandage or clean dressing. Protect the burn from pressure and friction. Over-the-counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. DO NOT give aspirin to children under 12. Once the skin has cooled, moisturizing lotion containing aloe and an antibiotic also can help. Minor burns will often heal without further treatment. Make sure the person is up to date on their tetanus immunization. MAJOR BURNS If someone is on fire, tell the person to stop, drop, and roll. Then, follow these steps: Wrap the person in thick material; such as a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket. This helps put out the flames. Pour water on the person. Call 911 or your local emergency number. Make sure that the person is no longer touching any burning or smoking materials. DO NOT remove burned clothing that is stuck to the skin. Make sure the person is breathing. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR. Cover the burn area with a dry sterile bandage (if available) or clean cloth. A sheet will do if the burned area is large. DO NOT apply any ointments. Avoid breaking burn blisters. If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry, sterile, non-sticky bandage. Raise the body part that is burned above the level of the heart. Protect the burn area from pressure and friction. If an electrical injury may have caused the burn, DO NOT touch the victim directly. Use a non-metallic object to move the person away from exposed wires before starting first aid. You will also need to prevent shock. If the person does not have a head, neck, back, or leg injury, follow these steps: Lay the person flat Raise the feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters) Cover the person with a coat or blanket Continue to monitor the person's pulse , rate of breathing, and blood pressure until medical help arrives. Things that should not be done for burns include: DO NOT apply oil, butter, ice, medicines, cream, oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. DO NOT breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. DO NOT disturb blistered or dead skin. DO NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. DO NOT give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn. DO NOT place a severe burn in cold water. This can cause shock. DO NOT place a pillow under the person's head if there is an airways burn. This can close the airways. Call 911 or your local emergency number if: The burn is very large, about the size of your palm or larger. The burn is severe (third degree). You aren't sure how serious it is. The burn is caused by chemicals or electricity. The person shows signs of shock. The person breathed in smoke. Physical abuse is the known or suspected cause of the burn. There are other symptoms associated with the burn. For minor burns, call your health care provider if you still have pain after 48 hours. Call a provider right away if signs of infection develop. These signs include: Drainage or pus from the burned skin Fever Increased pain Red streaks spreading from the burn Swollen lymph nodes Also call a provider right away if symptoms of dehydration occur with a burn: Decreased urination Dizziness Dry skin Headache Lightheadedness Nausea (with or without vomiting) Thirst Children, older people, and anyone with a weakened immune system (for example, from HIV) should be seen right away. The provider will perform a history and physical examination. Tests and procedures will be done as needed. These may include: Airway and breathing support, including a face mask, tube through the mouth into the trachea, or breathing machine (ventilator) for serious burns or those involving the face or airway Blood and urine tests if shock or other complications are present Chest x-ray for face or airway burns ECG ( electrocardiogram , or heart tracing), if shock or other complications are present Intravenous fluids (fluids through a vein), if shock or other complications are present Medicines for pain relief and to prevent infection Ointments or creams applied to the burned areas Tetanus immunization, if not up to date The outcome will depend on the type (degree), extent, and location of the burn. It also depends upon whether internal organs have been affected, and if other trauma has occurred. Burns can leave permanent scars. They can also be more sensitive to temperature and light than normal skin. Sensitive areas, such as the eyes, nose, or ears, may be badly injured and have lost normal function. With airway burns, the person may have less breathing capacity and permanent lung damage. Severe burns that affect the joints may result in contractures, leaving the joint with decreased movement and a reduction in function. To help prevent burns: Install smoke alarms in your home. Check and change batteries regularly. Teach children about fire safety and the danger of matches and fireworks. Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items such as irons and oven doors. Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't accidentally be knocked over. Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school. Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach. Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school. Set the water heater temperature at 120 F (48.8 C) or less. First degree burn; Second degree burn; Third degree burn. Burns Burns Burn, blister - close-up Burn, blister - close-up Burn, thermal - close-up Burn, thermal - close-up Airway burn Airway burn Skin Skin First degree burn First degree burn Second degree burn Second degree burn Third degree burn Third degree burn Minor burn - first aid - series Minor burn - first aid - series. Christiani DC. Physical and chemical injuries of the lungs. |
| Bursitis | ETDF | 60,230,20000,62500,125750,150000,357300,532410,653690,759830 | Inflammation of synovial fluid sacs. May be caused by many organisms. Experiment with Arthritis programs as well. Encyclopedia Entry for Bursitis : Bursitis of the heel. A bursa acts as a cushion and lubricant between tendons or muscles sliding over bone. There are bursas around most large joints in the body, including the ankle. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located in the back of the ankle by the heel. It is where the large Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. Repeated or too much use of the ankle can cause this bursa to become irritated and inflamed. It may be caused by too much walking, running, or jumping. This condition is very often linked to Achilles tendinitis. Sometimes retrocalcaneal bursitis may be mistaken for Achilles tendinitis. Risks for this condition include: Starting a very intense workout schedule Suddenly increasing activity level without the right conditioning Changes in activity level History of arthritis that is caused by inflammation. Symptoms include: Pain in the heel, especially with walking, running, or when the area is touched Pain may get worse when rising on the toes (standing on tiptoes) Red, warm skin over the back of the heel. Your health care provider will take a history to find out if you have symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis. An exam will be done to find the location of the pain. The provider will also look for tenderness and redness in the back of the heel. The pain may be worse when your ankle is bent upward (dorsiflex). Or, the pain may be worse when you rise on your toes. Most of the time, you will not need imaging studies such as x-ray and MRI at first. You may need these tests later if the first treatments DO NOT lead to improvement. Inflammation may show on a MRI. Your provider may recommend that you do the following: Avoid activities that cause pain. Put ice on the heel several times a day. Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: Use proper form when exercising. Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. Insertional heel pain; Retrocalcaneal bursitis. Flexibility exercise Flexibility exercise Retrocalcaneal bursitis Retrocalcaneal bursitis. Joseph RL, Hudgins TH. Foot and ankle bursitis. Encyclopedia Entry for Bursitis : Bursitis. Bursitis is often a result of overuse. It can be caused by a change in activity level, such as training for a marathon or by being overweight. It can also be caused by trauma, rheumatoid arthritis , gout , or infection. Sometimes the cause can't be found. Bursitis commonly occurs in the shoulder, knee, elbow, and hip. Other areas that may be affected include the Achilles tendon and the foot. Symptoms of bursitis may include any of the following: Joint pain and tenderness when you press around the joint Stiffness and aching when you move the affected joint Swelling , warmth or redness over the joint Pain during movement and rest Pain may spread to the nearby areas. The health care provider will ask about your medical history and perform physical exam. Tests that may be ordered include: Removing fluid from the bursa Culture of the fluid Ultrasound MRI. Your provider will talk to you about a treatment plan to help you resume your normal activity. Tips to relieve bursitis pain: Use ice 3 to 4 times a day for the first 2 or 3 days. Cover the painful area with a towel, and place the ice on it for 15 minutes. DO NOT fall asleep while applying the ice. You can get frostbite if you leave it on too long. When sleeping, do not lie on the side that has bursitis. For bursitis around the hips, knees, or ankle: Try not to stand for long periods. Stand on a soft, cushioned surface, with equal weight on each leg. Placing a pillow between your knees when lying on your side can help decrease pain. Flat shoes that are cushioned and comfortable often help. If you are overweight, losing weight may also be helpful. You should avoid activities that involve repetitive movements of any body part when possible. Other treatments include: Medicines such as NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) Physical therapy Exercises you do at home to build strength and keep the joint mobile as pain goes away Removing fluid from the bursa and getting a shot of corticosteroid As the pain goes away, your provider may suggest exercises to build strength and keep movement in the painful area. In rare cases, surgery is done. Some people do well with treatment. When the cause cannot be corrected, you may have long-term pain. If the bursa is infected, it becomes more inflamed and painful. This usually requires antibiotics or surgery. Call your provider if symptoms recur or do not improve after 3 to 4 weeks of treatment, or if the pain is getting worse. When possible, avoid activities that include repetitive movements of any body parts. Student's elbow; Olecranon bursitis; Housemaid's knee; Prepatellar bursitis; Weaver's bottom; Ischial gluteal bursitis; Baker's cyst; Gastrocnemius - semimembranosus bursa. Bursa of the elbow Bursa of the elbow Bursa of the knee Bursa of the knee Bursitis of the shoulder Bursitis of the shoulder. Biundo JJ. Bursitis, tendinitis, and other periarticular disorders of sports medicine. Encyclopedia Entry for Bursitis : Bursitis. Can be caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Inflammation of synovial fluid sacs. May be caused by many organisms. Experiment with Arthritis sets as well. Information from Marcello Allegretti. |
| Bursitis 2 | XTRA | 660,690,727.5,787,880,10000 | Inflammation of synovial fluid sacs. May be caused by many organisms. Experiment with Arthritis programs as well. Other use: facial paralysis. |
| BX Virus | CAFL | 2128,3713 | Cancer virus causing Carcinoma. |
| BX Virus 1 | XTRA | 1604,2008,2128,2790,2876,3713,10025,11503.89,11503.9,12534.12,16634.43,17034,21275 | Cancer virus causing Carcinoma. |
| BX Virus 2 | XTRA | 263.11,334,1566.4,1675,2008,2127,2127,2127.5,2128,2385,2521,2655,2663,2787.5,3324,5013,5013.5,5020,5278.3,5318.8,5388.5,5575,6687.3,7037.5,7356,8020,8368.2,8610,8836.89,10025,10026,10027 | Cancer virus causing Carcinoma. |
| BX Virus a | XTRA | 21275 | Cancer virus causing Carcinoma. |
| BX Virus Carcinoma | XTRA | 3214900 | Hoyland MOR. Cancer virus causing Carcinoma. |
| BXBY Sweep | XTRA | 11429800-11430200,11779700-11780300 | From Dr. Richard Loyd. Cancer BX and BY sweep. Use with H-Bomb Square. Or, for simple waves, enter X value of 3. |
| BY Human to Human Contact | XTRA | 334 | Cancer virus causing Sarcoma. Other use: Giardia Lamblia. |
| BY Sarcoma | XTRA | 3059040 | Hoyland MOR. Cancer virus causing Sarcoma. |
| BY Virus | CAFL | 2008,3524 | Cancer virus causing Sarcoma. |
| BY Virus 3 | XTRA | 2008,2128,3524,11162,11430,11780,17034,20080 | Cancer virus causing Sarcoma. |
ALT consists of programs based on Ayurvedic knowledge and practice, solfeggios, and planetary frequencies.
BFB a collection of biofeedback scan results.
BIO is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
CAFL is the Consolidated Annotated Frequency List, amassed over years from the experience of Rife experimenters.
CUST consists of programs added by Spooky team members, plus those in your own personal database.
ETDFL is a collection of programs researched in bio resonance clinics in Germany.
HC is Dr. Hulda Clark’s database. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
KHZ is a collection of higher frequencies from Dr. Hulda Clark. Use with HC or KHZ (R) – JK preset.
PROV has produced consistent results in virtually all subjects it was used with.
RIFE is a collection of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s original frequencies.
VEGA is a collection of frequencies based on excellent Russian frequency research.
XTRA is a collection of programs from various sources, all chosen for their reputation for effectiveness.